The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China
Open accessAbstract
Highlights • Evaluate the mental situation of college students during the epidemic• Provide a theoretical basis for psychological interventions with college students.• Provide a basis for the promulgation of national and governmental policies.
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The protections of friendships were insufficient to ward off increased levels of emotional distress during the pandemic.
“These findings are consistent with data from China during the early phase of COVID-19 (Cao et al., 2020) and suggest that the protections of friendships were insufficient to ward off increased levels of emotional distress during the pandemic.”
From Young Adult Adaptability to the Social Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Protective Role of Friendships (2022) · cites this paper as Cao et al., 2020
The Conclusions report that 24.9% of Chinese college students experienced anxiety during the outbreak, and the Results report a negative association between social support and anxiety. These findings provide relevant Chinese data, but the paper does not establish that friendships specifically were insufficient to prevent emotional distress; that is the citing authors’ inference. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCross-sectional data collected early in the pandemic suggested that college students were disproportionately affected by stress, depression, anxiety, and loneliness due to reduced social interactions, lack of social support, and newly arising stressors associated with the COVID-19 crisis.
“Cross-sectional data collected early in the pandemic period suggested that college students were disproportionately affected by stress, depression, anxiety, and loneliness due to reduced social interactions, lack of social support, and newly arising stressors associated with the COVID-19 crisis [28, 34–37].”
From Psychological correlates of perceived loneliness in college students before and during the COVID-19 stay-at-home period: a longitudinal study (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCOVID-19 fear has been reported to include anxiety and depression while coping with the 'new normal'.
“and anxiety and depression while coping with the 'new normal ' (Cao et al., 2020; Chakraborty and Chatterjee, 2020; Haleem et al., 2020, Huang and Zhao, 2020).”
From Understanding coronaphobia (2020) · cites this paper as Cao et al., 2020
The Discussion reports fear and anxiety during the COVID-19 outbreak, and the Results link disruption of daily life with anxiety among Chinese college students (page numbers unavailable). The paper does not report depression or describe coping with the 'new normal,' so those parts of the claim are unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe awareness that the infectious virus is around and can cause ill-health and fatal outcomes is taxing, leading to sadness and feelings of fear and worry.
“This might be due to the fact that the awareness that the infectious virus is around and can cause ill-health and fatal outcomes is taxing, thus leading to sadness and feelings of fear and worry (Cao et al., 2020; Li Z. et al., 2020; Rajkumar, 2020; Wang et al., 2020b; Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020).”
From Knowledge of COVID-19 and Its Influence on Mindfulness, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Psychological Flexibility in the Indian Community (2020) · cites this paper as Cao et al., 2020
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes risk of death and psychological pressure from the epidemic. The Discussion (page unavailable) links worry about infection to anxiety and mentions fear, but it does not specifically link awareness of possible illness or death to sadness. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHaving relatives, friends, or acquaintances suspected of or having acquired COVID-19 was linked to a higher likelihood of depression and/or anxiety.
“relatives/friends/acquaintance suspected of/acquired COVID-19 (Cao et al., 2020, Mazza et al., 2020, Du et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020c, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020, Kang et al., 2020a)”
From COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Cao et al., 2020
A large survey of young adult students in China reported that around one in four are experiencing at least mild anxiety symptoms.
“Furthermore, a large survey of young adult students in China has reported that around one in four are experiencing at least mild anxiety symptoms.84”
From Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19 (2020) · cites this paper as [84]
Financial stress impacts wellbeing among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Based on previous research that has shown an impact of financial stress on wellbeing among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic,23 an indicator of increased financial stress from pre- to post-spring break was computed and included in all multivariable models.”
From Association between COVID-19-related loneliness or worry and symptoms of anxiety and depression among first-year college students (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
The high anxiety and stress levels found in university students during the COVID-19 lockdown are consistent with other studies in Spain and worldwide.
“Results from our study regarding the high levels of anxiety and stress in university students during the COVID-19 lockdown are in line with other studies carried out at the same time in the university population in Spain (Odriozola-González et al., 2020), as well as in other countries worldwide (Cao et al., 2020; Kaparounaki et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
From Feasibility of a Brief Online Mindfulness and Compassion-Based Intervention to Promote Mental Health Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Cao et al., 2020
The 16 college student studies included 15 cross-sectional studies and one cohort study.
“Of the 16 studies remaining, 15 were cross sectional studies and one was a cohort study [16, 19–33].”
From Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 among Children and College Students: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
The review identified 16 studies on college students.
“our findings of five studies on children and 16 studies on college students”
From Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 among Children and College Students: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
Results of this study are largely consistent with prior studies in China and elsewhere highlighting adverse psychological consequences in the general population of both quarantine and disease outbreak.
“Results of this large-scale, cross-sectional study are largely consistent with prior studies in China and elsewhere highlighting the adverse psychological consequences in the general population of both quarantine and disease outbreak [10, 14, 57].”
From Psychiatric symptoms, risk, and protective factors among university students in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic in China (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and traumatic stress among university students in this study is similar yet slightly higher than findings reported in two other recent studies concerning the initial phase of the outbreak.
“The prevalence on anxiety, depression, and traumatic stress among university students uncovered from this study is similar yet slightly higher than findings reported in two other recent studies concerning the initial phase of the outbreak [14, 57].”
From Psychiatric symptoms, risk, and protective factors among university students in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic in China (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Findings from studies on college students during the pandemic converge on an uptick of mental health issues, but the contributing factors may not necessarily be generalizable to populations in other countries.
“Although the findings from these studies thus far converge on the uptick of mental health issues among college students, the contributing factors may not necessarily be generalizable to populations in other countries.”
From Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
With the exception of a few studies, notably from China, there is sparse evidence of the psychological or mental health effects of the current pandemic on college students.
“with the exception of a few studies, notably from China [10-12], there is sparse evidence of the psychological or mental health effects of the current pandemic on college students”
From Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
The findings may suggest an uptick in pandemic-related depressive symptoms among college students similar to recent studies in China.
“which may suggest an uptick in pandemic-related depressive symptoms among college students similar to recent studies in China [10,11].”
From Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
Only one previous study focused on the impact of COVID-19 on adolescents.
“Furthermore, only one previous study focused on the impact of COVID-19 on adolescents [13].”
From The psychological impacts of a COVID-19 outbreak on college students in China: a longitudinal study (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
College students reporting increased anxiety during initial COVID-19 outbreaks were concerned about the economic and academic impact of COVID on their futures.
“Preliminary evidence also indicates that college students reporting increased anxiety during initial COVID-19 outbreaks were concerned not only about the infection itself, but about the economic and academic impact of COVID on their futures (Cao et al., 2020).”
From Media for Coping During COVID-19 Social Distancing: Stress, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being (2020) · cites this paper as Cao et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J.
- Affiliations
- Shandong University (CN)
- Changzhi Medical College (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Cao, Wenjun
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 287
- Pages
- 112934
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7102633
- OpenAlex
- W3011821664
- Semantic Scholar
- 13d0f3a281ce20f4a49ca3a80e9ed2942039abf9
- Cited by
- 5,843
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 232 · 2024: 506 · 2023: 979 · 2022: 1415 · 2021: 1826 · 2020: 783 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 500.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florida International University Digital Commons (Florida International University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Innovation project for universities in Shanxi Province (2019L0970)
- Special project for COVID-19 prevention and control in Changzhi Medical College (202003)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety, university students, psychological impact, protective factors, risk factors, social support, household income, living arrangements, economic impact, educational disruption, mental health monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, China, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Support, Students, Medical, Universities, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Epidemics, Pandemics
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