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The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public – A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused enormous psychological impact worldwide. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the psychological and mental impact of COVID-19 among healthcare workers, the general population, and patients with higher COVID-19 risk published between 1 Nov 2019 to 25 May 2020. We conducted literature research using Embase, PubMed, Google scholar and WHO COVID-19 databases. Among the initial search of 9207 studies, 62 studies with 162,639 participants from 17 countries were included in the review. The pooled prevalence of anxiety and depression was 33% (95% confidence interval: 28%-38%) and 28% (23%-32%), respectively. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was the highest among patients with pre-existing conditions and COVID-19 infection (56% [39%-73%] and 55% [48%-62%]), and it was similar between healthcare workers and the general public. Studies from China, Italy, Turkey, Spain and Iran reported higher-than-pooled prevalence among healthcare workers and the general public. Common risk factors included being women, being nurses, having lower socioeconomic status, having high risks of contracting COVID-19, and social isolation. Protective factors included having sufficient medical resources, up-to-date and accurate information, and taking precautionary measures. In conclusion, psychological interventions targeting high-risk populations with heavy psychological distress are in urgent need.
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“previous research highlighting how the emotional impact of pandemic onset was critical for the emergence of depressive symptoms in HCW (53).”
From Evolution of burnout syndrome in Spanish healthcare professionals during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: psychosocial variables involved (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
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“female gender has been identified as a risk factor for higher psychological impact during stressful situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic [14].”
From Gender Differences in Psychological Stress Factors of Physical Therapy Degree Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Evidence suggests that this disease has psychological consequences on healthcare workers, students, psychiatric patients and general workers, especially for COVID-19 patients [4–13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Although studies on psychiatric symptoms accompanying SARS-CoV-2 illness need further investigation, the available data indicate that COVID-19 patients mainly present depressive symptoms (42–65%), anxiety (37–47%), and PTSS (93–96%).”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [183]
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2 retracted
RETRACTED: Chinese mental health burden during the COVID-19 pandemic
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Metadata
- Authors
- Luo, M., Guo, L., Yu, M., Jiang, W., & Wang, H.
- Affiliations
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (CN)
- Army Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Haiyan
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-09
- Volume
- 291
- Pages
- 113190
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7276119
- OpenAlex
- W3033373145
- Cited by
- 1,615
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 168 · 2023: 255 · 2022: 449 · 2021: 536 · 2020: 96
- FWCI
- 26.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological impact, mental health, anxiety, depression, healthcare workers, general public, high-risk patients, pre-existing conditions, nurses, socioeconomic status, social isolation, risk factors, protective factors, psychological intervention
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Anxiety, China, Depression, Health Personnel, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Prevalence, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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