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A Review of Yolo Algorithm Developments
Open accessAbstract
Object detection techniques are the foundation for the artificial intelligence field. This research paper gives a brief overview of the You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm and its subsequent advanced versions. Through the analysis, we reach many remarks and insightful results. The results show the differences and similarities among the YOLO versions and between YOLO and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The central insight is the YOLO algorithm improvement is still ongoing.This article briefly describes the development process of the YOLO algorithm, summarizes the methods of target recognition and feature selection, and provides literature support for the targeted picture news and feature extraction in the financial and other fields. Besides, this paper contributes a lot to YOLO and other object detection literature.
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“Although several papers have reviewed YOLO architectures, they often exhibit limitations such as focusing on specific YOLO variants [10], [11], or concentrating on particular application domains [12].”
From YOLOv1 to v8: Unveiling Each Variant–A Comprehensive Review of YOLO (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
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Cites
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YOLO-LITE: A Real-Time Object Detection Algorithm Optimized for Non-GPU Computers
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A YOLO-Based Traffic Counting System
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A Vehicle Detection Method for Aerial Image Based on YOLO
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“Over time, the upgraded versions have stepped-up the tradeoff between speed and accuracy of detections, and besides that, from the version 5 (referred to as YOLOv5), the YOLO algorithms have incorporated user-friendly characteristics, including less complex framework, training efficiency, and portability of models amo…”
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Crack instance segmentation using splittable transformer and position coordinates
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“When the EWRE extends beyond the confines of laboratory data collection to more complex real-world scenarios, employing the YOLO series models [32] becomes a promising and effective solution.”
Machine Vision Applications for Welfare Monitoring in Aquaculture: Challenges and Opportunities
Fitzgerald, A., Ioannou, C. C., Consuegra, S., Dowsey, A. W., & de Leániz, C. G. (2025) · Aquaculture Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1002/aff2.70036 · Cited by 30
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“Typical single-stage detection methods include the YOLO series and the SSD network [4–6].”
Cai, Z., Zhou, K.-Q., & Liao, Z. (2025) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.067994 · Cited by 38
Vision-Based Detection and Classification of Used Electronic Parts
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Joint Source-Channel Coding System for 6G Communication: Design, Prototype and Future Directions
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“This accelerator is designed to handle matrix multiplication, convolution, and activation functions, which are fundamental to neural network computations based on YOLO [90] and auto-encoder.”
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“R-CNN and YOLO series are representative algorithms in this field, wherein innovative network structures such as SPPnet, FPN and PANnet are now playing a major role [23,24].”
BackgroundFlexible and Fully Quantized Lightweight TinyissimoYOLO for Ultra-Low-Power Edge Systems
Moosmann, J., Müller, H., Zimmerman, N., Rutishauser, G., Benini, L., & Magno, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3404878 · Cited by 35
“Restrictions apply.”
Liu, Y., Zeng, F., Diao, H., Zhu, J., Ji, D., Liao, X., & Zhao, Z. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24134379 · Cited by 26
“YOLO is extensively utilized in the fi eld of agriculture [29,30].”
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Measuring Comfort Behaviours in Laying Hens Using Deep-Learning Tools
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“The YOLO series algorithm, as a representative framework that derives its single-stage detection from YOLOv1-YOLOv8 (Terven et al. [16]), has the advantages of a more flexible structure, faster inference speed and stronger versatility compared to other object detection models (Jiang et al. [17]).”
MethodImproved Tomato Disease Detection with YOLOv5 and YOLOv8
Ahmed, R., & Abd-Elkawy, E. H. (2024) · Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research · doi:10.48084/etasr.7262 · Cited by 26
“Among these algorithms, two-stage approaches such as R-CNN involve regional proposal and classification stages, and one-stage approaches, such as SSD [6-7] and YOLO [8], perform detection in a single step.”
MethodUnderwater fish detection and counting using image segmentation
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“It can be deployed easily on edge computing platforms in the field (Jiang et al. 2022).”
Yu, X. B., Yin, D., Xu, H., Pinto, F., Schmidhalter, U., Nie, C., Bai, Y., Sankaran, S., Ming, B., Cui, N., et al. (2024) · Precision Agriculture · doi:10.1007/s11119-024-10135-y · Cited by 27
“The Yolo family has witnessed massive developments, with major breakthroughs in both model accuracy and efficiency (Jiang et al., 2022).”
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Fang, C., Li, C., Yang, P., Kong, S., Han, Y., Huang, X., & Niu, J. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14114809 · Cited by 30
GM-DETR: Research on a Defect Detection Method Based on Improved DETR
Liu, X., Yang, X., Shao, L., Wang, X., Gao, Q., & Shi, H. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24113610 · Cited by 29
“The classical object detection networks include the SSD [4], Faster R-CNN [5], and YOLO [6] series, among others.”
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Alsharif, B., Alalwany, E., & Ilyas, M. (2024) · Franklin Open · doi:10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100165 · Cited by 27
GLS-YOLOv8n: a lightweight ‘Guiqi’ mango detection model via RGB-depth-thermal image fusion
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RepVGG-YOLOv7: A Modified YOLOv7 for Fire Smoke Detection
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“One-stage algorithms are characterized by high speed, simple models and easy deployment, and their representative algorithms are the YOLO series and SSD series [13,14].”
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“This objective is balanced by hyperparameters { λ 1 , λ 2 } and formalized as follows: where C sp and C sm represent the sparsity and smoothness constraints, respectively, inspired by the infrequent and gradual nature of anomalous events.”
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Wang, M., Yang, B., Wang, X., Yang, C., Xu, J., Mu, B., Xiong, K., & Li, Y. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app122211848 · Cited by 22
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“feature extraction network and added some new features [24, 25].”
BackgroundDeep Learning for Detecting Verticillium Fungus in Olive Trees: Using YOLO in UAV Imagery
Mamalis, M. E., Kalampokis, E., Kalfas, I., & Tarabanis, K. A. (2023) · Algorithms · doi:10.3390/a16070343 · Cited by 22
“…is being actively developed, with newer and more enhanced versions coming out in the form of versions steadily throughout the last few years, with improvements made in the algorithm’s speed and performance [25] through the change in the algorithm’s architecture or the addition of new capabilities.”
BackgroundWheat Powdery Mildew Detection with YOLOv8 Object Detection Model
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“More classical network models such as YOLO, 11 SSD, 12 and Faster R-CNN 13 are widely used in various scenarios in target detection, such as UAV aerial photography, vehicle detection, and mask-wearing detection.”
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Haoyan, H., Tong, J., Haibin, W., & Xin-yun, L. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3552683 · Cited by 21
“Typical algorithm models include Regions with CNN features (RCNN) and Faster-RCNN, etc. [9].”
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“In contrast, single-stage detectors, including You Only Look Once (YOLO) [7] and its modified versions [8] along with RetinaNet [9], [10], [11], integrate detection tasks into a unified framework, significantly reducing inference times while maintaining competitive accuracy [12].”
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“The neck layers based on FPN collect feature maps from various stages and are composed of many bottom-up and top-down paths [9] and each level of pyramid detects objects at different scales.”
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Citrus yield prediction using deep learning techniques: A combination of field and satellite data
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Ronkin, M., Akimova, E. N., & Misilov, V. E. (2023) · AIMS Mathematics · doi:10.3934/math.20231219 · Cited by 22
“However, today most of these architectures can be modified in the feature extractor part for different goals [75,76].”
BackgroundRadar sensor based machine learning approach for precise vehicle position estimation
Sohail, M. A., Khan, A. U., Sandhu, M. M., Shoukat, I. A., Jafri, M. R., & Shin, H. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40961-5 · Cited by 23
“Real-time data is generated against these simulation scenarios for radar sensors, which is used for the calculation of precision and IOU value using the YOLO algorithm 35 .”
MethodMustapha, A. A., & Yoosuf, M. S. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-17751-2 · Cited by 28
“In order to forecast the bounding box and class label for the objects in each grid cell, YOLO [5] splits the image into a grid and assigns a detection head to each grid cell.”
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“Subsequently, an improved annotation scheme inspired by the YOLO algorithm [43] was adopted, incorporating existence and category labels (Existence, C1, C2, C3), resulting in an output dimension of (1375,4).”
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Yang, Z. C., Yuan, Z., Wang, X., Huang, J., & Zhou, D. (2024) · Aerospace Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ast.2024.108915 · Cited by 21
Zheng, L., Ai, J., Wang, Y., Tang, X., Wu, S., Cheng, S., Guo, R., & Dong, E. (2024) · Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems · doi:10.1007/s10846-024-02079-2 · Cited by 21
“In contrast, regression-based algorithms, such as the YOLO series [37–39], are end-to-end processes that can directly regress the object’s classification and position without the”
Chou, C., Karmakar, R., Tsao, Y.-M., Jie, L. W., Mukundan, A., Huang, C., Chen, T., Ko, C.-Y., & Wang, H. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14111129 · Cited by 21
“Its architectural design revolves around three pivotal components: the Model Backbone, Model Neck, and Model Head [44,45].”
BackgroundVishwakarma, P. K., & Jain, N. (2024) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-024-02944-9 · Cited by 21
“Considered IOU thresholds range from fifty to ninety-five [28].”
A Comprehensive Systematic Review of YOLO for Medical Object Detection (2018 to 2023)Preprint
Qureshi, R., Ragab, M. G., Abdulkadir, S. J., Muneer, A., ALQUSHAIB, A., Sumiea, E. H., Alhussian, H., & Al-Selwi, S. M. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.23681679.v1 · Cited by 24
Identification of Rare Wildlife in the Field Environment Based on the Improved YOLOv5 Model
Su, X., Zhang, J., Ma, Z., Dong, Y., Zi, J., Xu, N., Zhang, H., Xu, F., & Chen, F. (2024) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs16091535 · Cited by 21
“Secondly, YOLO thoroughly analyzes the image when making predictions and possesses a strong generalization ability, making it superior to R-CNN [28].”
BEW-YOLOv8: A deep learning model for multi-scene and multi-scale flood depth estimation
Liu, B., Li, Y., Feng, X., & Lian, P. (2024) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.132139 · Cited by 24
A multimodal framework for pepper diseases and pests detection
Liu, J., & Wang, X. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-80675-w · Cited by 20
Deep learning in produce perception of harvesting robots: A comprehensive review
Jin, Y., Xia, X., Gao, Q., Yue, Y. G., Lim, E. G., Wong, P. W. H., Ding, W., & Zhu, X. (2025) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2025.112971 · Cited by 22
An, S., Teo, K. Y. C., McConnell, M. V., Marshall, J., Galloway, C., & Squirrell, D. (2025) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101352 · Cited by 27
Swin Transformer-Based Object Detection Model Using Explainable Meta-Learning Mining
Baek, J.-W., & Chung, K. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13053213 · Cited by 20
An Active Multi-Object Ultrafast Tracking System with CNN-Based Hybrid Object Detection
Li, Q., Hu, S., Shimasaki, K., & Ishii, I. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23084150 · Cited by 20
“YOLO was the earliest one-stage target detection algorithm applied to actual scenes, obtaining stable and high-speed detection results [52].”
BackgroundA Symbol Recognition System for Single-Line Diagrams Developed Using a Deep-Learning Approach
Bhanbhro, H., Hooi, Y. K., Kusakunniran, W., & Amur, Z. H. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13158816 · Cited by 26
Automatic Solder Defect Detection in Electronic Components Using Transformer Architecture
Liu, Y., & Wu, H. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Components Packaging and Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1109/tcpmt.2023.3344096 · Cited by 20
“Since the introduction of U-Net [3], convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and their derivatives, including Faster-RCNN [4], Mask-RCNN [5], and YOLOs [6], [7], have gained significant attention and have been widely employed in the field of industrial defect detection [8], [9], [10].”
MethodA novel anti-loosening bolt looseness diagnosis of bolt connections using a vision-based technique
Luo, J., Li, K., Xie, C., Yan, Z., Li, F., Jia, X., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62560-8 · Cited by 20
“Yang et al. 16 comparatively tested the detection performance of three YOLO target detection algorithms 28 for bolt loosening identification, namely, YOLO v3, YOLO v4 and YOLO v4-Tiny.”
MethodA user‐friendly method to get automated pollen analysis from environmental samples
Gimenez, B., Joannin, S., Pasquet, J., Beaufort, L., Gally, Y., de Garidel‐Thoron, T., Combourieu‐Nebout, N., Bouby, L., Canal, S., Ivorra, S., et al. (2024) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.19857 · Cited by 22
“…speed and accuracy, on almost any object, for example molds in fruits (Jubayer et al ., 2021), arctic benthic fauna (Marini et al ., 2022), Plasmodium falciparum (Zedda et al ., 2022), and even on complex images with dense and heterogeneous backgrounds (Diwan et al ., 2022; Jiang et al ., 2022).”
BackgroundA review of the development of YOLO object detection algorithm
Liang, J. (2024) · Applied and Computational Engineering · doi:10.54254/2755-2721/71/20241642 · Cited by 25
Jiang, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., & Xu, Y. (2024) · Measurement Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6501/ad90fb · Cited by 19
“In response to this demand, the YOLO series models, widely applied in the industry due to their fast speed and high accuracy, can be utilized for bridge object segmentation in this section [30].”
Estimating optimal crop-load for individual branches in apple tree canopies using YOLOv8
Ahmed, D., Sapkota, R., Churuvija, M., & Karkee, M. (2024) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2024.109697 · Cited by 46
Wei, F., & Wang, W. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90743-4 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Jiang, P., Ergu, D., Liu, F., Cai, Y., & Ma, B.
- Affiliations
- Southwest Minzu University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Ergu, Daji
- Venue
- Procedia Computer Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022
- Volume
- 199
- Pages
- 1066-1073
- ISSN
- 1877-0509 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4210598935
- Cited by
- 2,783
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 474 · 2025: 880 · 2024: 879 · 2023: 464 · 2022: 86
- FWCI
- 209.36
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Procedia Computer Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
- Southwest Minzu University (2018NZD02, 2020NGD04)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (71774134, U1811462)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
- Keywords
- YOLO, object detection, convolutional neural networks, feature selection, feature extraction, target recognition
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