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Cited by 380Obesity, Physical Activity, DietNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorFood Security and Health in Diverse Populations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Body mass index in elementary school children, metropolitan area food prices and food outlet density

Sturm, R., Datar, A.·2005·Public Health
DOI 10.1016/j.puhe.2005.05.007
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Abstract

Objective The aim of this study was to examine the association between food prices and food outlet density and changes in the body mass index (BMI) among elementary school children in the USA.Methods The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study followed a nationally representative sample of kindergarten children over 4 years. We merged individual-level data to (a) metropolitan data on food prices and (b) per capita number of restaurants, grocery stores and convenience stores in the child's home and school zip code. The dependent variables were BMI changes over 1 and 3 years. We analysed mean changes with least-squares regression, and median changes and 85th percentile changes with quantile regression. We controlled for baseline BMI, age, real family income and sociodemographic characteristics.Results Lower real prices for vegetables and fruits were found to predict a significantly lower gain in BMI between kindergarten and third grade; half of that effect was found between kindergarten and first grade. Lower meat prices had the opposite effect, although this effect was generally smaller in magnitude and was insignificant for BMI gain over 3 years. Differences across subgroups were not statistically significant due to smaller sample sizes in subgroup analyses, but the estimated effects were meaningfully larger for children in poverty, children already at risk for overweight or overweight in kindergarten, and Asian and Hispanic children. There were no significant effects for dairy or fast-food prices, nor for outlet density, once we had controlled for individual characteristics and random intercepts to adjust standard errors for the sampling design.Discussion The geographic variation in fruit and vegetable prices is large enough to explain a meaningful amount of the differential gain in BMI among elementary school children across metropolitan areas. However, as consumption information was not available, we cannot confirm that this is the actual pathway. We found no effects of food outlet density at the neighbourhood level, possibly because availability is not an issue in metropolitan areas.

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  1. Sanchez, 2003, Downtown LA could see a Ralphs market in 2005, Los Angeles Times, 21, C5

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Metadata

Authors
Sturm, R., & Datar, A.
Affiliations
RAND Corporation (US)
Corresponding author
Sturm, R.
ORCID
Datar, A.
Venue
Public Health
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2005-12
Volume
119
Issue
12
Pages
1059-1068
ISSN
0033-3506 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.puhe.2005.05.007
OpenAlex
W1993311882
Cited by
380
References
17
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 39
FWCI
21.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Public Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
Keywords
body mass index, childhood obesity, food prices, food outlet density, elementary school students, fruit and vegetable prices, meat prices, food environment, metropolitan areas, child poverty, overweight risk, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study
MeSH terms
Child, Costs and Cost Analysis, Ethnicity, Female, Food, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Students, Body Mass Index

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