Cited by 139Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyMotivation and Self-Concept in Sports

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More efficient, perhaps, but at what price? Pleasure and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval exercise in low-active women with obesity

Decker, Emily S., Ekkekakis, Panteleimon·2017·Psychology of Sport and Exercise

DOI 10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.09.005

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“Citing limited evidence on efficacy and safety, the American Heart Association has determined that, for patients with cardiovascular disease, HIIE “cannot yet be broadly recommended” (Fletcher et al., 2013, p. 915).”
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“9 While HIIT is usually considered a time-efficient exercise strategy compared to MICT, concern has been raised about the feasibility and sustainability of HIIT in patients with obesity who seem to experience lower pleasure and enjoyment during HIIT than MICT.”
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“However, SIT protocols are extremely difficult and unlikely to be tolerated or enjoyed by previously inactive individuals or populations with obesity (49,64).”
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“min) however, contrary to Decker and Ekkekakis [25] a positive SMD (.”
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“Data reported in Decker and Ekkekakis (2017) were extracted from the published thesis (Decker, 2009), but additional data from the thesis were unavailable and these outputs are reported as one study.”
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“However, this was not of a comparable magnitude to the very strong negative affective responses associated with other, longer HIIT/SIT protocols [23].”
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“This deregulation may also explain the greater reductions in affective valence during HIIE, compared to MIIE (see Figure 1A), which is also consistent with previous research comparing HIIE to continous MIE in adults (9, 27).”
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“Noticeably, HIIT has been documented as an aversive and not widely feasible exercise type among inactive populations with overweight and obesity, showing lower pleasure and enjoyment than traditional MICT [65,66].”
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“However, this training was rated as less pleasant and less enjoyable than an isocaloric session of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (Decker and Ekkekakis, 2017).”
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“Interestingly, the most intense AVRG (HP) was also perceived as the most enjoyable by participants in this study, which is inconsistent with previous research that has found enjoyment to be inversely related to exercise intensity (47, 48).”
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“Lastly, Decker and Ekkekakis [61] compared the subjective felt pleasure and enjoyment of high-intensity interval exercise and”
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“…effects of HIIT versus CT. Twelve studies of this subset measured affective responses during and post exercise using the FS (Alicea et al., 2020; Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017; Hoekstra et al., 2017; Jung et al., 2014; Kilpatrick et al., 2015; Martinez et al., 2015; Niven et al., 2018; Tavares et…”
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“Additionally, the HIIE protocol used by Jung et al. (2014) was the same duration as their continuous highintensity protocol, and the protocols of Oliveira et al. (2013), Saanijoki et al. (2015), and Decker and Ekkekakis (2016) lasted ~17–23 min, excluding warm-up and cool-down.”
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“Conversely, significantly lower enjoyment and affective valence in response to HIIT versus MICT were reported in inactive women with obesity (Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017), although the work to rest ratio in these studies was 2:1 and 3:2, which is extremely demanding and may have elicited the aversive…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
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“2017), whereas other studies reported contradictory results (Decker and Ekkekakis 2017; Olney et al. 2018).”
Result
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“Higher exercise intensity parallels with higher exertion and displeasure during exercise (20,22,23,26).”
Background
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“To determine the sample size required for this study, we used the effect sizes (0.27– 0.60) on two previous studies (Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017; Rose & Parfitt, 2007) that examined the changes in perceptual parameters (i.e., RPE and affect) induced by exercise, with a 2 (condition) × > 6 (time) two-…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“Specifically, each measurement of affect during interval exercise should be completed as close to the end of each interval as possible, as opposed to the beginning, middle, or afterward (Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017).”
Background
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“Ratings of pleasure and displeasure through the FS could be largely impacted by exercise intensity according to previous studies in continuous training (Ekkekakis, 2008; Decker and Ekkekakis, 2017), in which the lowest point of affect valences”
Method
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“Several studies report wide variation in the affective response of participants, particularly to high-intensity continuous exercise and HIIE (Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017; Greene et al., 2018).”
Background
High Intensity Long Interval Sets Provides Similar Enjoyment as Continuous Moderate Intensity Exercise. The Tromsø Exercise Enjoyment Study
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“For nonathletic populations, enjoyment is a key factor in adherence to a training program and the ability to prescribe more varied routines may support this aim (6).”
Background
Affective responses to high-intensity interval training with continuous and respite music
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“A detailed discussion on the apparent inconsistency regarding affective response to interval in comparison with continuous exercise can be found elsewhere (Decker and Ekkekakis, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect of High-Intensity Interval, Moderate-Intensity Continuous, and Self-Selected Intensity Training on Health and Affective Responses
Oliveira, G. T. A., Costa, E. C., Santos, T. M., Bezerra, R. A., Lemos, T. M. A. M., Mortatti, A. L., & Elsangedy, H. M. (2023) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2022.2141674 · Cited by 17
“An important methodological detail not mentioned in the study concerns affective responses being collected after exercise, and it is recognized that at this time there is a positive rebound in affect (Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017; Stork et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
A Methodological Checklist for Studies of Pleasure and Enjoyment Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training: Part I. Participants and Measures
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Affective Valence and Enjoyment in High- and Moderate-High Intensity Interval Exercise. The Tromsø Exercise Enjoyment Study
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“Some have suggested that the FS should be measured multiple times capturing both peak intensity and peak recovery time at all interval bouts (Decker and Ekkekakis, 2017), and this may be regarded as a limitation to our study.”
BackgroundResult
Feasibility of procedures for a randomised pilot study of reduced exertion, high-intensity interval training (REHIT) with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia patients
Haines, M. R. (2020) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-020-00571-8 · Cited by 14
“pleasure-displeasure) responses to such exercise are important, as these may predict future exercise behaviour [30, 31], and have been found to be no more negative compared to those associated with moderate-intensity continuous exercise [32].”
Unpacking the debate: A qualitative investigation of first-time experiences with interval exercise
Stork, M., Williams, T. L., & Ginis, K. A. M. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101788 · Cited by 14
Psychological responses to HIIT and MICT over a 2-week progressive randomized trial among individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes
Santos, A., Stork, M., Locke, S., & Jung, M. E. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1809975 · Cited by 14
Using Bodyweight as Resistance Can Be a Promising Avenue to Promote Interval Training: Enjoyment Comparisons to Treadmill-Based Protocols
Schaun, G. Z., & Alberton, C. L. (2020) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2020.1817293 · Cited by 13
“Some previous studies have shown lower in-task affect during interval training compared to vigorous-intensity continuous training (e.g., Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017; Oliveira et al., 2013) or MICT (Jung et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResult
Evidence-based recommendations to assist adults with depression to become lifelong movers
Fortier, M., McFadden, T., & Faulkner, G. (2020) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.40.10.01 · Cited by 15
A Wearable Activity Tracker Intervention With and Without Weekly Behavioral Support Emails to Promote Physical Activity Among Women Who Are Overweight or Obese: Randomized Controlled Trial
Black, M., & Brunet, J. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/28128 · Cited by 13
“Few studies have focused on increasing low-intensity PA (eg, low-intensity walking) despite the growing evidence suggesting that it may have significant health benefits [28,29] and that it is often rated as more enjoyable and more pleasant in low-active women who are obese [30,31].”
Background
Short-Term Psychological and Physiological Effects of Varying the Volume of High-Intensity Interval Training in Healthy Men
Machado, D. G. D. S., Costa, E. C., Ray, H., Beale, L., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Farias-Junior, L. F., & Hardcastle, S. J. (2018) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512518809734 · Cited by 14
“…responses (affective, RPE, and HR) of each HIIT session were considered for statistical analyses, given that the affect felt at the end of the exercise is important for building affective memories respective to the exercise experience (Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017; Zenko, Ekkekakis, & Ariely, 2016).”
Method
Comparing the reinforcing value of high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise in sedentary adults
Epstein, L. H., O’Donnell, S. E., Biondolillo, M. J., Hostler, D. P., & Roemmich, J. N. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113468 · Cited by 12
The effects of affect-guided interval training on pleasure, enjoyment, and autonomy: A registered report
Zenko, Z., Hall, E. E., & Bixby, W. R. (2024) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102611 · Cited by 13
Exercise for affect and enjoyment in overweight or obese males: a comparison of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training
Ram, A., Marcos, L., Morey, R., Clark, T., Håkansson, S., Ristov, M., Franklin, A., McCarthy, C., Carli, L. D., Jones, M. D., et al. (2021) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1903055 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, one study by Decker & Ekkekakis reported that HIIT generated lower rating of enjoyment and affect than MICT (Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017).”
BackgroundResult
Longitudinal affective response to high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomised trial
Patten, R. K., Bourke, M., McIlvenna, L. C., Moreno‐Asso, A., Woessner, M. N., Stepto, N. K., & Parker, A. G. (2022) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102325 · Cited by 13
The Effect of Aerobic Fitness on Psychological, Attentional and Physiological Responses during a Tabata High-Intensity Interval Training Session in Healthy Young Women
Reppa, C. M., Bogdanis, G. C., Stavrou, N. A. M., & Psychountaki, M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021005 · Cited by 26
“Our data are in line with previous research employing such protocols, reporting that, in females, the increase in RPE during HIIT is rapid, especially when compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) protocols [22].”
BackgroundResult
A pragmatic approach to measuring physical literacy and behavioural outcomes in youth with and without disabilities
Arbour‐Nicitopoulos, K. P., Bremer, E., Leo, J., & Wright, F. V. (2022) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2022.2085157 · Cited by 11
“…accelerometry data is promising given the associated physical and mental health benefits that moderateintensity PA can provide to all youth (Biddle et al., 2019; Poitras et al., 2016), and the perceived enjoyment of engaging in moderate- versus more vigorous-intensity PA (Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017).”
Background
Momentary affective response to bouts of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity predicts changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior during behavioral weight loss
Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., Schumacher, L. M., Pellegrini, C. A., Goldschmidt, A. B., & Unick, J. L. (2021) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102056 · Cited by 10
Comparison of the Affective Responses to Continuous Training and High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols: Application of the Dual-Mode Model
Alicea, S. K., Parrott, A. D., Manos, T. M., & Kwon, Y. S. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003282 · Cited by 10
“Ekkekakis and Petruzzello (14) addressed the need for a theoreticalmodel that captures affect during exercise, explains various underlying mechanisms influencing affect, and offers a structure Address correspondence to Sheila K. Alicea, salicea@stedwards.edu.”
BackgroundInfluential
Commentary: Why sprint interval training is inappropriate for a largely sedentary population
Robertson‐Wilson, J., Eys, M., & Hazell, T. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01603 · Cited by 11
“In fact, Decker and Ekkekakis (2017) also used the PACES and FS in their own research, consistent with Jung et al. and Townsend et al., which does allow for discussion pertaining to the merits of different protocols.”
Influential
Effects of high intensity interval training and moderate intensity continuous training on enjoyment and affective responses in overweight or obese people: a meta-analysis
Luo, Y., Zhang, J., Jia, H., Mu, X., & Huang, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1487789 · Cited by 11
High-intensity interval training to promote cerebral oxygenation and affective valence during exercise in individuals with obesity
Marillier, M., Borowik, A., Chacaroun, S., Baillieul, S., Doutreleau, S., Guinot, M., Wuyam, B., Tamisier, R., Pépin, J., Estève, F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2086658 · Cited by 11
“…(namely, intensity and duration of exercise/recovery periods); ii) different duration of intervention (a single session vs a full program of exercise training) or; iii) different study population under investigation (women exclusively vs a mixed sample of men and women; Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Influence of Sprint Duration during Minimal Volume Exercise on Aerobic Capacity and Affect
Haines, M. R., Broom, D. R., Stephenson, J. R., & Gillibrand, W. P. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1255-3161 · Cited by 9
“These exhortations on the timing of measurement are crucial, as they are potentially decisive motivational factors for future exercise adherence with REHIT [17, 20].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Acute affective responses to high‐intensity interval exercise: Implications on the use of different stimulus‐recovery amplitudes
Oliveira, B. R. R., Santos, T. M., Guerreiro, R. D. C., Damorim, I. R., Lattari, E., & Deslandes, A. C. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1973572 · Cited by 8
“Several studies presented divergent results to the affective responses of HIIE sessions with positive (Kilpatrick et al., 2015; Martinez, Kilpatrick, Salomon, Jung, & Little, 2015) and negative results (Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017 Oliveira et al., 2013; Olney et al., 2018; Roloff et al., 2020).”
Result
The Assessment of Affective Responses within Exercise Prescription: A Narrative Review
Hartman, M. E., & Hernandez, J. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-2029-8337 · Cited by 9
“Furthermore, the person’s motivation to avoid exercise may become stronger than their motivation to exercise [116].”
Background
No Sex Differences in Perceptual Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training or Sprint Interval Training
Coe, L. N., & Astorino, T. A. (2024) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004738 · Cited by 7
“Consequently, several authors (14,21) have questioned the widespread applicability of SIT or HIIT because of the displeasure that it exhibits, which may reduce its potential for widespread implementation in the typical inactive adult.”
Background
Does Attentional Focus Influence Psychophysiological Responses to an Acute Bout of Exercise? Evidence From an Experimental Study Using a Repeated-Measures Design
Meixner, F., & Herbert, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.680149 · Cited by 11
Psychological Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training: A Comparison of Graded Walking and Ungraded Running at Equivalent Metabolic Loads
Fleming, A. R., Martinez, N., Collins, L. H., Ashley, C. D., Chiodini-Rinaldo, M., Waddell, B. J., & Kilpatrick, M. W. (2020) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2019-0200 · Cited by 7
A Pilot Study on In-Task Affect Predicting Free-Living Adherence to HIIT and MICT
Ivanova, E. L., Sadikaj, G., Bourne, J. E., Beauchamp, M. R., Little, J. P., & Jung, M. E. (2020) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2020.1828562 · Cited by 11
“Compared to moderate- and high-intensity continuous training, HIIT has been shown to have different effects on in-task affect (Decker & Ekkekakis, 2017; Oliveira et al., 2013).”
Background
Effects of a single bout of short-duration high-intensity and long-duration low-intensity exercise on insulin resistance and adiponectin/leptin ratio
Kao, H., Hsu, H.-S., Wu, T.-H., Chiang, H.-F., Huang, H., Wang, H., Yang, G., & Lin, W. (2020) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2020.09.007 · Cited by 7
Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Sprint Interval Exercise at Different Hypoxia Levels
Kong, Z., Hu, M., Sun, S., Zou, L., Shi, Q., Jiao, Y., & Nie, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158171 · Cited by 7
“Work-to-rest ratio and sprint duration might be essential variables that caused differences in perceptions to SIT, as negative affect valences have been reported in studies of SIT with shorter recovery but longer work duration [36,37].”
Background
Attenuation of Post-Exercise Energy Intake Following 12 Weeks of Sprint Interval Training in Men and Women with Overweight
Beer, N. J., Jackson, B., Dimmock, J. A., & Guelfi, K. J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14071362 · Cited by 8
“Nonetheless, this study highlights the importance of considering the interaction of the psychological experiences and physiological demands of exercise, particularly given the concern over the prescription of HIIT protocols in sedentary populations [40].”
Background
Does Exercise Modality Matter Affectively? Contrasting Type and Sequence of Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Versus High-Intensity Interval Training in a Randomized Within-Subject Study
Dierkes, K., Rösel, I., Giel, K. E., Thiel, A., & Sudeck, G. (2023) · Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.52082/jssm.2023.84 · Cited by 6
Affective responses to different prescriptions of high-intensity interval exercise in hypertensive patients
Lins-Filho, O., Ritti‐Dias, R. M., Santos, T. M., da Silva, J., Leite, G. F., Gusmão, L. S., & Ferreira, D. K. D. S. (2020) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10155-7 · Cited by 7
Physiological, perceptual and affective responses to high-intensity interval training using two work-matched programs with different bout duration in obese males
Tsirigkakis, S., Koutedakis, Y., Mastorakos, G. P., Stavrinou, P. S., Mougios, V., & Bogdanis, G. C. (2022) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2022.04.002 · Cited by 10
Can In-Task Affect During Interval and Continuous Exercise Predict 12-Month Physical Activity Behavior? Findings from a Randomized Trial
Stork, M., Santos, A., Locke, S., Little, J. P., & Jung, M. E. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10224-8 · Cited by 6
The Affective Responses to Moderate Physical Activity: A Further Study to Prove the Convergent and the Discriminant Validity for the German Versions of the Feeling Scale and the Felt Arousal Scale
Thorenz, K., Sudeck, G., Berwinkel, A., & Weigelt, M. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14040317 · Cited by 6
“Exercising above the VT (i.e., while relying predominantly on anaerobic energy supply) leads to an increase in unpleasant feelings [11–13].”
Background
Similar improvements in inhibitory control following low-volume high-intensity interval exercise and moderate-intensity continuous exercise
Sugimoto, T., Suga, T., Tsukamoto, H., Calverley, T. A., Tanaka, D., Takenaka, S., Tomoo, K., Dora, K., Bailey, D. M., Isaka, T., et al. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101791 · Cited by 8
Might High-Intensity Interval Exercise Be Remembered as More Pleasurable? An Attempt to Test the Peak-End Rule in the Exercise Context
Alves, E. D., Júlio, U. F., Panissa, V. L. G., Franchini, É., & Takito, M. Y. (2021) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125211010047 · Cited by 7
“Decker and Ekkekakis (2017) investigated the affect at peak and end sessions during continuous exercise and found that HIIE experiences were moderately correlated with post-exercise enjoyment responses at these points (r¼ 0.58 and r¼ 0.46 respectively).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
When Moderate Becomes Unpleasant and Intense Is Manageable: Exercise Intensity and Duration Interact to Regulate Exercise Enjoyment and Changes in Affective Valence
Kinghorn, D., Hutchinson, M., Curry, S., Zhang, J., & Vollaard, N. B. J. (2026) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2025-0086 · Cited by 4
Determinants of Physical Activity 10 Months Following a Supervised Exercise Program in People With Type 2 Diabetes
Cox, E. R., Gajanand, T., Keating, S. E., Brown, W. J., Coombes, J. S., & Burton, N. W. (2025) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2024-0808 · Cited by 5
Effects of music on perceptive and performance responses during high-intensity exercise: a systematic review
Marques, M., Henrique, N. R., Takito, M. Y., & Franchini, É. (2024) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-024-01189-6 · Cited by 4
“HIIE is often reported to evoke negative perceptions due to its physiological demands [20, 21].”
From organized sport motivation to exercise regulations: differences according sport type and intensity
Lemoyne, J., Rivard, M.-C., Girard, S., & Dubreuil, P. (2019) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2019.1697348 · Cited by 4
“More recently Decker and Ekkekakis (2017) showed a significant contribution of high intensity exercise on the motivation to exercise.”
Background
High-intensity interval training in people with mild multiple sclerosis: a mixed-methods feasibility study
Humphreys, L. J., Carter, A., Sharrack, B., & Copeland, R. J. (2022) · International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.12968/ijtr.2021.0073 · Cited by 4

Authors: Decker, E. S., & Ekkekakis, P.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Denver (US)
ORCID: Ekkekakis, Panteleimon
Venue: Psychology of Sport and Exercise
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-01
Volume: 28
Pages: 1-10
ISSN: 1469-0292 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.09.005
OpenAlex: W2519659878
Cited by: 139
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12
FWCI: 12.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychology of sport and exercise (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Keywords: high-intensity interval exercise, moderate-intensity continuous training, exercise enjoyment, obese women, physical inactivity, exercise sustainability, recumbent cycling, ventilatory threshold, Feeling Scale, Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale

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More efficient, perhaps, but at what price? Pleasure and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval exercise in low-active women with obesity

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