CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 450Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Treatment and Access

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Adaptation and initial validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire – 9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 7 Questionnaire (GAD-7) in an Arabic speaking Lebanese psychiatric outpatient sample

Sawaya, Helen, Atoui, Mia, Hamadeh, Aya, Zeinoun, Pia, Nahas, Ziad·2016·Psychiatry Research
DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.030
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 (GAD-7) are short screening measures used in medical and community settings to assess depression and anxiety severity. The aim of this study is to translate the screening tools into Arabic and evaluate their psychometric properties in an Arabic-speaking Lebanese psychiatric outpatient sample. The patients completed the questionnaires, among others, prior to being evaluated by a clinical psychiatrist or psychologist. The scales' internal consistency and factor structure were measured and convergent and discriminant validity were established by comparing the scores with clinical diagnoses and the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire - MDD subset (PDSQ - MDD). Results showed that the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 are reliable screening tools for depression and anxiety and their factor structures replicated those reported in the literature. Sensitivity and specificity analyses showed that the PHQ-9 is sensitive but not specific at capturing depressive symptoms when compared to clinician diagnoses whereas the GAD-7 was neither sensitive nor specific at capturing anxiety symptoms. The implications of these findings are discussed in reference to the scales themselves and the cultural specificity of the Lebanese population.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.030

Cites

82 of 82 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 86 references

4 of the 86 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Daradkeh, 2005, Mental morbidity in primary care in Al Ain (UAE): application of the Arabic translation of the PRIME-MD (PHQ) version, Ger. J. Psychiatry, 8, 32
  2. Hijazi, 2011, The integration of mental health into primary health care in Lebanon, Intervention, 9, 265

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 401–449 of 449

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Sawaya, H., Atoui, M., Hamadeh, A., Zeinoun, P., & Nahas, Z.
Affiliations
American University of Beirut Medical Center (LB)
Corresponding author
Nahas, Ziad
ORCID
Venue
Psychiatry Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2016-05
Volume
239
Pages
245-252
ISSN
0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.030
OpenAlex
W2298911878
Cited by
450
References
86
Citations by year
2026: 54 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
FWCI
15.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Pfizer
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords
PHQ-9, GAD-7, Arabic translation, depression screening, anxiety screening, psychometric validation, factor structure, sensitivity and specificity, psychiatric outpatients, Lebanese patients, cultural adaptation
MeSH terms
Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Lebanon, Male, Middle Aged, Outpatients, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review