Cited by 130Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchStress Responses and CortisolChild Abuse and Trauma

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Hair cortisol concentrations and cortisol stress reactivity predict PTSD symptom increase after trauma exposure during military deployment

Steudte-Schmiedgen, Susann, Stalder, Tobias, Schönfeld, Sabine, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Trautmann, Sebastian, Alexander, Nina, Miller, Robert, Kirschbaum, Clemens·2015·Psychoneuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background Previous evidence on endocrine risk markers for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been inconclusive. Here, we report results of the first prospective study to investigate whether long-term hair cortisol levels and experimentally-induced cortisol stress reactivity are predictive of the development of PTSD symptomatology in response to trauma during military deployment.Methods Male soldiers were examined before deployment to Afghanistan and at a 12-month post-deployment follow-up using dimensional measures for psychopathological symptoms. The predictive value of baseline (i) hair cortisol concentrations (HCC, N=90) and (ii) salivary cortisol stress reactivity (measured by the Trier Social Stress Test, N=80) for the development of PTSD symptomatology after being exposed to new-onset traumatic events was analyzed.Results Baseline cortisol activity significantly predicted PTSD symptom change from baseline to follow-up upon trauma exposure. Specifically, our results consistently revealed that lower HCC and lower cortisol stress reactivity were predictive of a greater increase in PTSD symptomatology in soldiers who had experienced new-onset traumatic events (explaining 5% and 10.3% of variance, respectively). Longitudinal analyses revealed an increase in HCC from baseline to follow-up and a trend for a negative relationship between HCC changes and the number of new-onset traumatic events. Additional pre-deployment analyses revealed that trauma history was reflected in lower HCC (at trend level) and that HCC were negatively related to stressful load.Conclusions Our data indicate that attenuated cortisol secretion is a risk marker for subsequent development of PTSD symptomatology upon trauma exposure. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings in other samples.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007

Cites

47 of 47 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’—a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000119004 · Cited by 6,093
Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change
Pruessner, J. C., Kirschbaum, C., Meinlschmid, G., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00108-7 · Cited by 3,638
If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans.
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25 · Cited by 2,467
Immune modulation of learning, memory, neural plasticity and neurogenesis
Yirmiya, R., & Goshen, I. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.015 · Cited by 1,483
Analysis of cortisol in hair – State of the art and future directions
Stalder, T., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.002 · Cited by 835
The Epidemiology of Trauma, PTSD, and Other Posttrauma Disorders
Breslau, N. (2009) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838009334448 · Cited by 810
Hair cortisol, stress exposure, and mental health in humans: A systematic review
Staufenbiel, S. M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Spijker, A. T., Elzinga, B. M., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.015 · Cited by 736
Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test
Allen, A. P., Kennedy, P. J., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., & Clarke, G. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005 · Cited by 734
Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Meewisse, M.-L., Reitsma, J. B., De Vries, G.-J., Gersons, B. P. R., & Olff, M. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024877 · Cited by 661
Die deutsche Version des Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ): Erste Befunde zu den psychometrischen Kennwerten
Wingenfeld, K., Spitzer, C., Mensebach, C., Grabe, H. J., Hill, A., Gast, U., Schlosser, N., Höpp, H., Beblo, T., & Drießen, M. (2010) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1247564 · Cited by 552

Show all 47 references

Sorted by citations

Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: a meta-analysis
Stalder, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Klucken, T., Vater, A., Wichmann, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Miller, R. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.017 · Cited by 855
Self-citation
The resilience framework as a strategy to combat stress-related disorders
Kalisch, R., Baker, D. G., Basten, U., Boks, M. P., Bonanno, G. A., Brummelman, E., Chmitorz, A., Fernàndez, G., Fiebach, C. J., Galatzer-Levy, I., et al. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0200-8 · Cited by 782
Psychological stress reactivity and future health and disease outcomes: A systematic review of prospective evidence
Turner, A. I., Smyth, N., Hall, S. J., Torres, S. J., Hussein, M., Jayasinghe, S. U., Ball, K., & Clow, A. J. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104599 · Cited by 503
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in PTSD: Pathophysiology and treatment interventions
Dunlop, B. W., & Wong, A. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.010 · Cited by 271
“From the same study that evaluated hair cortisol concentrations in pre-deployment veterans, lower cortisol response to the TSST was a stronger predictor of PTSD symptoms, explaining 10% of the variance (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The association between adversity and hair cortisol levels in humans: A meta-analysis
Khoury, J. E., Bosquet Enlow, M., Plamondon, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.009 · Cited by 170
An integrative model linking traumatization, cortisol dysregulation and posttraumatic stress disorder: Insight from recent hair cortisol findings
Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Kirschbaum, C., Alexander, N., & Stalder, T. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.015 · Cited by 177
“We thus addressed this potential concern in a recent prospective study in which male soldiers were examined before their military deployment to Afghanistan and 12- months post-deployment (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015b).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Cortisol, heart rate, and blood pressure as early markers of PTSD risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Morris, M. C., Hellman, N. M., Abelson, J. L., & Rao, U. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.001 · Cited by 160
“…at different levels of the glucocorticoid signaling cascade (van Zuiden, Kavelaars, Geuze, Olff, & Heijnen, 2013), including lower circulating cortisol levels prior to (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015) – and in the early aftermath of – trauma exposure (Luo et al., 2012; van Zuiden et al., 2012).”
Background
Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship
Mayer, S. E., Lopez-Duran, N. L., Sen, S., & Abelson, J. L. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.020 · Cited by 137
“One potential pathway involves the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis and its end product cortisol (Taylor et al., 1997).”
Background
Neurobiology and systems biology of stress resilience
Kalisch, R., Russo, S. J., & Müller, M. B. (2024) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00042.2023 · Cited by 149
Pre-deployment risk factors for PTSD in active-duty personnel deployed to Afghanistan: a machine-learning approach for analyzing multivariate predictors
Schultebraucks, K., Qian, M., Amara, D. A., Dean, K. R., LASKA, E. M., Siegel, C., Gautam, A., Guffanti, G., Hammamieh, R., Misganaw, B., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0789-2 · Cited by 110
Efficacy and acceptability of interventions for co-occurring PTSD and SUD: A meta-analysis
Simpson, T. L., Goldberg, S. B., Louden, D. N., Blakey, S. M., Hawn, S. E., Lott, A. M. K., Browne, K. C., Lehavot, K., & Kaysen, D. L. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102490 · Cited by 108
Hair cortisol concentrations in mental disorders: A systematic review
Koumantarou Malisiova, E., Mourikis, I., Darviri, C., Nicolaides, N. C., Zervas, I. M., Papageorgiou, C., & Chrousos, G. P. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113244 · Cited by 99
A systematic review of studies utilizing hair glucocorticoids as a measure of stress suggests the marker is more appropriate for quantifying short-term stressors
Kalliokoski, O., Jellestad, F. K., & Murison, R. C. C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48517-2 · Cited by 97
“Steudte-Schmiedgen, 2015 (n = 113; 129) Steudte, 2013 (n = 25; 28) Luo, 2012 (n = 32; 20) Schalinski, 2015 (n = 39; 12) Effect of stress (standardized mean difference) -0.18 [-0.52-0.51] A. Induced (acute) stress B. Chronic stress C. Observed stress D. Self-assessed stress E. Past stress F. PTSD 1…”
Influential
The cortisol paradox of trauma-related disorders: lower phasic responses but higher tonic levels of cortisol are associated with sexual abuse in childhood
Schalinski, I., Elbert, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., & Kirschbaum, C. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136921 · Cited by 88
“In contrast, the relationship in a sample of German patients with PTSD showed the reverse pattern: the higher the traumatic stress load, the lower the cortisol levels in hair [18,21].”
ResultSelf-citation
Measuring Stress in Young Children Using Hair Cortisol: The State of the Science
Bates, R., Salsberry, P., & Ford, J. (2017) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800417711583 · Cited by 88
“In adults, HCC may sometimes be lower with persistent stress, such as in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015) or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; Steudte et al., 2011).”
Background
The lifetime experience of traumatic events is associated with hair cortisol concentrations in community-based children
Simmons, J. G., Badcock, P. B., Whittle, S., Byrne, M. L., Mundy, L. K., Patton, G. C., Olsson, C. A., & Allen, N. B. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.004 · Cited by 88
The Need to Take a Staging Approach to the Biological Mechanisms of PTSD and its Treatment
McFARLANE, A. C., Lawrence-Wood, E., Hooff, M. V., Malhi, G. S., & Yehuda, R. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0761-2 · Cited by 89
Acute stress responses of autonomous nervous system, HPA axis, and inflammatory system in posttraumatic stress disorder
von Majewski, K., Kraus, O., Rhein, C., Lieb, M., Erim, Y., & Rohleder, N. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02331-7 · Cited by 82
“These findings not only highlight the importance of being able to mount a stress response in the direct aftermath of trauma, but also are further in line with studies showing that pre-trauma stress system status, including stress reactivity, can be predictors of PTSD development after experiencing trauma [22].”
Result
Salivary Cortisol Determination on Smartphone-Based Differential Pulse Voltammetry System
Liu, J., Xu, N., Men, H., Li, S., Lu, Y., Low, S. S., Li, X., Zhu, L., Cheng, C., Xu, G., et al. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20051422 · Cited by 68
The Impact of Parental Role Distributions, Work Participation, and Stress Factors on Family Health-Related Outcomes: Study Protocol of the Prospective Multi-Method Cohort “Dresden Study on Parenting, Work, and Mental Health” (DREAM)
Kress, V., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Kopp, M., Förster, A., Altus, C., Schier, C., Wimberger, P., Kirschbaum, C., von Soest, T., Weidner, K., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01273 · Cited by 68
An Integrated Model of Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorder
Walton, D. M., & Elliott, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.7455 · Cited by 65
Neuroendocrine and neuroimmune markers in PTSD: pre-, peri- and post-trauma glucocorticoid and inflammatory dysregulation
Olff, M., & van Zuiden, M. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.01.001 · Cited by 60
The social transmission of risk: Maternal stress physiology, synchronous parenting, and well-being mediate the effects of war exposure on child psychopathology.
Halevi, G., Djalovski, A., Kanat‐Maymon, Y., Yirmiya, K., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., Koren, L., & Feldman, R. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000307 · Cited by 62
Role of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in PTSD: Insights From Preclinical Models
Miles, O. W., & Maren, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00068 · Cited by 59
“Recent data indicates lower levels of cortisol could be used as a predictor of risk to develop PTSD (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015).”
Background
Blunted cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress and prospective health: a systematic review
O’Riordan, A., Howard, S., & Gallagher, S. M. (2022) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2022.2068639 · Cited by 55
“…5 studies pertaining to blunted reactivity included in their review examined parameters other than SBP, DBP or HR reactivity (e.g., plasma cortisol, salivary cortisol, adrenaline) (Flaa et al., 2008; Paananen et al., 2015; Ronaldson et al., 2016; Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015; Zhu et al., 2016) .”
Background
Psychopathological sequelae of female genital mutilation and their neuroendocrinological associations
Koebach, A., Ruf‐Leuschner, M., & Elbert, T. R. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1757-0 · Cited by 57
“[23, 24] reported a negative association with the number of lifetime traumatic events, and Hinkelman et al.”
Background
Investigating individual stress reactivity: High hair cortisol predicts lower acute stress responses
Sandner, M., Lois, G., Streit, F., Zeier, P., Kirsch, P., Wüst, S., & Wessa, M. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104660 · Cited by 54
Defining the importance of stress reduction in managing cardiovascular disease - the role of exercise
Popović, D., Bjelobrk, M., Tesic, M. B., Seman, S., Jayasinghe, S. U., Hills, A. P., Babu, A. S., Jakovljević, D. G., Stoner, L. R., Ozemek, C., et al. (2022) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2022.01.008 · Cited by 52
Is physiological glucocorticoid replacement important in children?
Porter, J., Blair, J., & Ross, R. J. (2017) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2015-309538 · Cited by 50
Hydrocortisone administration for reducing post-traumatic stress symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kothgassner, O. D., Pellegrini, M., Goreis, A., Giordano, V., Edobor, J., Fischer, S., Plener, P. L., & Huscsava, M. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105168 · Cited by 49
Acute-stress-induced change in salience network coupling prospectively predicts post-trauma symptom development
Zhang, W., Kaldewaij, R., Hashemi, M. M., Koch, S. B. J., Smit, A. S., van Ast, V. A., Beckmann, C. F., Klumpers, F., & Roelofs, K. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01798-0 · Cited by 49
“Additionally, we did not find evidence in support of cortisol reactivity predicting PTSD-symptom development, which was reported in a few recent longitudinal studies [37, 55].”
Background
Resilience Against Traumatic Stress: Current Developments and Future Directions
Snijders, C., Pries, L.-K., Sgammeglia, N., Jowf, G. I. A., Youssef, N. A., de Nijs, L., Gülöksüz, S., & Rutten, B. P. F. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00676 · Cited by 49
“Various collaborative prospective approaches are currently being conducted and followed-up on, including longitudinal approaches such as PRISMO (“Stressgerelateerd Militia Onderzoek”) (17–21), the Marine Resiliency Study (MRS) I and II (22–24), and the prospective-longitudinal component of the Prevalence, Incidence an…”
Method
Correlations of hair level with salivary level in cortisol and cortisone
Zhang, Q., Chen, Z., Chen, S., Yu, T., Wang, J., Wang, W., & Deng, H. (2017) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.037 · Cited by 45
“two or three consecutive days [5,7,9,17] and several weeks [6,16,18] reflects acute, short-term and longer-term cumulative cortisol exposure, respectively.”
Background
Effects of oxytocin on stress reactivity and craving in veterans with co-occurring PTSD and alcohol use disorder.
Flanagan, J. C., Allan, N. P., Calhoun, C. D., Badour, C. L., Maria, M. M. M., Brady, K. T., & Back, S. E. (2018) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000232 · Cited by 43
“With regard to PTSD, studies have found associations between lower hair cortisol levels and PTSD diagnostic risk and symptom severity (Mouthaan et al., 2014; Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015).”
Stress reactivity after traumatic brain injury: implications for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder
Hoffman, A. N., & Taylor, A. N. (2019) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000461 · Cited by 41
Impaired cortisol awakening response in eating disorder women with childhood trauma exposure: evidence for a dose-dependent effect of the traumatic load
Monteleone, A. M., Monteleone, P., Volpe, U., De Riso, F., Fico, G., Giugliano, R., Nigro, M., & Maj, M. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717002409 · Cited by 38
“…literature data showing negative correlations between the number of different lifetime traumatic events and hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder as well as in traumatized healthy individuals (Steudte et al. 2013; Steudte-Schmiedgen et al. 2015).”
Background
Does trauma event type matter in the assessment of traumatic load?
Conrad, D., Wilker, S., Pfeiffer, A., Lingenfelder, B., Ebalu, T. I., Lanzinger, H., Elbert, T. R., Kolassa, I., & Kolassa, S. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1344079 · Cited by 45
The 24-hour urinary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis
Pan, X., Kaminga, A. C., Wen, S. W., Wang, Z., Wu, X., & Liu, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227560 · Cited by 38
The Pathways between Cortisol-Related Regulation Genes and PTSD Psychotherapy
Castro-Vale, I., & Carvalho, D. M. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8040376 · Cited by 39
Positive adaptation of HPA axis function in women during 44 weeks of infantry-based military training
Gifford, R. M., O’Leary, T. J., Double, R. L., Wardle, S. L., Wilson, K. S., Boyle, L. D., Homer, N. Z. M., Kirschbaum, C., Greeves, J. P., Woods, D. R., et al. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104432 · Cited by 36
Predicting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Survivors of Recent Interpersonal Violence
Morris, M. C., Sánchez‐Sáez, F., Bailey, B., Hellman, N. M., Williams, A., Schumacher, J. A., & Rao, U. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520978195 · Cited by 33
“Pre-trauma cortisol reactivity has also been associated with elevated risk for posttraumatic stress symptoms among soldiers exposed to traumatic events during deployment (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015).”
Background
Blunted Glucocorticoid Responsiveness to Stress Causes Behavioral and Biological Alterations That Lead to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Vulnerability
Monari, S., de Suduiraut, I. G., Grosse, J., Zanoletti, O., Walker, S. E., Mesquita, M. S., Wood, T., Cash, D., Astori, S., & Sandi, C. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.09.015 · Cited by 35
Dual-hormone stress reactivity predicts downstream war-zone stress-evoked PTSD
Josephs, R. A., Cobb, A. R., Lancaster, C. L., Lee, H.-J., & Telch, M. J. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.013 · Cited by 33
Exploring hair steroid concentrations in asylum seekers, internally displaced refugees, and immigrants
Buchmüller, T., Lembcke, H., Busch, J., Kumsta, R., Wolf, O. T., & Leyendecker, B. (2020) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2020.1737008 · Cited by 28
Sex Differences in Peritraumatic Inflammatory Cytokines and Steroid Hormones Contribute to Prospective Risk for Nonremitting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Lalonde, C. S., Mekawi, Y., Ethun, K. F., Beurel, E., Gould, F., Dhabhar, F. S., Schultebraucks, K., Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., Maples‐Keller, J. L., ROTHBAUM, B. O., et al. (2021) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470211032208 · Cited by 28
The utility of hair cortisol concentrations in the prediction of PTSD symptoms following traumatic physical injury
Pacella‐LaBarbara, M. L., Hruska, B. J., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., George, R. L., & Delahanty, D. L. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.046 · Cited by 29
“The majority of extant literature regarding the relationship between HCC and PTSD/PTSS has been conducted in non-civilian samples (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015), treatment-seeking samples (Steudte et al., 2013), individuals undergoing chronic or ongoing stress exposure (e.g., severely…”
Background
Underlying mechanisms in the relationship between stress and alcohol consumption in regular and risky drinkers (MESA): methods and design of a randomized laboratory study
Wittgens, C., Muehlhan, M., Kräplin, A., Wolff, M., & Trautmann, S. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00942-1 · Cited by 34
“Self-control Brief self-control scale (BSCS) [82, 85]”
Background
Potential peripheral biomarkers associated with the emergence and presence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology: A systematic review
Sbisa, A. M., Madden, K., Toben, C. G., McFARLANE, A. C., Dell, L., & Lawrence‐Wood, E. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105954 · Cited by 27
Hair and fingernail cortisol and the onset of acute coronary syndrome in the middle-aged and elderly men
Izawa, S., Miki, K., Tsuchiya, M., Yamada, H., & Nagayama, M. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.021 · Cited by 26
Is PTSD-Phenotype Associated with HPA-Axis Sensitivity? Feedback Inhibition and Other Modulating Factors of Glucocorticoid Signaling Dynamics
Danan, D., Todder, D., Zohar, J., & Cohen, H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22116050 · Cited by 26
“in pre-deployment soldiers was predictive of a greater increase in PTSD symptomatology in soldiers who had experienced a new onset of traumatic events [47].”
Background
On making (and turning adaptive to) maladaptive aversive memories in laboratory rodents
Gazarini, L., Stern, C. A. J., & Bertoglio, L. J. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105101 · Cited by 27
The Relationship between Allostatic Load and Psychosocial Characteristics among Women Veterans
Beckie, T. M., Duffy, A., & Groer, M. E. (2016) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2016.05.008 · Cited by 27
“…long-term cortisol levels and may measure chronic stress more reliably than a single saliva or blood measure because confounding by circadian rhythm and acute stress is minimized (Kuehl et al., 2015; Staufenbiel, Penninx, Spijker, Elzinga, & van Rossum, 2013; Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015).”
Background
The role of automatic defensive responses in the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms in police recruits: protocol of a prospective study
Koch, S. B. J., Klumpers, F., Zhang, W., Hashemi, M. M., Kaldewaij, R., van Ast, V. A., Smit, A. S., & Karin Roelofs, A. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1412226 · Cited by 25
Hair Cortisol Research in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - 10 Years of Insights and Open Questions. A Systematic Review
Schindler‐Gmelch, L., Capito, K., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Berking, M. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230807112425 · Cited by 25
Associations Among Hair Cortisol Concentrations, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Status, and Amygdala Reactivity to Negative Affective Stimuli in Female Police Officers
van Zuiden, M., Savas, M., Koch, S. B. J., Nawijn, L., Staufenbiel, S. M., Frijling, J. L., Veltman, D. J., van Rossum, E. F. C., & Olff, M. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22395 · Cited by 27
“Although our study had no longitudinal design, this fits with previously observed low pretrauma HCC (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015) and high pretrauma glucocorticoid receptor function (van Zuiden et al., 2012) as predictive of PTSD symptom development in male soldiers.”
BackgroundResult
Associating Emergency Medical Services personnel’s workload, trauma exposure, and health with the cortisol, endocannabinoid, and N-acylethanolamine concentrations in their hair
Behnke, A., Karabatsiakis, A., Krumbholz, A., Karrasch, S., Schelling, G., Kolassa, I., & Rojas, R. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79859-x · Cited by 26
Hair cortisol and childhood trauma predict psychological therapy response in depression and anxiety disorders
Fischer, S., King, S., Papadopoulos, A., Hotopf, M., Young, A. H., & Cleare, A. J. (2018) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12970 · Cited by 27
“3 months) rather than short-term (12 h or 24 h) cortisol secretion (17, 18).”
Background
Cognitive Processing Therapy or Relapse Prevention for comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder: A randomized clinical trial
Simpson, T. L., Kaysen, D. L., Fleming, C. B., Rhew, I. C., Jaffe, A. E., Desai, S. A., Hien, D. A., Berliner, L., Donovan, D. M., & Resick, P. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276111 · Cited by 24
The relationship between 63 days of 24-h urinary free cortisol and hair cortisol levels in 10 healthy individuals
van Ockenburg, S. L., Schenk, H., van der Veen, A., van Rossum, E. F. C., Kema, I. P., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.220 · Cited by 24
Attachment style moderates effects of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse on post-traumatic stress symptoms: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study
Tamman, A. J. F., Sippel, L. M., Han, S., Neria, Y., Krystal, J. H., Southwick, S. M., Gelernter, J. E., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2017) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2017.1376114 · Cited by 26
Increases in Circulating Cortisol during the COVID-19 Pandemic are Associated with Changes in Perceived Positive and Negative Affect among Adolescents
Taylor, B. K., Fung, M. H., Frenzel, M. R., Johnson, H. J., Willett, M. P., Badura-Brack, A. S., White, S. F., & Wilson, T. W. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00967-5 · Cited by 25
“, larger increases from basal levels following stress exposure) tend to be associated with greater perceived psychological distress, including increasing negative affect, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and post-traumatic stress (Phan et al., 2020; Stalder et al., 2017; Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResult
Pretreatment cortisol predicts trauma-focused psychotherapy response in youth with (partial) posttraumatic stress disorder
Zantvoord, J. B., Ensink, J. B. M., den Kelder, R. O., Wessel, A. M. A., Lok, A., & Lindauer, R. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104380 · Cited by 23
“Furthermore, lower hair cortisol concentrations and lower cortisol stress reactivity before deployment were predictive of a greater PTSD symptom increase in soldiers who had experienced new-onset traumatic events (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015).”
Refugee mother-child dyads’ hair cortisol, post-traumatic stress, and affectionate parenting
Lembcke, H., Buchmüller, T., & Leyendecker, B. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104470 · Cited by 24
Hair cortisol as outcome parameter for psychological and neuropsychiatric interventions—a literature review
Botschek, T., Hußlein, V., Peters, E. M. J., & Brosig, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1227153 · Cited by 26
Psychobiology of cumulative trauma: hair cortisol as a risk marker for stress exposure in women
Morris, M. C., Abelson, J. L., Mielock, A. S., & Rao, U. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1340450 · Cited by 21
A UHPLC-MS/MS method for profiling multifunctional steroids in human hair
Dong, Z., Wang, C., Zhang, J., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-017-0419-2 · Cited by 22
Longitudinal associations between hair cortisol, PTSD symptoms, and sleep disturbances in a sample of firefighters with duty-related trauma exposure
Sopp, M. R., Michael, T., Lass‐Hennemann, J., Haim‐Nachum, S., & Lommen, M. J. J. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105449 · Cited by 20
Increased anxiety-like behaviors, but blunted cortisol stress response after neonatal hippocampal lesions in monkeys
Raper, J., Wilson, M., Sánchez, M. M., Payne, C. D., & Bachevalier, J. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.018 · Cited by 21
Reexamination of diathesis stress and neurotoxic stress theories: A qualitative review of pre‐trauma neurobiology in relation to posttraumatic stress symptoms
Scheeringa, M. S. (2020) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1864 · Cited by 19
Association of polygenic risk scores and hair cortisol with mental health trajectories during COVID lockdown
Ahrens, K. F., Neumann, R. J., von Werthern, N. M., Kranz, T. M., Kollmann, B., Mattes, B., Puhlmann, L. M. C., Weichert, D., Lutz, B., Basten, U., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02165-9 · Cited by 18
Biological stress indicators as risk markers for increased alcohol use following traumatic experiences
Trautmann, S., Muehlhan, M., Kirschbaum, C., Wïttchen, H., Höfler, M., Tobias Stalder, A., & Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S. (2017) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12487 · Cited by 18
“Cortisol concentrations were quantified via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (as in Steudte-Schmiedgen et al. 2015), which is considered the current gold standard methodology for hair steroid analysis (Gao et al. 2013).”
MethodResult
Hair cortisol in relation to acute and post-traumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents
Straub, J., Klaubert, L. M., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Goldbeck, L. (2017) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2017.1355458 · Cited by 18
“Steudte-Schmiedgen et al. (2015) found that HCC levels in male soldiers before deployment to Afghanistan significantly predicted PTSD symptoms 12 months after their return.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Acute stress reactivity and intrusive memory development: a randomized trial using an adjusted trauma film paradigm
Hilberdink, C. E., de Rooij, S. R., Olff, M., Bosch, J. A., & van Zuiden, M. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105686 · Cited by 20
Nonsynonymous HTR2C polymorphism predicts cortisol response to psychosocial stress II: Evidence from two samples
Way, B. M., Brown, K. W., Quaglia, J. T., McCain, N. L., & Taylor, S. E. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.022 · Cited by 17
Heart rate reactivity to acute psychological stress predicts higher levels of PTSD symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Ginty, A., Young, D. A., Tyra, A. T., Hurley, P. E., Brindle, R. C., & Williams, S. E. (2020) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000848 · Cited by 10
Dynamics and determinants of cortisol and alpha-amylase responses to repeated stressors in recent interpersonal trauma survivors
Morris, M. C., Bailey, B., Hellman, N. M., Williams, A., Lannon, E. W., Kutcher, M., Schumacher, J. A., & Rao, U. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104899 · Cited by 15
“Prior work suggests that pretraumatic alterations in cortisol reactivity are associated with risk for developing PTSD (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015) and could be used to identify high-risk individuals who may benefit from preventive interventions.”
Background
Hair glucocorticoids during pregnancy in the context of trauma exposure and their predictive value for the development of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms
Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Schälicke, S., Bergunde, L., Karl, M., Weise, V., Junge‐Hoffmeister, J., Schumacher, S., von Soest, T., Weidner, K., Kirschbaum, C., et al. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105973 · Cited by 15
Working Memory Predicts Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response to Psychosocial Stress in Males
Lin, L., Wu, J., Yuan, Y., Sun, X., & Zhang, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00142 · Cited by 14
“In the recent decade, blunted cortisol response was found in adolescents with moderate or severe depression (13) and soldiers who showed greater increase in PTSD symptomatology (14).”
Background
Early posttraumatic autonomic and endocrine markers to predict posttraumatic stress symptoms after a preventive intervention with oxytocin
Engel, S., van Zuiden, M., Frijling, J. L., Koch, S. B. J., Nawijn, L., Yildiz, R. L. W., Schumacher, S., Knaevelsrud, C., Bosch, J. A., Veltman, D. J., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1761622 · Cited by 14
“Prospective studies assessing pretrauma hair cortisol concentrations in male military populations found negative associations with subsequent PTSD development when intermittent trauma exposure was adequately accounted for (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015).”
Background
Neuroendocrinology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Bowers, M. E., & Yehuda, R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802175-0.00016-4 · Cited by 14
Biomarker Response to Mindfulness Intervention in Veterans Diagnosed with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Shapira, I., Richman, J., Pace, T. W. W., Lim, K. O., Polusny, M. A., Hamner, M. B., Bremner, J. D., Mumba, M. N., Jacobs, M. L., Pilkinton, P. D., et al. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01969-6 · Cited by 13
Binge drinking in adolescence predicts an atypical cortisol stress response in young adulthood
Hagan, M. J., Modecki, K. L., Tan, L. M., Luecken, L. J., Wolchik, S. A., & Sandler, I. N. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.002 · Cited by 14
“, 2013), greater risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder following a traumatic event (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015), poor executive functioning (Blair et al.”
Background
Hair cortisol predicts avoidance behavior and depressiveness after first-time and single-event trauma exposure in motor vehicle crash victims
Petrowski, K., Wichmann, S., Pyrc, J., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., & Kirschbaum, C. (2020) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2020.1714585 · Cited by 14
The Association between Endogenous Hair Steroid Hormones and Social Environmental Factors in a Group of Conscripts during Basic Military Training
Mažeikienė, A., Bekešienė, S., Karčiauskaitė, D., Mazgelytė, E., Larsson, G., Petrėnas, T., Kaminskas, A., Songailienė, J., Utkus, A., Vaičaitienė, R., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182212239 · Cited by 14
The Neurobiological Links between Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Research to Date
Zheng, L., Pang, Q., Xu, H., Guo, H., Liu, R., & Wang, T. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23179519 · Cited by 12
“In a prior study [160], male soldiers were examined before deployment to Afghanistan and at a 12-month post-deployment follow-up.”
BackgroundInfluential
The predictive role of hair cortisol concentrations for treatment outcome in PTSD inpatients
Hummel, K. V., Schellong, J., Trautmann, S., Kummer, S., Hürrig, S., Klose, M., Croy, I., Weidner, K., Kirschbaum, C., & Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105326 · Cited by 11
The role of cortisol in development and treatment of PTSD among service members: A narrative review.
Buccellato, K., & Peterson, A. L. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107152 · Cited by 4
Affective profiling for anxiety-like behavior in a rodent model of mTBI
Statz, J. K., Ciarlone, S. L., Goodrich, J. A., McCarron, R. M., Walker, P. B., Norris, J. N., Ahlers, S. T., & Tschiffely, A. E. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.04.009 · Cited by 9
The Relationship between Allostasis and Mental Health Patterns in a Pre-Deployment French Military Cohort
Trousselard, M., Claverie, D., Fromage, D., Becker, C., Houël, J.-G., Benoliel, J. J., & Canini, F. (2021) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe11040090 · Cited by 10
“An increase in nocturnal urinary cortisol excretion is difficult to detect in PTSD subjects [76], and the archetypal description suggests low HPA activity [77,78].”
Background
The Role of Socio-Affective and Socio-Cognitive Mechanisms in the Processing of Witnessed Traumatic Events
Trautmann, S., Wittgens, C., Muehlhan, M., & Kanske, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.830218 · Cited by 8
“Biological risk factors include genetic and epigenetic variations (6), alterations in the function of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis (7, 8) and the autonomic nervous system (9) as well as changes in brain structure and functioning (10).”
Background
Formation of False Context Fear Memory Is Regulated by Hypothalamic Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Mice
Kasama, E., Moriya, M., Kamimura, R., Matsuki, T., & Seki, K. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23116286 · Cited by 7
“Although it has been shown that either cortisol or corticosterone secretion is typically enhanced after the traumatic event, and is followed by suppression of HPA axis activity [22], most individ‐ uals with PTSD show low cortisol excretion [43,45,46].”
Background
Hair Cortisol as a Marker of Intergenerational Heritage of War? A Study of Veterans and Their Offspring
Castro-Vale, I., van Rossum, E. F. C., Staufenbiel, S. M., Severo, M., Mota‐Cardoso, R., & Carvalho, D. M. (2020) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0212 · Cited by 9
Individual variation in the cortisol response to a simulated Olympic weightlifting competition is related to changes in future competitive performance
Crewther, B. T., Cook, C. J., Orysiak, J., Żmijewski, P., & Obmiński, Z. (2019) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2019.81115 · Cited by 7
Differential responses toward conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, but decreased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness in neonatal hippocampal lesioned monkeys
McKeon, J. W., Torres, J., Kazama, A. M., Bachevalier, J., & Raper, J. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101165 · Cited by 32
Challenges of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Iraq: biochemical network and methodologies. A brief review
Persike, D. S., & Alkass, S. Y. (2020) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2020-0037 · Cited by 7
“Reduced long-term hair cortisol levels and lower cortisol stress reactivity predicts a significant increase in PTSD symptoms [32].”
Background
Hair Cortisol and Perceived Stress—Predictors for the Onset of Tics? A European Longitudinal Study on High-Risk Children
Rothe, J., Buse, J., Uhlmann, A., Bodmer, B., Kirschbaum, C., Hoekstra, P. J., Dietrich, A., & Roessner, V. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11061561 · Cited by 7
Pharmacological treatments for co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders: A systematic review
Swannell, M., Bradlow, R. C. J., Pham, D., Gabriel, J., Manahan, Y., & Arunogiri, S. (2024) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2024.209601 · Cited by 7
Patterns of Respiration Rate Reactivity in Response to a Cognitive Stressor Associate With Self-Reported Mental Health Outcomes
Kaplan, J., Colgan, D. D., Klee, D., Hanes, D. A., & Oken, B. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231171887 · Cited by 6
“…et al., 2007; Matthews et al., 2006), addiction (Phillips et al., 2013), symptoms of depression (Phillips et al., 2013) and anxiety (Yuenyongchaiwat & Shef ﬁ eld, 2017), poor sleep quality (Yuenyongchaiwat & Shef ﬁ eld, 2017), and PTSD symptoms in combat veterans (Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2015).”
The key to superior memory encoding under stress: the relationship between cortisol response and mnemonic discriminationPreprint
Szöllősi, Á., Kéri, S., & Racsmány, M. (2021) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.053452.121 · Cited by 8
“…reactivity and symptom severity of depression (e.g., Burke et al. 2005), anxiety (e.g., Furlan et al. 2001), and post-traumatic stress (e.g., Steudte-Schmiedgen et al. 2015), we aimed to verify that there is no difference between the groups in levels of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and…”
Background
Intersectional stigma and the non-communicable disease syndemic in the context of HIV: protocol for a multisite, observational study in the USA
Friedman, M. R., Badri, S. M., Bowleg, L., Haberlen, S., Jones, D. L., Kempf, M.-C., Konkle‐Parker, D. J., Kwait, J., Martinson, J. J., Mimiaga, M. J., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075368 · Cited by 5

Authors: Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Stalder, T., Schönfeld, S., Wittchen, H.-U., Trautmann, S., Alexander, N., Miller, R., & Kirschbaum, C.
Affiliations: Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
ORCID: Trautmann, Sebastian
Alexander, Nina
Miller, Robert
Kirschbaum, Clemens
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-09
Volume: 59
Pages: 123-133
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007
OpenAlex: W1483199116
Cited by: 130
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 16.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, hair cortisol, salivary cortisol, Trier Social Stress Test, military deployment, military personnel, trauma exposure, stress load, trauma history
MeSH terms: Adult, Hair, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Military Personnel, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, Risk Factors, Saliva, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Wounds and Injuries, Afghan Campaign 2001-

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Hair cortisol concentrations and cortisol stress reactivity predict PTSD symptom increase after trauma exposure during military deployment

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks