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Cited by 450Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Treatment and Access

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Adaptation and initial validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire – 9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 7 Questionnaire (GAD-7) in an Arabic speaking Lebanese psychiatric outpatient sample

Sawaya, Helen, Atoui, Mia, Hamadeh, Aya, Zeinoun, Pia, Nahas, Ziad·2016·Psychiatry Research
DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.030
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Abstract

The Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 (GAD-7) are short screening measures used in medical and community settings to assess depression and anxiety severity. The aim of this study is to translate the screening tools into Arabic and evaluate their psychometric properties in an Arabic-speaking Lebanese psychiatric outpatient sample. The patients completed the questionnaires, among others, prior to being evaluated by a clinical psychiatrist or psychologist. The scales' internal consistency and factor structure were measured and convergent and discriminant validity were established by comparing the scores with clinical diagnoses and the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire - MDD subset (PDSQ - MDD). Results showed that the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 are reliable screening tools for depression and anxiety and their factor structures replicated those reported in the literature. Sensitivity and specificity analyses showed that the PHQ-9 is sensitive but not specific at capturing depressive symptoms when compared to clinician diagnoses whereas the GAD-7 was neither sensitive nor specific at capturing anxiety symptoms. The implications of these findings are discussed in reference to the scales themselves and the cultural specificity of the Lebanese population.

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Daradkeh, 2005, Mental morbidity in primary care in Al Ain (UAE): application of the Arabic translation of the PRIME-MD (PHQ) version, Ger. J. Psychiatry, 8, 32
  2. Hijazi, 2011, The integration of mental health into primary health care in Lebanon, Intervention, 9, 265

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Metadata

Authors
Sawaya, H., Atoui, M., Hamadeh, A., Zeinoun, P., & Nahas, Z.
Affiliations
American University of Beirut Medical Center (LB)
Corresponding author
Nahas, Ziad
ORCID
Venue
Psychiatry Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2016-05
Volume
239
Pages
245-252
ISSN
0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.030
OpenAlex
W2298911878
Cited by
450
References
86
Citations by year
2026: 54 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
FWCI
15.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Pfizer
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords
PHQ-9, GAD-7, Arabic translation, depression screening, anxiety screening, psychometric validation, factor structure, sensitivity and specificity, psychiatric outpatients, Lebanese patients, cultural adaptation
MeSH terms
Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Lebanon, Male, Middle Aged, Outpatients, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results

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