Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: a meta-analysis
Abstract
The analysis of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) is a relatively new strategy to measure long-term cumulative cortisol levels, which is increasingly used in psychoneuroendocrinological research. Here, we conduct a first comprehensive meta-analysis of HCC research based on aggregated data from a total of 124 (sub)samples (66 independent studies; total N=10,289). We seek to answer two central questions: (i) Which covariates and basic features of HCC need to be considered in future research? (ii) What are the main determinants of HCC in terms of chronic stress exposure and mental health? Concerning basic characteristics, our findings identify several covariates to be considered (age, sex, hair washing frequency, hair treatment, oral contraceptive use), confirm a decline of HCC from the first to the second proximal 3cm hair segment, and show positive associations between HCC and short-term salivary cortisol measures. Regarding chronic stress, we show that stress-exposed groups on a whole exhibit 22% increased HCC. This long-term cortisol hypersecretion emerges particularly when stress is still ongoing at the time of study (+43% HCC) but is not present in conditions of past/absent stress (-9% HCC, n.s.). We also report evidence for 17%-reduced HCC in anxiety disorders, such as PTSD. Interestingly, no consistent associations with mood disorders and self-reports of perceived stress, depressiveness or social support are found. However, our findings reveal positive associations of HCC with stress-related anthropometric (body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio) and hemodynamic measures (systolic blood pressure). These meta-analytic results are discussed in the light of their practical implications and important areas for future inquiry are outlined.
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Chronic stress is associated with elevated long-term cortisol secretion.
“Meta-analytic and descriptive reviews show that chronic stress is associated with elevated long-term cortisol secretion (Stalder et al., 2017; Staufenbiel et al., 2013), with stressor duration and recency since stressor onset being important factors in shaping basal cortisol levels (Miller et al., 2007).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Stalder et al., 2017
Elevated hair cortisol levels have previously been found in stressed populations.
“Elevated hair cortisol levels in stressed populations have previously been found (reviewed in Stalder et al., 2017; Staufenbiel et al., 2013).”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Stalder et al., 2017
The first meta-analytic review, including primarily cross-sectional studies, did not show consistent links between hair cortisol and self-reported depressiveness.
“However, the first meta-analytic review, which included primarily cross-sectional studies, did not show consistent links with self-reported depressiveness (Stalder et al., 2017).”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Stalder et al., 2017
Cross-sectional studies have shown elevated hair cortisol in stressed populations.
“Cross-sectional studies have shown elevated hair cortisol in stressed populations (Stalder et al., 2017; Staufenbiel et al., 2013)”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Stalder et al., 2017
A recent meta-analysis found no clear relationships between hair cortisol and self-reported depressiveness.
“Our results are consistent with a recent meta-analysis that found no clear relationships between hair cortisol and self-reported depressiveness (Stalder et al., 2017).”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Stalder et al., 2017
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Recent negative life events increase hair cortisol concentrations in patients with bipolar disorder
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More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science
Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
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BackgroundStress and Health: A Review of Psychobiological Processes
O'Connor, D. B., Thayer, J. F., & Vedhara, K. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-062520-122331 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
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BackgroundStress and Obesity: Are There More Susceptible Individuals?
van der Valk, E. S., Savas, M., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2018) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-018-0306-y · Cited by 402 · see citing works
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“concentrations over much longer periods, thereby reducing sources of variability that confound short-term sampling methods (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCardiovascular Disease and Hair Cortisol: a Novel Biomarker of Chronic Stress
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Salivary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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“A recent meta-analysis found that hair cortisol concentrations are increased by 40 percent or more under conditions of chronic stress (40), although correlations between subjective stress reports and hair cortisol concentrations are inconsistent.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe association between adversity and hair cortisol levels in humans: A meta-analysis
Khoury, J. E., Bosquet Enlow, M., Plamondon, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.009 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Determinants of hair cortisol concentration in children: A systematic review
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The cortisol switch between vulnerability and resilience
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“At a longer time scale, one can measure e.g. cumulative secretion of CORT and its metabolites in 24 h urine and hair [232].”
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“However, the first meta-analytic review, which included primarily cross-sectional studies, did not show consistent links with self-reported depressiveness (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHair cortisol concentrations in war-affected adolescents: A prospective intervention trial
Dajani, R., Hadfield, K., van Uum, S., Greff, M., & Panter-Brick, C. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.012 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Hair cortisol concentration as a biomarker of parental burnout
Brianda, M. E., Roskam, I., & Mikolajczak, M. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104681 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Aas, M., Pizzagalli, D. A., Laskemoen, J. F., Reponen, E. J., Ueland, T., Melle, I., Agartz, I., Steen, N. E., & Andreassen, O. A. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.011 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“This long-term cortisol hypersecretion emerges particularly when stress is still ongoing at the time of study (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundPathways linking obesity to neuropsychiatric disorders
Martins, L. B., Monteze, N. M., Calarge, C. A., Ferreira, A. V. M., & Teixeira, A. L. (2019) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2019.03.017 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Hair cortisol concentrations in mental disorders: A systematic review
Koumantarou Malisiova, E., Mourikis, I., Darviri, C., Nicolaides, N. C., Zervas, I. M., Papageorgiou, C., & Chrousos, G. P. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113244 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Newborn infants’ hair cortisol levels reflect chronic maternal stress during pregnancy
Romero‐Gonzalez, B., Caparrós-González, R. A., González-Pérez, R., Delgado-Puertas, P., & Peralta‐Ramírez, M. I. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200279 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Kalliokoski, O., Jellestad, F. K., & Murison, R. C. C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48517-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Within a hair’s breadth – Factors influencing hair cortisol levels in pigs and cattle
Heimbürge, S., Kanitz, E., Tuchscherer, A., & Otten, W. (2019) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113359 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Obesity, Dietary Patterns, and Hormonal Balance Modulation: Gender-Specific Impacts
Mazza, E., Troiano, E., Ferro, Y., Lisso, F., Tosi, M., Turco, E., Pujia, R., & Montalcini, T. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16111629 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Recent studies highlight the significant associations between obesity and long-term cortisol levels, measured in scalp hair, across diverse age groups [53,54].”
BackgroundHaaker, J., Maren, S., Andreatta, M., Merz, C. J., Richter, J., Richter, S. H., Drexler, S. M., Lange, M. D., Jüngling, K., Nees, F., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.020 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“For example, biological markers for chronically elevated stress hormones, such as the assessment of hair cortisol concentrations (Stalder et al., 2017).”
Iob, E., Lacey, R. E., & Steptoe, A. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.019 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“However, correlations between concentrations of cortisol in hair and body fluids are typically low (Stalder et al., 2017), indicating that they may represent distinct aspects of HPA-axis function.”
BackgroundDionysopoulou, S., Charmandari, E., Bargiota, Α., Vlahos, N., Mastorakos, G. P., & Valsamakis, G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020498 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
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Hair cortisol as a biological marker for burnout symptomatology
Penz, M. S., Tobias Stalder, A., Miller, R. E., Ludwig, V. M., Kanthak, M. K., & Kirschbaum, C. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.485 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“As a first step, potential confounders were entered en bloc into the model: sex, age, BMI, hair treatment, alcohol consumption, smoking, caffeine consumption and medication intake (c.f. Stalder et al., 2017).”
InfluentialSelf-citationRietschel, L., Streit, F., Zhu, G., McAloney, K., Frank, J., Couvy‐Duchesne, B., Witt, S. H., Binz, T. M., Bolton, J. L., Hayward, C., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11852-3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis based on aggregated data from a total of 124 samples, and comprising 10,289 subjects, showed no consistent associations with mood disorders or self-reported perceived stress and depressiveness, but found that stress-exposed groups as a whole exhibit 22% increased HCC 24 .”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSchär, S., Mürner-Lavanchy, I., Schmidt, S. J., Koenig, J., & Kaess, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100987 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Nutrition-based interventions for mood disorders
Martins, L. B., Tibães, J. R. B., Sanches, M., Jacka, F. N., Berk, M., & Teixeira, A. L. (2021) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2021.1881482 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Nature connectedness boosts the bright side of emotion regulation, which in turn reduces stress
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Steroid secretion in healthy aging
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Liu, C. H., & Doan, S. N. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21830 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“However, research examining hair cortisol and subjective reports of stress tend to report no association (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBinz, T. M., Rietschel, L., Streit, F., Hofmann, M., Gehrke, J., Herdener, M., Quednow, B. B., Martin, N. G., Rietschel, M., Kræmer, T., et al. (2017) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.032 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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“A number of studies have been performed in this field that investigated hair cortisol across a range of stress-related conditions in humans [12].”
BackgroundLehrer, H. M., Steinhardt, M. A., Dubois, S. K., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104510 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis also revealed positive associations of HCC with BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and systolic blood pressure (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKress, V., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Kopp, M., Förster, A., Altus, C., Schier, C., Wimberger, P., Kirschbaum, C., von Soest, T., Weidner, K., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01273 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Still, meta-analytic data revealed no consistent relationships with questionnaire-based measures of perceived stress or clinical symptoms (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationChesnut, M., Harati, S., Paredes, P. E., Khan, Y., Foudeh, A. M., Kim, J., Bao, Z., & Williams, L. M. (2021) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470211000338 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Hair cortisol was also found to be lower in individuals with anxiety.(55) Individuals with depression were found to display lower tonic skin conductance,(56) and decreased phasic SCR,(56) and with increased phasic latency SCR.”
BackgroundPosttraumatic Stress Disorder and Anxiety-Related Conditions
Williamson, J. B., Jaffee, M. S., & Jorge, R. E. (2021) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001054 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Molecular Basis of Resilience: A Narrative Review
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Tinnitus and stress in adults: a scoping review
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“, 2014), and hair analysis, which gives reliable retrospective cortisol levels up to 5 months (Stalder et al., 2017), are examples of sampling”
BackgroundGalbally, M., van Rossum, E. F. C., Watson, S., de Kloet, E. R., & Lewis, A. J. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104374 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis that examined all hair cortisol studies and a range of mental health outcomes identified an increase in hair cortisol during chronic stress, while a significant decrease in HCC was commonly observed with anxiety disorders and notably PTSD [39].”
Analyzing chronic disease biomarkers using electrochemical sensors and artificial neural networks
Sinha, K., Uddin, Z., Kawsar, H. I., Islam, S., Deen, M. J., & Howlader, M. M. R. (2022) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2022.116861 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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Hair cortisol and work stress: Importance of workload and stress model (JDCS or ERI)
van der Meij, L., Gubbels, N., Schaveling, J., Almela, M., & van Vugt, M. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.020 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“However, a recent meta-analysis has shown that self-reported stress is unrelated to HCC (Stalder et al., 2017).”
Halevi, G., Djalovski, A., Kanat‐Maymon, Y., Yirmiya, K., Zagoory‐Sharon, O., Koren, L., & Feldman, R. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000307 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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Maternal prenatal hair cortisol is associated with prenatal depressive symptom trajectories
Mustonen, P., Karlsson, L., Kataja, E., Scheinin, N. M., Kortesluoma, S., Coimbra, B., Rodrigues, A. J., Sousa, N., & Karlsson, H. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104383 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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de Graaff, A. M., Cuijpers, P., Acarturk, C., Bryant, R., Burchert, S., Fuhr, D. C., Huizink, A. C., de Jong, J., Kieft, B., Knaevelsrud, C., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1694347 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“, 2019) and hyperactivity in PTSD (Stalder et al., 2017), although some metaanalyses found no relationship (Klaassens, Giltay,”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGao, W., Walther, A., Wekenborg, M., Penz, M. S., & Kirschbaum, C. (2020) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121006 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationSex differences in cortisol levels in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Wang, R., Kogler, L., & Derntl, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101118 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Engert, V., Kok, B. E., Puhlmann, L. M. C., Stalder, T., Kirschbaum, C., Apostolakou, F., Papanastasopoulou, C., Papassotiriou, I., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P., et al. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.023 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman nail cortisol as a retrospective biomarker of chronic stress: A systematic review
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Elevated levels of cortisol in hair precede acute myocardial infarction
Faresjö, T., Strömberg, S., Jones, M., Stomby, A., Karlsson, J., Östgren, C. J., Faresjö, Å., & Theodorsson, E. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80559-9 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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“94”
Kind, N., Eckert, A., Steinlin, C., Fegert, J. M., & Schmid, M. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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“winter months) and frequency of hair washing are potentially related to HCC levels (Stalder and Kirschbaum, 2012; Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe embodiment of water insecurity: Injuries and chronic stress in lowland Bolivia
Rosinger, A. Y., Bethancourt, H. J., Young, S. L., & Schultz, A. F. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114490 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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“As subjective and objective measures of stress do not have to be related to each other (Stalder et al., 2017), future research might use more valid methods of assessing stress states in relation to IO.”
Prenatal and Postnatal Hair Steroid Levels Predict Post-Partum Depression 12 Weeks after Delivery
Jahangard, L., Mikoteit, T., Bahiraei, S., Zamanibonab, M., Haghighi, M., Bahmani, D. S., & Brand, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8091290 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Again, these results are a good match with findings reported elsewhere [19,37].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWoud, M. L., Blackwell, S. E., Shkreli, L., Würtz, F., Cwik, J. C., Margraf, J., Holmes, E. A., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Herpertz, S., & Kessler, H. (2021) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000514166 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Stress and hair cortisol concentrations from preconception to the third trimester
Orta, O. R., Tworoger, S. S., Terry, K. L., Coull, B. A., Gelaye, B., Kirschbaum, C., Sánchez, S. E., & Williams, M. A. (2018) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2018.1504917 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“relationship between HCC and self-reported perceived stress or depression but found a 17% reduction in HCC with anxiety disorders (Stalder et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationInvestigating individual stress reactivity: High hair cortisol predicts lower acute stress responses
Sandner, M., Lois, G., Streit, F., Zeier, P., Kirsch, P., Wüst, S., & Wessa, M. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104660 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Central Hypogonadism
Barber, T. M., Kyrou, I., Kaltsas, G., Grossman, A. B., Randeva, H. S., & Weickert, M. O. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22158217 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Accordingly, the functioning of such vital systems is typically robust, and is maintained despite the co-occurrence of disease and distress (albeit with enhanced release of cortisol [3,4] and sometimes the sick euthyroid syndrome [5]).”
BackgroundExamining reactivity patterns in burnout and other indicators of chronic stress
Wekenborg, M., von Dawans, B., Hill, L. K., Thayer, J. F., Penz, M. S., & Kirschbaum, C. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“…(Gerber et al., 2013; Steudte-Schmiedgen et al., 2017), and three studies (Herane-Vives et al., 2018; Hinkelmann et al., 2013; Janssens et al., 2017), as well as a recently published meta-analysis (Stalder et al., 2017), which did not find any significant associations between HCC and depression.”
ResultSelf-citationStress and hair cortisol concentrations in nurses during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic
Rajčáni, J., Vytykačová, S., Soláriková, P., & Brezina, I. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105245 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Hair cortisol and the relationship with chronic pain and quality of life in endometriosis patients
van Aken, M., Oosterman, J., van Rijn, T., Ferdek, M., Ruigt, G., Kozicz, T., Braat, D., Peeters, A., & Nap, A. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.01.001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Iob, E., Kirschbaum, C., & Steptoe, A. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.008 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“both cortisol (Stalder et al., 2017; Steptoe et al., 2017) and social support (Croezen et al.”
Self-citationWooddell, L. J., Hamel, A. F., Murphy, A. M., Byers, K. L., Kaburu, S., Meyer, J. S., Suomi, S. J., & Dettmer, A. M. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.06.018 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Hair Cortisol Concentration as a Biomarker of Sleep Quality and Related Disorders
Mlili, N. E., Ahabrach, H., & Cauli, O. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11020081 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Hair cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder and metabolic syndrome
van den Heuvel, L. L., Tobias Stalder, A., du Plessis, S., Suliman, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Seedat, S. (2020) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2020.1724949 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness‐based program for stress reduction in infertile women: Randomized controlled trial
Nery, S. F., Paiva, S. P. C., Vieira, É. L., Barbosa, A. B., Sant'Anna, E. M., Casalechi, M., Dela Cruz, C., Teixeira, A. L., & Reis, F. M. (2019) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2839 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mini-review of hair cortisol concentration for evaluation of Cushing syndrome
Hodes, A., Meyer, J., Lodish, M. B., Stratakis, C. A., & Zilbermint, M. (2018) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2018.1517043 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Self-citationPanter‐Brick, C., Wiley, K. S., Sancilio, A., Dajani, R. B., & Hadfield, K. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.015 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“, 2010) and HCC (Rippe et al., 2016; Stalder et al., 2017), but is unrelated to EBV (McClure et al.”
Perceived stress and reference ranges of hair cortisol in healthy adolescents
Prado‐Gascó, V., de la Barrera, U., Sancho-Castillo, S., Rubia, J. E. D. L., & Montoya‐Castilla, I. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214856 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The relationship between chronic stress, hair cortisol and hypertension
Bautista, L. E., Bajwa, P., Shafer, M. M., Malecki, K. M. C., McWilliams, C., & Palloni, A. (2019) · International Journal of Cardiology Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.ijchy.2019.100012 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Shapero, B. G., Curley, E. E., Black, C. L., & Alloy, L. B. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22957 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…study (Mayer et al., 2018) and tentative findings from a recent meta‐analysis that included seven studies and a limited sample of 279 participants (Stalder et al., 2017) have failed to find an association between hair cortisol and depressive measures, the results from the current study are in…”
ResultVoegel, C. D., Hofmann, M., Kræmer, T., Baumgartner, M. R., & Binz, T. M. (2019) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108547 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Previous studies found that hair cortisol was higher in male individuals [4, 26, 27].”
ResultAssociation between hair cortisol and diurnal basal cortisol levels: A 30-day validation study
Sugaya, N., Izawa, S., Ogawa, N., Shirotsuki, K., & Nomura, S. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104650 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fendel, J. C., Aeschbach, V. M.-J., Schmidt, S., & Göritz, A. S. (2021) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13374 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Li, Y., Jia, W., Yan, N., Hua, Y., Han, T., Yang, J., Ma, L., & Ma, L. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.123 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Variation in glucocorticoid sensitivity and the relation with obesity
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“…even an inverse association [33]— were performed in populations, which predominantly comprised individuals with non-metabolic chronic health impairments, some of which have previously been shown to potentially affect activity of the HPA-axis and its interactions with other body systems [52, 53].”
BackgroundMindfulness-Based Interventions and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis: A Systematic Review
Vargas‐Uricoechea, H., Castellanos-Pinedo, A., Urrego-Noguera, K., Vargas-Sierra, H. D., Fernández, M. V. P., Barceló, E., & Giraldo, A. F. R. (2024) · Neurology International · doi:10.3390/neurolint16060115 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…measurements; however, this test is affected by factors such as race, hair growth rate, and the use of dyes, shampoo and bleaching; additionally, there are no standardized measurement units available for its reporting, nor have normality values in different age groups been established [82–85].”
Maternal experiences of trauma and hair cortisol in early childhood in a prospective cohort
Slopen, N. B., Roberts, A. L., LeWinn, K. Z., Bush, N. R., Rovnaghi, C. R., Tylavsky, F. A., & Anand, K. J. S. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.027 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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Obesity, perceived weight discrimination, and hair cortisol: a population-based study
Jackson, S. E., & Steptoe, A. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.018 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Meyer, J. S., & Novak, M. A. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22021 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Assayag, E. B., Tene, O., Korczyn, A. D., Shopin, L., Auriel, E., Molad, J., Hallevi, H., Kirschbaum, C., Bornstein, N. M., Shenhar‐Tsarfaty, S., et al. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.013 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationOuellet‐Morin, I., Cantave, C. Y., Paquin, S., Geoffroy, M., Brendgen, M. R., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., Boivin, M., LUPIEN, S. J., & Côté, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13228 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stalder, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Klucken, T., Vater, A., Wichmann, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Miller, R.
- Affiliations
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- University of Siegen (DE)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- MSB Medical School Berlin (DE)
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 77
- Pages
- 261-274
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2512922965
- Semantic Scholar
- 78b482bd463a2e29e2aae66b9cf8e24a66b06fe6
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 83 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 23 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (1213/5-1, 940/2)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- hair cortisol, chronic stress, cortisol hypersecretion, salivary cortisol, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, mood disorders, perceived stress, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, hair treatment, oral contraceptive use
- MeSH terms
- Hair, Hemodynamics, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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