Cited by 345Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Psychometric properties of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) in a large representative sample of Finnish adolescents

Open access

Tiirikainen, Kati, Haravuori, Henna, Ranta, Klaus, Kaltiala-Heino, Riittakerttu, Marttunen, Mauri·2019·Psychiatry Research

DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.004

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are common among adolescents and can lead to severe psychosocial impairment, yet there is a lack of a good quality scale to measure symptoms of generalized anxiety in young people. The 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) is a self-report scale used to measure GAD symptoms and has been validated in adult populations, but the measure's psychometric properties regarding adolescents are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability, factorial validity, and construct validity of the GAD-7 in adolescents in a nationally representative sample from a general population. Our study was based on Finnish survey data on 111,171 adolescents aged 14-18 years. Our results show that the GAD-7 demonstrates good psychometric properties in adolescents. The internal consistency of the GAD-7 was good (Cronbach's α = 0.91) and the instrument's unidimensional factor structure was supported. The associations of GAD-7 sum scores with self-report measures of depression and social anxiety supported construct validity. The psychometric properties of the GAD-7 in this sample of adolescents were similar to those reported among adults. However, studies in which diagnostic interviews are performed are needed to demonstrate the diagnostic efficacy of the measure in this age group.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.004

Cites

42 of 42 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Mueller, C. W., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074955 · Cited by 14,211
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM)
Leong, F. T. L. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412963978.n182 · Cited by 10,861
Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication - Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278
Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Monahan, P. O., & Löwe, B. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004 · Cited by 4,741
Validation and Standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the General Population
Löwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318160d093 · Cited by 4,527
Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837 · Cited by 4,035 · cited 1×
“2% of adolescents meet the criteria for GAD, and the prevalence rates show a modest but consistent increase with age in adolescents aged 13–18 years (Costello et al., 2003; Merikangas et al., 2010).”
Background

Show all 41 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 345

Prevention and Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescents: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of the Online Guided Self-Help Intervention SOPHIE
Walder, N., Berger, T., & Schmidt, S. J. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/44346 · Cited by 16
Assessment of anxiety in Mexican persons living with HIV using a culturally-adapted version of the GAD-7 test
Gutiérrez-Velilla, E., Barrientos-Casarrubias, V., Cruz-Maycott, R., Perrusquia-Ortiz, L. E., la Barrera, C. A., Ávila‐Ríos, S., & Caballero-Suárez, N. P. (2022) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211072687 · Cited by 13
Stress-The hidden pandemic for school children and adolescents in India during COVID-19 era
Ray, S., Goswami, V., & Kumar, C. M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02827-3 · Cited by 13
Peer victimization, schooling format, and adolescent internalizing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: Between- and within-person associations across ninth grade
Schacter, H. L., Hoffman, A. J., Ehrhardt, A. D., & Bakth, F. N. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000074 · Cited by 16
Depression and anxiety among multiethnic middle school students: Age, gender, and sociocultural environment
JENKINS, J. H., Sánchez, G., Miller, E. A., Allande, N. I. S., Urano, G., & Pryor, A. J. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221140282 · Cited by 14
The development of co-designed parent-supported cognitive behaviour therapy for perfectionism in adolescents with eating disorders: initial feasibility and acceptability
Egan, S. J., Neal, J., Ure, S., Callaghan, T., Ho, P., Shafran, R., & Wade, T. D. (2023) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-023-00860-6 · Cited by 14
Outcomes From an Online Pilot Mindfulness Based Intervention with Adolescents: A Comparison by Categories of Risk.
Hutchison, M., Russell, B. S., Starkweather, A. R., & Gans, K. M. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02448-1 · Cited by 12
“The GAD-7 has excellent reliability in a general and adolescent sample, respectively (α= 0.92 and 0.91; Spitzer et al., 2006; Tiirikainen et al., 2019), as in the current sample 0.90.”
BackgroundInfluential
Socioeconomic disparities in adolescent anxiety and depression in Finland have not increased during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kaltiala‐Heino, R., Aalto‐Setälä, T., & Kiviruusu, O. H. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948231166466 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Anxiety levels among school-going adolescents in peri-urban areas of Karachi, Pakistan
Seemi, T., Sharif, H., Sharif, S., Naeem, H., Naeem, F. U. A., & Fatima, Z. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289967 · Cited by 12
Adolescent Emotional Reactivity in Family and School Contexts: Prospective Links to Adolescent Psychopathology
Chiang, S., & Bai, S. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01241-6 · Cited by 14
Associations of generalized anxiety and social anxiety symptoms with sleep duration, amount of intense exercise, and excessive internet use among adolescents
Kajastus, K., Kiviruusu, O. H., MARTTUNEN, M. J., & Ranta, K. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06231-y · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Psychometric properties of the patient health questionnaire-8 and general anxiety disorder-7 in adolescents and young adults from three Latin American cities: Internal structure, invariance, internal consistency and divergent validity
Vilela-Estrada, A. L., Villarreal‐Zegarra, D., Toyama, M., Carbonel, A., Fung, C., Carbonetti, F. L., Hidalgo-Padilla, L., Sureshkumar, D. S., Uribe-Restrepo, J. M., Olivar, N., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.088 · Cited by 16
Utility of Brief Psychological Measures for Prediction of Prolonged Symptom Clearance in Concussed Student Athletes
Wilmoth, K., Curcio, N., Tarkenton, T., Meredith-Duliba, T., Tan, A., Didehbani, N., Hynan, L. S., Miller, S. M., Bell, K. R., & Cullum, C. M. (2019) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acz061 · Cited by 12
Hospital‐based higher calorie refeeding and mealtime distress in adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa or atypical anorexia nervosa
Accurso, E. C., Cheng, J., Machen, V. I., Buckelew, S. M., Kreiter, A. A., Adams, S. H., Grange, D. L., Golden, N. H., & Garber, A. K. (2023) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23931 · Cited by 12
Population-level changes in anxiety and depression and the unmet need for support at school among adolescents with and without disabilities, 2017–2021: The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic
Holm, M. E., Kiviruusu, O. H., Helenius, J., & Sainio, P. (2023) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2023.101540 · Cited by 16
Income inequality and mental health in adolescents during COVID-19, results from COMPASS 2018–2021
Benny, C., Senthilselvan, A., Patte, K. A., Smith, B. T., Veugelers, P. J., Leatherdale, S. T., & Pabayo, R. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293195 · Cited by 12
School and class closures and adolescent mental health during the second and later waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland: a repeated cross-sectional study
Rimpelä, A., Kesanto‐Jokipolvi, H., Myöhänen, A., Heikonen, L., Oinas, S., & Ahtiainen, R. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17342-8 · Cited by 17
Exploring the Link between Social Support and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Primary Care
Bouloukaki, I., Christodoulakis, A., Margetaki, K., Aravantinou-Karlatou, A., & Tsiligianni, I. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12050544 · Cited by 11
Examining the role that weight perception and social influences have on mental health among youth in the COMPASS study
Hammami, N., Patte, K. A., Battista, K., Livermore, M., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02219-9 · Cited by 13
The Impact of School Education on Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents: a Prospective Longitudinal Study
Qu, M., YANG, K. Y., Ren, H., Wen, L., Tan, S., Xiu, M., & Zhang, X. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00944-5 · Cited by 12
Income Inequality and the Odds of Online Gambling Among a Large Sample of Adolescents in Canada
Pabayo, R., Patel, P., Patte, K. A., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10194-2 · Cited by 11
Exploring Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Uptake, and Hesitancy in the Pediatric Population: A Study of Parents and Caregivers in Saudi Arabia during the Initial Vaccination Phase
Alhuzaimi, A., Alrasheed, A. A., Al-Eyadhy, A. A., Aljamaan, F., Alhasan, K. A., Batais, M. A., Jamal, A. A., Alshahrani, F. S., Alenezi, S., Alhaboob, A. A. N., et al. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11070972 · Cited by 12
Healthcare utilization and costs of singaporean youth with symptoms of depression and anxiety: results from a 2022 web panel
Chodavadia, P. A., Teo, I., Poremski, D., Fung, D. S. S., & Finkelstein, E. A. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00604-z · Cited by 13
Weight control intentions and mental health among Canadian adolescents: a gender-based analysis of students in the COMPASS study
Doan, N., Romano, I., Butler, A. E., Laxer, R. E., Patte, K. A., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2021) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.41.4.01 · Cited by 12
Post-Treatment Adverse Health Correlates among Prostate Cancer Survivors in a Sample of Men Residing in Atlantic Canada
Ilie, G., Rutledge, R. D. H., & Sweeney, E. (2021) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol28040246 · Cited by 11
Effectiveness of and processes related to internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial
Nissling, L., Weineland, S., Vernmark, K., Radvogin, E., Engström, A.-K., Schmidt, S., Nieto Granberg, E., Larsson, E., & Hursti, T. (2023) · Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2023.681 · Cited by 15
Persistence of Anxiety/Depression Symptoms in Early Adolescence: A Prospective Study of Daily Life Stress, Rumination, and Daytime Sleepiness in a Genetically Informative Cohort
Hansell, N. K., Strike, L. T., de Zubicaray, G. I., Thompson, P. M., McMahon, K. L., & Wright, M. J. (2022) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2022.26 · Cited by 9
How to deal with the negative psychological impact of COVID-19 for people who pay attention to anxiety and depression
Ge, F., Wan, M., Zheng, A., & Zhang, J. (2020) · Precision Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa023 · Cited by 11
Mental health needs in a large urban school district: Findings from a web‐based survey
Koschmann, E., Jacob, R. T., Robinson, K., Friedman, M. F., Foster, A., Rodríguez‐Quintana, N., Vichich, J., Smith, M., & Rajaram, H. (2022) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13924 · Cited by 10
Applying ensemble machine learning models to predict individual response to a digitally delivered worry postponement intervention
Gyorda, J. A., Nemesure, M. D., Price, G. D., & Jacobson, N. C. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.112 · Cited by 10
Psychometric Properties of the German Version of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire in Adolescents after Traumatic Brain Injury and Their Proxies
Bockhop, F., Zeldovich, M., Greving, S., Krenz, U., Cunitz, K., Timmermann, D., Bonke, E. M., Bonfert, M., Koerte, I. K., Kieslich, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12010319 · Cited by 11
Associations between Involvement in Bullying and Emotional and Behavioral Symptoms: Are there Differences between Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Youth?
Kurki-Kangas, L., Fröjd, S. A., Haravuori, H., MARTTUNEN, M. J., & Kaltiala‐Heino, R. (2019) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2019.1691009 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Evidências de Validade da GAD-7 em Adolescentes Brasileiros
Leite, M. D. F., & Faro, A. (2022) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712022270211 · Cited by 16
Risk for internalizing symptom development in young children: Roles of child parasympathetic reactivity and maternal depression and anxiety exposure in early life
Quigley, K. M., Petty, C. R., Sidamon‐Eristoff, A. E., Modico, M. A., Nelson, C. A., & Enlow, M. B. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14326 · Cited by 9
Excessive internet use among Finnish young people between 2017 and 2021 and the effect of COVID-19
Kiviruusu, O. H. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02723-0 · Cited by 9
Examining the relative impact of adverse and positive childhood experiences on adolescent mental health: A strengths-based perspective
Scholtes, C. M., & Cederbaum, J. A. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107049 · Cited by 9
Illness perception and psychological distress in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus
Tangkittiwet, N., Charuvanij, S., Manaboriboon, B., Chantaratin, S., Pattaragarn, A., & Piyaphanee, N. (2025) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/09612033251325313 · Cited by 10
Factor structure and psychometric properties of the affective lability scale-short form in Chinese adolescents
Xu, S., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Yang, S., Lu, Y., Li, L., Huang, M. H., Ma, M., Ou, W., Lv, G., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.881541 · Cited by 9
Headache and orofacial pain: A traffic-light prognosis-based management approach for the musculoskeletal practice
Greenbaum, T., & Emodi‐Perlman, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1146427 · Cited by 9
Validation of Generalized Anxiety Disorder 6 (GAD-6)—A Modified Structure of Screening for Anxiety in the Adolescent French Population
Todorović, A., Baumann, C., Blanchin, M., & Bourion-Bédès, S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20085546 · Cited by 13
Study Protocol: Adolescents of Ukraine During the Russian Invasion (AUDRI) Cohort
Goto, R., Пінчук, І., Kolodezhny, O., Pimenova, N., & Skokauskas, N. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16070-3 · Cited by 10
How student perceptions of stuffy air and unpleasant odour are associated with students’ well-being: Cross-level interaction effects of school climate
Finell, E., Tolvanen, A. J., Claeson, A., & Helenius, J. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102211 · Cited by 9
The impact of stay‐at‐home regulations on adolescents' feelings of loneliness and internalizing symptoms
Barbieri, M., & Mercado, E. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12084 · Cited by 9
Project ASPIRE: A feasibility randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for reducing risk of depression and alcohol-related harms among South African adolescents
Sorsdahl, K. R., van der Westhuizen, C., Hornsby, N., Jacobs, Y., Poole, M., Neuman, M., Weiss, H. A., & MYERS, B. J. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2023.2169083 · Cited by 10
Feasibility of the virtual reality-based assessments in patients with panic disorder
Kim, B.-H., Kim, J., Oh, J., Kim, S., Han, C., Jeong, H., Lee, M., & Kim, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1084255 · Cited by 7
Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) Player Profiles: Exploring Player’s Motives Predicting Internet Addiction Disorder
Biolcati, R., Pupi, V., & Mancini, G. (2021) · international journal high risk behaviors & addiction · doi:10.5812/ijhrba.107530 · Cited by 8
EVERY CLOUD HAS A SILVER LINING: SHORT-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON BRITISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Kannangara, C. S., Allen, R. E., Vyas, M., & Carson, J. F. (2021) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00071005.2021.2009763 · Cited by 9
Psychometric Properties and Validation of the General Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale Among Adolescents With Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms
Marcynyszyn, L. A., McCarty, C. A., Chrisman, S. P. D., Zatzick, D., Johnson, A. M., Wang, J., Hilt, R. J., & Rivara, F. P. (2023) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1089/neur.2022.0075 · Cited by 10
In Sync: Inclusive school communities supporting students with anxiety
Carter, D. S., Andersen, C., & Abawi, L.-A. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16447 · Cited by 8
Propriedades psicométricas da GAD-7 no Brasil
Silva, L. D. S., Leite, M. D. F., Feitosa, A. L. B., & Faro, A. (2023) · Psico · doi:10.15448/1980-8623.2023.1.39902 · Cited by 10
Racial Discrimination and Mental Health Among Asian Americans During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Swartz, T. T., Dush, C. M. K., Han, X., Berrigan, M. N., Manning, W. D., & Nguyen, K. (2024) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/23326492241268598 · Cited by 7
Family intimacy and depression: a comparative study among adolescents in Finland
Barzoki, M. H., & Toikko, T. (2024) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2024.2436986 · Cited by 9
EEG frontal alpha asymmetry mediates the association between maternal and child internalizing symptoms in childhood
Sacks, D. D., Wang, Y., Abron, A., Mulligan, K., Kelsey, C. M., Xie, W., Nelson, C. A., & Enlow, M. B. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14129 · Cited by 6
Physical Activity, Social Media Use, Anxiety, Interoception, and Body Image: A Cross-Sectional Study of Rural Adolescents
Watkins, J. M., Goss, J. M., Kercher, V. M. M., Coble, C. J., Hobson, J. M., Steinfeldt, J. A., Koceja, D. M., Wisner, K., & Kercher, K. A. (2025) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171251346391 · Cited by 9
Association Between Head Impact Exposure, Psychological Needs, and Indicators of Mental Health Among U.S. High School Tackle Football Players
Kercher, K. A., Steinfeldt, J. A., Rettke, D. J., Zuidema, T. R., Walker, M. J., Kercher, V. M. M., Silveyra, P., Seo, D., Macy, J. T., Hulvershorn, L. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.11.247 · Cited by 7
Assessing anxiety symptom severity in Rwandese adolescents: cross-gender measurement invariance of GAD-7
Niwenahisemo, L. C., Hong, S., & Kuang, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1346267 · Cited by 9
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7)
Han, Z. R., Fang, H., Ahemaitijiang, N., & Wang, H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_87-1 · Cited by 7
Internal Validity and Reliability of the GAD-7 Test in Latin America
López, N., Morales-Asencio, B., Ripoll-Córdoba, D., Coronado, J. C. S., Caldichoury, N., Quispe-Ayala, C., Salazar, D., Florez, Y., Poma, I. G. F., Castellanos, C. E., et al. (2025) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470251315260 · Cited by 7
Expectancy–value theory as a framework to understand the relation between domain‐specific perfectionism and internalizing symptoms in freshman high school students
Koerten, H. R., & Dubow, E. F. (2020) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22472 · Cited by 7
The Association of Anxiety Severity With Health Risk Behaviors in a Large Representative Sample of Korean Adolescents
Woo, K. S., Ji, Y., Lee, H. J., & Choi, T. Y. (2021) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.210017 · Cited by 10
Coping strategy enhancement for the treatment of distressing voices in young people: A service evaluation within routine clinical practice
Hayward, M., Frost, H., Naito, A., & Bibby-Jones, A.-M. (2022) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045211061803 · Cited by 8
Personal and Witnessed Cyber Victimization Experiences Among Adolescents at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Espinoza, G. (2022) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-022-00480-3 · Cited by 8
Rapid screening for generalized anxiety disorder in patients with migraine
Veisy, F., Farahani, H., Togha, M., Gharaee, B., Janani, L., & Aghebati, A. (2021) · Current Journal of Neurology · doi:10.18502/cjn.v20i2.6746 · Cited by 7
Gaming addiction and screen time in a context of increase of internalizing symptoms: Moderation evaluation
Tavares, H. L. S., Costa, D. D. S., Soares, A. A., Kestelman, I., da Silva, A. G., Malloy‐Diniz, L. F., de Paula, J. J., & de Miranda, D. M. (2022) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045221125329 · Cited by 5
Testing family-of-origin sensitization: Parent-adolescent conflict, emotional reactivity, and adolescent internalizing psychopathology
Chiang, S., & Bai, S. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001779 · Cited by 12
Sugar-sweetened beverages, relative grip strength, and psychological symptoms among rural adolescents in western China: a cross-sectional study
Zhang, Y., Xiong, J., Sun, R., Chai, G., & Xiong, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1511256 · Cited by 6
A comparative study of anxiety symptoms in Chinese and Rwandan adolescents: a cross-cultural measurement invariance study of the GAD-7 scale
Niwenahisemo, L. C., Zhang, Q., Wang, W., Geng, D.-D., Xu, H.-Y., Hu, J., Ma, L.-L., Tan, J., Kong, Y., Hong, S., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1571753 · Cited by 6
Associations of Time Spent on Study and Sleep with Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Junior High School Students: Report from the Large-Scale Monitoring of Basic Education Data in China
Yao, H., & Chen, S. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2023.028844 · Cited by 8
School learning modes during the COVID-19 response and pre- to during pandemic mental health changes in a prospective cohort of Canadian adolescents
Patte, K. A., Battista, K., Ferro, M. A., Bélanger, R. E., Wade, T. J., Faulkner, G., Pickett, W., Riazi, N. A., Michaelson, V. E., Carsley, S., et al. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02557-2 · Cited by 7
Association between commuting and mental health among Japanese adolescents
Nakajima, S., Otsuka, Y., Itani, O., Kaneko, Y., Suzuki, M., & Kaneita, Y. (2024) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13714 · Cited by 6
Common and differential variables of anxiety and depression in adolescence: a nation-wide smartphone-based survey
Weiss, M. H., Gutzeit, J., Pryss, R. C., Romanos, M., Deserno, L., & Hein, G. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00793-1 · Cited by 10
Depresión, ansiedad generalizada y riesgo de consumo problemático de sustancias en estudiantes secundarios
Crockett, M. A., & Martínez, V. (2023) · Andes pediatrica · doi:10.32641/andespediatr.v94i2.4376 · Cited by 6
The universality of anxiety experiences between Germany, Indonesia, and the US: A measurement invariance analysis
Jaya, E. S., Novrianto, R., Dewantary, N. I., Ticoalu, C. L., & Riehle, M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.046 · Cited by 6
Do Youth Want Psychosocial Screenings in Diabetes Clinic? Profiles of Acceptability
Wong, J. J., Hanes, S. J., Iturralde, E., Lanning, M. S., Naranjo, D. M., Tanenbaum, M. L., & Hood, K. K. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa112 · Cited by 6
Adolescent and caregiver mental health, pulmonary function, and healthcare utilization in pediatric cystic fibrosis
Vassilopoulos, A., Swartz, M. R., Paranjape, S. M., & Slifer, K. J. (2021) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2021.2002695 · Cited by 5
Exploring the relationship between YouTube video characteristics and a viewer’s mental health traits among young adults
Choi, G. E., Pyun, M., Yoon, S.-H., Kim, Y., Shin, H., & Lee, S. Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1364930 · Cited by 5
Outcomes of remotely delivered behavioral insomnia interventions for children and adolescents: systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Lah, S. S., & Cao, T. V. (2024) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2023.1261142 · Cited by 8
Effectiveness of Digital Interventions in Reducing Occupational Stress: A Systematic Review
Indra, B., Palmasutra, V., & Setyawan, F. A. (2024) · Portuguese Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1159/000540748 · Cited by 5
Evaluation of a youth-focused suicide prevention HOPE aftercare service: protocol for a non-randomized hybrid effectiveness-implementation type I design
Kartal, D., Jaeger, T., Lamblin, M., Richards, H., Witt, K., Occhipinti, J., Mihalopoulos, C., Chatterton, M. L., Chanen, A. M., McGorry, P. D., et al. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11795-2 · Cited by 5
Prevalence estimates of depression and anxiety symptoms among adolescents in Bermuda, according to age, gender and race
Cavanagh, D., Hart, L., Basden, S. L., Lu, S., & Reavley, N. J. (2025) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-025-02829-z · Cited by 6
An Intensive Ambulatory Care Program for Adolescents With Eating Disorders Combining In-Person and Web-Based Care: Protocol for a Single-Site Naturalistic Trial
Novack, K., Dufour, R., Picard, L., Booij, L., & Chadi, N. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/37420 · Cited by 5
Validating repurposed GAD‐7 anchored in COVID‐19 pandemic experiences: A factor‐ and person‐centered approach
Mordeno, I. G., Gallemit, I. M. J., Ducay, J. L., Abdullah, S. P., Suba, S., & Edaros, N. D. (2023) · Psychology in the schools (Print) · doi:10.1002/pits.23100 · Cited by 5
Autistic traits in adolescents in psychiatric inpatient care: Clinical and demographic characteristics and correlates
Schwartzman, J. M., & Bettis, A. H. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102339 · Cited by 5
Public health unit engagement in school mental health programs and adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: COMPASS, 2018–2022
Benny, C., Smith, B. T., Patte, K. A., Leatherdale, S. T., & Pabayo, R. (2024) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdae179 · Cited by 6
Protective and risk factors of anxiety in children and adolescents during COVID-19: A systematic review and three level meta-analysis
Chen, H., Wang, Q., Zhu, J., Zhu, Y., Yang, F., Hui, J., Tang, X., & Zhang, T. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.029 · Cited by 6
Efficacy of brief behavioral and sleep hygiene education with mindfulness intervention on sleep, social jetlag and mental health in adolescence: a pilot study
Magnúsdóttir, I., Magnúsdóttir, S., Gunnlaugsdóttir, A. K., Hilmisson, H., Hrólfsdóttir, L., & Eiriksdóttir, A. E. (2025) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-024-03238-3 · Cited by 9
A Randomized, Double Blind, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Electrical Vestibular Nerve Stimulation (VeNS), Compared to a Sham Control for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Goothy, S. S. K., Chouhan, R. S., Raghavan, R. V., Ratajczak, W., Watson, S., Robinson, R., Macias, S., & McKeown, J. (2025) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/15500594251328080 · Cited by 5
Increased Risk of Generalized Anxiety Disorder According to Frequent Sedentary Times Based on the 16th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey
Song, H., & Lee, K. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9101548 · Cited by 6
Heterogeneity in the trajectories of psychological distress among late adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Gouin, J., de la Torre‐Luque, A., Sánchez‐Carro, Y., Geoffroy, M., & Essau, C. A. (2023) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12195 · Cited by 6
Toward Cultural Validation of the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale in Karnataka, India: Psychometric Testing Among 13–17‐Year Olds
Palmer, A., O'Connor, D. B., Janardhana, N., Khandeparkar, P., Bhola, P., Prabhu, S., A. L., K., Arelingaiah, M., K. P., J., Nag, R., et al. (2025) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.70019 · Cited by 5
The association of resilience with HbA1c and key psychosocial factors in emerging adults with type 1 diabetes
O’Daffer, A., Yi‐Frazier, J. P., Roberts, A. J. C., Lowry, S., Pihoker, C., Hirsch, I. B., Weaver, K. W., Zenno, A., & Malik, F. S. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsae085 · Cited by 7
Examining Engagement With Public Health in the Implementation of School‐Based Health Initiatives: Findings From the COMPASS Study
Vermeer, J., Battista, K., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2021) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.13072 · Cited by 4
Immigrant Origin and Disability Increase Risk for Anxiety Among Youth During COVID-19: The Role of Unmet Needs for Support in Distance Learning and Family Conflicts
Holm, M. E., Skogberg, N., Kiviruusu, O. H., & Sainio, P. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.12.006 · Cited by 4
Understanding psychological symptoms among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 Omicron pandemic: Findings from a national cross-sectional survey in 2023
Xin, Y., Ren, T., Chen, X., Liu, X., Wu, Y., Jing, S., Zhang, L., Dai, Z., Wang, Y., & Su, X. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2024.100278 · Cited by 4
COVID-warriors: Psychological impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic on health-care professionals
Jindal, M., Jambunathan, P., Patra, P., & Madhusudan, T. (2020) · Journal of Marine Medical Society · doi:10.4103/jmms.jmms_44_20 · Cited by 4
Cannabis Use, Screen Time, and Internalizing Symptoms among Canadian Youth: Testing Mediation Pathways
Doggett, A., Gohari, M. R., Godin, K. M., Ferro, M. A., Patte, K. A., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2021) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.1922455 · Cited by 4
he First 1000 Days in the Nordic Countries: Psychosocial Interventions and Psychological Tests: A Review of the Evidence
Breivik, K., Eng, H., Kaiser, S., Karjalainen, P., Kurki, M., Kyrrestad, H., Laajasalo, T., Martinussen, M., Merikukka, M., Peltonen, K., et al. (2021) · Nordic Council of Ministers eBooks · doi:10.6027/nord2021-037 · Cited by 5
Protocol for a randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a CBT-based smartphone application for improving mental health outcomes in adolescents: the MobiliseMe study
Li, S., Achilles, M. R., Subotic-Kerry, M., Werner‐Seidler, A., Newby, J. M., Batterham, P. J., Christensen, H. M., Mackinnon, A. J., & O’Dea, B. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04383-3 · Cited by 7
Integrating Behavioral Health and Primary Care in an Inner-City High School: Expanded Care in a School-Based Clinic in Mississippi, 2018-2020
Duck, A. A., Carr, K. L., Lim, C. S., & Robinson, J. C. (2023) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/00333549221128221 · Cited by 4
Academic and non-academic factors explaining anxiety among accounting students: evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic
Callimaci, A., Fortin, A., Lux, G., Caron, M., & Smaïli, N. (2023) · Accounting Education · doi:10.1080/09639284.2023.2232342 · Cited by 4

Authors: Tiirikainen, K., Haravuori, H., Ranta, K., Kaltiala-Heino, R., & Marttunen, M.
Affiliations: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
Corresponding author: Tiirikainen, Kati
ORCID: Haravuori, Henna
Ranta, Klaus
Kaltiala-Heino, Riittakerttu
Marttunen, Mauri
Venue: Psychiatry Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-02
Volume: 272
Pages: 30-35
ISSN: 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.004
OpenAlex: W2903552347
Cited by: 345
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 7
FWCI: 23.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: other-oa
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, GAD-7, generalized anxiety disorder, adolescents, psychometric properties, reliability statistics, factorial validity, construct validity, internal consistency, anxiety symptoms, depression, social anxiety, Finnish adolescents
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Finland, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Psychometric properties of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) in a large representative sample of Finnish adolescents

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks