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Cited by 602Cardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsGlobal Public Health Policies and EpidemiologyPhysical Activity and Health

Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Open access
Mozaffarian, Dariush, Afshin, Ashkan, Benowitz, Neal L., Bittner, Vera, Daniels, Stephen R., Franch, Harold A., Jacobs, David R., Kraus, William E. +5 more·2012·Circulation
DOI 10.1161/cir.0b013e318260a20bPMC PMC3881293
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Abstract

Background—: Poor lifestyle behaviors, including suboptimal diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco use, are leading causes of preventable diseases globally. Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes, the optimal population-level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established. Methods and Results—: For this American Heart Association scientific statement, the writing group systematically reviewed and graded the current scientific evidence for effective population approaches to improve dietary habits, increase physical activity, and reduce tobacco use. Strategies were considered in 6 broad domains: (1) Media and educational campaigns; (2) labeling and consumer information; (3) taxation, subsidies, and other economic incentives; (4) school and workplace approaches; (5) local environmental changes; and (6) direct restrictions and mandates. The writing group also reviewed the potential contributions of healthcare systems and surveillance systems to behavior change efforts. Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified, providing a set of specific evidence-based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation. Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet, increasing activity, and reducing tobacco use. The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust, as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps, informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies. Conclusions—: This systematic review identified and graded the evidence for a range of population-based strategies to promote lifestyle change. The findings provide a framework for policy makers, advocacy groups, researchers, clinicians, communities, and other stakeholders to understand and implement the most effective approaches. New strategic initiatives and partnerships are needed to translate this evidence into action.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This AHA Scientific Statement systematically reviewed and graded population-level strategies to improve diet, physical activity, and smoking habits across six domains. It identifies several Class I/IIa, Grade A/B interventions—including tobacco taxes, smoking bans, food pricing/subsidies, school programs, and media campaigns—while highlighting evidence gaps and the need for stronger longitudinal and quasi-experimental evaluation.

Key findings

  • Effective population interventions were identified across all six domains: media/education, labeling/consumer information, taxation/subsidies/economic incentives, school/workplace approaches, local environmental changes, and direct restrictions/mandates.
  • Tobacco control evidence was strong: pooled analyses showed community smoking bans reduced acute coronary events by 17% (95% CI, 8%–25%); a 40% cigarette price increase was modeled to reduce US smoking prevalence from 21% in 2004 to 15.2% in 2025; and smoke-free workplace policies reduced absolute smoking prevalence by 3.8% (95% CI, 2.8%–4.7%) and cigarettes per day by 3.1 (95% CI, 2.4–3.8).
  • Food pricing and subsidies altered consumption: a 10% sugar-sweetened beverage price increase was estimated to decrease consumption by 8%–10%; an 18% tax was estimated to reduce weight gain by 0.99 kg/year; and a 50% price reduction for fresh fruit and baby carrots increased sales 4-fold and 2-fold, respectively.
  • School and media approaches showed benefits: a comprehensive school intervention lowered overweight incidence by 50% (7.5% vs 14.9%); the US 5-A-Day campaign was associated with increased fruit/vegetable consumption from ≈2.8 to 4.3 servings/day between 1988 and 1999.

Methods

  • The writing group systematically searched PubMed/Medline, EconLit, Agricola, ERIC, RePORT, and the Social Science Citation Index, supplemented by hand searches, expert contacts, and reports from IOM, WHO, CDC, USDA, and other agencies.
  • Included studies evaluated population strategies at organizational, community, regional/state, or national levels; individual-level interventions were excluded. Evidence included ecological, observational, natural experiment, quasi-experimental, and cluster-randomized studies, graded using AHA classification.
  • Data were extracted by teams of 2–3 investigators, with studies jointly reviewed; the group also reviewed healthcare system and surveillance/monitoring approaches.

Limitations

  • Stated: the writing group could not review every possible population intervention, search strategies may have missed relevant studies, and feasibility and cost-effectiveness were not evaluated.
  • Stated: many included studies were cross-sectional, limiting causal inference; evidence gaps and inconsistent findings remained for several interventions, and long-term sustainability was not well established for some approaches.
  • Evident from the text: many conclusions rely on observational, quasi-experimental, or natural-experiment data rather than randomized trials; industry labeling/marketing data were often not publicly available; and surveillance for diet and physical activity is relatively crude compared with tobacco surveillance.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/cir.0b013e318260a20b

Cites

493 of 493 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 785 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingreasoning

    Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet, increasing activity, and reducing tobacco use.

    “Effective interventions included specific approaches in all 6 domains evaluated for improving diet, increasing activity, and reducing tobacco use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    Effective interventions were identified across a range of approaches, including media and education, labeling and consumer information, economic incentives, school and workplace approaches, local environmental changes, and direct restrictions and mandates.

    “Notably, effective interventions were identified across a range of approaches, including media and education, labeling and consumer information, economic incentives, school and workplace approaches, local environmental changes, and direct restrictions and mandates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The writing group identified several specific interventions in each domain for which current evidence was less robust.

    “The writing group also identified several specific interventions in each of these domains for which current evidence was less robust, as well as other inconsistencies and evidence gaps, informing the need for further rigorous and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate population programs and policies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Several specific population interventions achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence.

    “Several specific population interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A or B evidence were identified, providing a set of specific evidence-based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    The Tianjin sodium intervention changes did not vary by education or occupation.

    “These changes did not vary by education or occupation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Tian HG Guo ZY Hu G Yu SJ Sun W Pietinen P Nissinen A Changes in sodium intake and blood pressure in a community-based intervention project in China J Hum Hypertens 1995 9 959 968 8746640

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  • May combine two claims. 199
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 52
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Much of the evidence for these interventions was derived from studies in high-income Western regions, but for several interventions concordant evidence was also available from other regions, including high-income non-Western and middle- or low-income regions.

    “Although much of this evidence was derived from studies in high-income Western regions, for several interventions, concordant evidence was also available from other regions, including high-income non-Western and middle- or low-income regions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The writing group identified inconsistencies and gaps in the evidence for the types of interventions reviewed.

    “For the types of interventions reviewed, the writing group also identified inconsistencies and gaps in the evidence, as summarized below.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The writing group identified many specific interventions and strategies in these domains for which the current evidence was not as robust.

    “In addition to the approaches outlined in Table 1, the writing group also identified many specific interventions and strategies in these domains for which the current evidence was not as robust.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The writing group identified several specific interventions designated AHA Class I or IIa with Level of Evidence A or B, providing evidence-based strategies that deserve prioritization for wider implementation.

    “The writing group identified several specific interventions that were designated an AHA Class I or IIa recommendation with Level of Evidence A or B, providing a set of specific evidence-based strategies that deserve close attention and prioritization for wider implementation (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In the intervention neighborhoods of Tianjin, China, mean sodium intake decreased by 22 and 11 mmol/d in men and women, respectively, compared with increases of 18 and 4 mmol/d, respectively, in the control neighborhoods (P<0.001 for men, P=0.065 for women).

    “In the intervention neighborhoods, mean sodium intake decreased by 22 and 11 mmol/d in men and women, respectively, compared with increases of 18 and 4 mmol/d, respectively, in the control neighborhoods (P<0.001 for men, P=0.065 for women).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Tian HG Guo ZY Hu G Yu SJ Sun W Pietinen P Nissinen A Changes in sodium intake and blood pressure in a community-based intervention project in China J Hum Hypertens 1995 9 959 968 8746640

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Community- and school-based long-term media and education campaigns have been effective in improving dietary habits of adults, school-age children, and younger children, as well as reducing adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in adults.

    “Community- and school-based long-term media and education campaigns have also been effective in improving dietary habits of adults, school-age children, and younger children,45–48 as well as reducing adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in adults.49”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [45] Sanigorski AM Bell AC Kremer PJ Cuttler R Swinburn BA Reducing unhealthy weight gain in children through community capacity-building: results of a quasi-experimental intervention program, Be Active Eat Well Int J Obes 2008 32 1060 1067 18542082 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [46] Kelder SH Perry CL Lytle LA Klepp KI Community-wide youth nutrition education: long-term outcomes of the Minnesota Heart Health Program Health Educ Res 1995 10 119 131 10160226 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Croft JB Temple SP Lankenau B Heath GW Macera CA Eaker ED Wheeler FC Community intervention and trends in dietary fat consumption among black and white adults J Am Diet Assoc 1994 94 1284 1290 7963173 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [48] de Silva-Sanigorski AM Bell AC Kremer P Nichols M Crellin M Smith M Sharp S de Groot F Carpenter L Boak R Robertson N Swinburn BA Reducing obesity in early childhood: results from Romp & Chomp, an Australian community-wide intervention program Am J Clin Nutr 2010 91 831 840 20147472 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [49] Farquhar JW Fortmann SP Flora JA Taylor CB Haskell WL Williams PT Maccoby N Wood PD Effects of communitywide education on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The Stanford Five-City Project JAMA 1990 264 359 365 2362332 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In the Fighting Fat, Fighting Fit campaign, persons who chose to register in a 6-month mail-based educational program increased their consumption of fruits and vegetables by 1.3 servings per day, reduced their intake of fat and snacks, increased their physical activity, and lost an average of 2.3 kg, lowering the prevalence of obesity by 11% (P<0.001 for each compared with baseline).

    “In the Fighting Fat, Fighting Fit campaign, persons who chose to register in a 6-month mail-based educational program increased their consumption of fruits and vegetables by 1.3 servings per day, reduced their intake of fat and snacks, increased their physical activity, and lost an average of 2.3 kg, lowering the prevalence of obesity by 11% (P<0.001 for each compared with baseline).56”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56] Miles A Rapoport L Wardle J Afuape T Duman M Using the mass-media to target obesity: an analysis of the characteristics and reported behaviour change of participants in the BBC’s “Fighting Fat, Fighting Fit” campaign Health Educ Res 2001 16 357 372 11497118 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In 1 intervention, use of in-store public service announcements about the 5-A-Day campaign for 4 weeks, in combination with a take-home audiotape, increased knowledge about the healthfulness of fruits and vegetables, as well as self-reported consumption in the intervention group (6.2 servings per day) compared with both baseline (5.4 servings per day) and shoppers in control stores (5.6 servings)

    “In 1 intervention,51 use of in-store public service announcements about the 5-A-Day campaign for 4 weeks, in combination with a take-home audiotape, increased knowledge about the healthfulness of fruits and vegetables, as well as self-reported consumption in the intervention group (6.2 servings per day) compared with both baseline (5.4 servings per day) and shoppers in control stores (5.6 servings”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Connell D Goldberg JP Folta SC An intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption using audio communications: in-store public service announcements and audiotapes J Health Commun 2001 6 31 43 11317422 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Targeted dietary habits improved substantially in North Karelia, with associated declines in population blood cholesterol and blood pressure levels and rates of coronary heart disease.

    “Targeted dietary habits improved substantially, with associated declines in population blood cholesterol and blood pressure levels and rates of CHD.59,60”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [59] Pekka P Pirjo P Ulla U Influencing public nutrition for non-communicable disease prevention: from community intervention to national programme--experiences from Finland Public Health Nutr 2002 5 245 251 12027291

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [60] Puska P Stahl T Health in all policies—the Finnish initiative: background, principles, and current issues Annu Rev Public Health 2010 31 315 328 20070201 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Shorter-term media campaigns have generally increased knowledge of healthy lifestyle messages, although sometimes less so in lower socioeconomic or minority subgroups and typically with less clear evidence for actual behavior change, although there were some exceptions in which behavior change was also demonstrated.

    “Shorter-term (weeks to months) media campaigns, such as Fighting Fat, Fighting Fit in the United Kingdom and similar programs in the United States and Australia have generally increased knowledge of healthy lifestyle messages, although sometimes less so in lower socioeconomic or minority subgroups and typically with less clear evidence for actual behavior change,52–54 although there were some”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [52] Wardle J Rapoport L Afuape T Duman M Mass education for obesity prevention: the penetration of the BBC’s “Fighting Fat, Fighting Fit” campaign Health Educ Res 2001 16 343 355 11497117 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [53] Beaudoin CE Fernandez C Wall JL Farley TA Promoting healthy eating and physical activity: short-term effects of a mass media campaign Am J Prev Med 2007 32 217 223 17236742 source

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    • cites [54] Dunt D Day N Pirkis J Evaluation of a community-based health promotion program supporting public policy initiatives for a healthy diet Health Promot Int 1999 14 317 327 source

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    • cites [55] Reger B Wootan MG Booth-Butterfield S Smith H 1% or less: a community-based nutrition campaign Public Health Rep 1998 113 410 419 9769765 PMC1308411

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In North Karelia, Finland, a media- and education-based community intervention successfully reduced consumption of butter, whole-fat dairy, nonlean meats, and salt and increased consumption of vegetable-oil margarine and vegetable oils, low-fat dairy, lean meats, vegetables, berries, and fruit.

    “In North Karelia, Finland, a media- and education-based community intervention successfully reduced consumption of butter, whole-fat dairy, nonlean meats, and salt and increased consumption of vegetable-oil margarine and vegetable oils, low-fat dairy, lean meats, vegetables, berries, and fruit.59,60”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [59] Pekka P Pirjo P Ulla U Influencing public nutrition for non-communicable disease prevention: from community intervention to national programme--experiences from Finland Public Health Nutr 2002 5 245 251 12027291

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [60] Puska P Stahl T Health in all policies—the Finnish initiative: background, principles, and current issues Annu Rev Public Health 2010 31 315 328 20070201 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Sufficient data were found to support an inference on the potential heterogeneity of efficacy to be unusual; where relevant, this evidence is presented.

    “Sufficient data were found to support an inference on the potential heterogeneity of efficacy to be unusual; where relevant, this evidence is presented.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    The writing group identified a vast body of literature providing evidence on the potential effectiveness of various population interventions.

    “The writing group identified a vast body of literature providing evidence on the potential effectiveness of various population interventions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In a 2010 survey, 18% of mothers born between 1965 and 1979 with children living at home were "definitely" aware of the Fruits & Veggies-More Matters campaign, and 38% reported being more likely to purchase a product having the campaign logo; data were not reported on actual changes in consumption.

    “In a 2010 survey, 18% of these mothers were “definitely” aware of the campaign, and 38% reported being more likely to purchase a product having the campaign logo; data were not reported on actual changes in consumption.42”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] State of the Plate: 2010 Study on America’s Consumption of Fruits & Vegetables http://www.pbhfoundation.org/pdfs/about/res/pbh_res/stateplate.pdf Accessed March 25, 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    When compared with control neighborhoods, systolic blood pressure decreased in the Tianjin intervention neighborhoods by 5 mm Hg in men (P=0.065) and 6 mm Hg in women (P=0.008).

    “When compared with control neighborhoods, systolic blood pressure decreased in the intervention neighborhoods by 5 mm Hg in men (P=0.065) and 6 mm Hg in women (P=0.008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Tian HG Guo ZY Hu G Yu SJ Sun W Pietinen P Nissinen A Changes in sodium intake and blood pressure in a community-based intervention project in China J Hum Hypertens 1995 9 959 968 8746640

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    After 3 to 5 years of intervention, compared with controls, the Stanford Five-City Project intervention communities saw improvements in several cardiovascular risk factors, including lower blood cholesterol, blood pressure, resting heart rate, weight gain, and smoking prevalence.

    “After 3 to 5 years of intervention, compared with controls, the intervention communities saw improvements in several cardiovascular risk factors, including lower blood cholesterol, blood pressure, resting heart rate, weight gain, and smoking prevalence.49”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Farquhar JW Fortmann SP Flora JA Taylor CB Haskell WL Williams PT Maccoby N Wood PD Effects of communitywide education on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The Stanford Five-City Project JAMA 1990 264 359 365 2362332 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    From 1987 to 1992 in Mauritius, moderate leisure-time physical activity increased from 16.9% to 22.1% in men and from 1.3% to 2.7% in women.

    “From 1987 to 1992, moderate leisure-time physical activity increased from 16.9% to 22.1% in men and from 1.3% to 2.7% in women.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Dowse GK Gareeboo H Alberti KG Zimmet P Tuomilehto J Purran A Fareed D Chitson P Collins VR Changes in population cholesterol concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factor levels after five years of the non-communicable disease intervention programme in Mauritius. Mauritius Non-communicable Disease Study Group BMJ 1995 311 1255 1259 7496233 PMC2551180 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Media and education have also been part of successful multicomponent approaches at national and community levels, although their relative contribution to the overall success is difficult to separate in such multicomponent interventions.

    “Media and education have also been part of successful multicomponent approaches at national and community levels, although their relative contribution to the overall success is difficult to separate in such multicomponent interventions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    From 1987 to 1992 in Mauritius, cigarette smoking decreased from 58.2% to 47.2% in men and from 6.9% to 3.7% in women.

    “Cigarette smoking decreased from 58.2% to 47.2% in men and from 6.9% to 3.7% in women.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Dowse GK Gareeboo H Alberti KG Zimmet P Tuomilehto J Purran A Fareed D Chitson P Collins VR Changes in population cholesterol concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factor levels after five years of the non-communicable disease intervention programme in Mauritius. Mauritius Non-communicable Disease Study Group BMJ 1995 311 1255 1259 7496233 PMC2551180 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Singapore instituted a sustained multicomponent intervention in 1992 that combined extensive media/education approaches with school, workplace, and environmental strategies and collaboration with food industry to produce healthier food choices.

    “Singapore instituted a sustained multicomponent intervention in 1992 that combined extensive media/education approaches with school, workplace, and environmental strategies and collaboration with food industry to produce healthier food choices.64”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] Bhalla V Fong CW Chew SK Satku K Changes in levels of major cardiovascular risk factors in the multi-ethnic population in Singapore after 12 years of a national noncommunicable disease intervention programme Singapore Med J 2006 47 841 850 16990958

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The evidence from ecological studies, quasi-experimental studies, and cluster-randomized trials indicates that focused national, community, and school-based media and education campaigns are effective in increasing knowledge and consumption of specific healthful foods, with some evidence from several studies for associated reductions in adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors.

    “In sum, the evidence from ecological studies, quasi-experimental studies, and cluster-randomized trials indicates that focused national, community, and school-based media and education campaigns are effective in increasing knowledge and consumption of specific healthful foods, with some evidence from several studies for associated reductions in adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors (”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Table 3

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The writing group did not identify any other studies investigating the effects of menu labeling on other risk factors such as adiposity or metabolic risk factors.

    “The writing group did not identify any other studies investigating the effects of menu labeling on other risk factors such as adiposity or metabolic risk factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Effects of these existing taxes on consumption have not been systematically assessed.

    “Effects of these taxes on consumption have not been systematically assessed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Coordinated changes in agricultural, subsidy, and taxation policies in Finland led to decreased consumption of animal fats and increased consumption of vegetable oils and berries, with substantial and sustained reductions in population CVD risk factors and incidence.

    “As described above, coordinated changes in agricultural, subsidy, and taxation policies in Finland led to decreased consumption of animal fats and increased consumption of vegetable oils and berries, with substantial and sustained reductions in population CVD risk factors and incidence.59,60”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [59] Pekka P Pirjo P Ulla U Influencing public nutrition for non-communicable disease prevention: from community intervention to national programme--experiences from Finland Public Health Nutr 2002 5 245 251 12027291

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [60] Puska P Stahl T Health in all policies—the Finnish initiative: background, principles, and current issues Annu Rev Public Health 2010 31 315 328 20070201 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Incentives led to greater participation and completion rates, successful cessation in smoking cessation programs at 3 months, and greater weight loss ranging from 0.9 to 2.25 kg at 3 months, but these differences generally did not persist at longer follow-up (e.g., 6 months) after completion of the incentive programs.

    “Generally, incentives led to greater participation and completion rates, successful cessation in smoking cessation programs at 3 months, and greater weight loss ranging from 0.9 to 2.25 kg at 3 months. However, these differences generally did not persist at longer follow-up (eg, 6 months) after completion of the incentive programs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [216] Volpp KG Gurmankin Levy A Asch DA Berlin JA Murphy JJ Gomez A Sox H Zhu J Lerman C A randomized controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006 15 12 18 16434580 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [217] Volpp KG Pauly MV Loewenstein G Bangsberg D P4P4P: an agenda for research on pay-for-performance for patients Health Aff (Millwood) 2009 28 206 214 19124872 PMC3507539 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [218] Volpp KG Troxel AB Pauly MV Glick HA Puig A Asch DA Galvin R Zhu J Wan F DeGuzman J Corbett E Weiner J Audrain-McGovern J A randomized, controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation N Engl J Med 2009 360 699 709 19213683 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [219] Finkelstein EA Linnan LA Tate DF Birken BE A pilot study testing the effect of different levels of financial incentives on weight loss among overweight employees J Occup Environ Med 2007 49 981 989 17848854 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In the United States, modeling techniques have estimated that a 40% increase in cigarette prices due to taxes would reduce smoking prevalence from 21% in 2004 to 15.2% in 2025, producing large gains in cumulative life-years (7 million) and quality-adjusted life-years (13 million) and a total cost savings of $682 billion.

    “In the United States, modeling techniques have estimated that a 40% increase in cigarette prices due to taxes would reduce smoking prevalence from 21% in 2004 to 15.2% in 2025, producing large gains in cumulative life-years (7 million) and quality-adjusted life-years (13 million) and a total cost savings of $682 billion.211”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [211] Ahmad S Franz GA Raising taxes to reduce smoking prevalence in the US: a simulation of the anticipated health and economic impacts Public Health 2008 122 3 10 17610918 PMC2246022 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    One RCT demonstrated that installation of school water fountains and provision of plastic water bottles, together with education and goal-setting components, increased water consumption by 1.1 glasses per day and also reduced the odds of overweight by 31% in German elementary school children at 1 year.

    “One RCT demonstrated that installation of school water fountains and provision of plastic water bottles, together with education and goal-setting components, increased water consumption by 1.1 glasses per day and also reduced the odds of overweight by 31% in German elementary school children at 1 year.241”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [241] Muckelbauer R Libuda L Clausen K Toschke AM Reinehr T Kersting M Promotion and provision of drinking water in schools for overweight prevention: randomized, controlled cluster trial Pediatrics 2009 123 e661 e667 19336356 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    One systematic review identified 20 RCTs of school-based programs targeting both dietary and physical activity behaviors with interventions of at least 12 weeks' duration, conducted in ages ranging from kindergarten through high school; about half (9 of 20) demonstrated significant improvements in BMI z score.

    “One systematic review identified 20 such RCTs with interventions of at least 12 weeks’ duration, conducted in ages ranging from kindergarten through high school.225 Overall, about half (9 of 20) studies demonstrated significant improvements in BMI z score following a school-based program targeting both dietary and physical activity behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [225] Brown T Summerbell C Systematic review of school-based interventions that focus on changing dietary intake and physical activity levels to prevent childhood obesity: an update to the obesity guidance produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Obes Rev 2009 10 110 141 18673306 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Experiments testing financial incentives to improve health behaviors demonstrate that financial incentives can improve health behaviors in the short term, especially when financial incentives are larger.

    “These studies demonstrate that financial incentives can improve health behaviors in the short term, especially when financial incentives are larger.216–219”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [216] Volpp KG Gurmankin Levy A Asch DA Berlin JA Murphy JJ Gomez A Sox H Zhu J Lerman C A randomized controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006 15 12 18 16434580 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [217] Volpp KG Pauly MV Loewenstein G Bangsberg D P4P4P: an agenda for research on pay-for-performance for patients Health Aff (Millwood) 2009 28 206 214 19124872 PMC3507539 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [218] Volpp KG Troxel AB Pauly MV Glick HA Puig A Asch DA Galvin R Zhu J Wan F DeGuzman J Corbett E Weiner J Audrain-McGovern J A randomized, controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation N Engl J Med 2009 360 699 709 19213683 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [219] Finkelstein EA Linnan LA Tate DF Birken BE A pilot study testing the effect of different levels of financial incentives on weight loss among overweight employees J Occup Environ Med 2007 49 981 989 17848854 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Two studies of a fresh fruit and vegetable program demonstrated significant increases in fruit consumption; greater familiarity with and preferences for fruits and vegetables were demonstrated in at least some age groups in 1 study.

    “Greater familiarity with and preferences for fruits and vegetables were demonstrated in at least some age groups in 1 study,239 and both studies demonstrated significant increases in fruit consumption.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [237] Davis EM Cullen KW Watson KB Konarik M Radcliffe J A Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program improves high school students’ consumption of fresh produce J Am Diet Assoc 2009 109 1227 1231 19559140 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [239] Coyle KK Potter S Schneider D May G Robin LE Seymour J Debrot K Distributing free fresh fruit and vegetables at school: results of a pilot outcome evaluation Public Health Rep 2009 124 660 669 19753944 PMC2728658 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The majority of studies have found that higher cigarette taxes reduce consumption, including reducing the prevalence of active smoking and increasing cessation rates, especially in young smokers.

    “The majority of studies have found that higher taxes reduce consumption, including reducing the prevalence of active smoking and increasing cessation rates, especially in young smokers.208–210”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [208] Carpenter C Cook PJ Cigarette taxes and youth smoking: new evidence from national, state, and local Youth Risk Behavior Surveys J Health Econ 2008 27 287 299 18242745 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [209] DeCicca P Kenkel D Mathios A Cigarette taxes and the transition from youth to adult smoking: smoking initiation, cessation, and participation J Health Econ 2008 27 904 917 18513811 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [210] Lovato CY Zeisser C Campbell HS Watts AW Halpin P Thompson M Eyles J Adlaf E Brown KS Adolescent smoking: effect of school and community characteristics Am J Prev Med 2010 39 507 514 21084070 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    A second study found that the number of different permanent play facilities at schools was positively associated with physical activity assessed by accelerometers; for each additional play facility (range, 14 to 35), average accelerometer counts were 3.8% higher at school (P<0.001) and 2.7% higher overall (P<0.001), and time spent in vigorous physical activity was 9 minutes (3.4%) higher each day;

    “A second study found that the number of different permanent play facilities at schools (swings, courts, sandpits, monkey bars, slides, etc) was positively associated with physical activity assessed by accelerometers.250 For each additional play facility (range, 14 to 35), average accelerometer counts were 3.8% higher at school (P<0.001) and 2.7% higher overall (P<0.001), and time spent in vigorous”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [250] Nielsen G Taylor R Williams S Mann J Permanent play facilities in school playgrounds as a determinant of children’s activity J Phys Act Health 2010 7 490 496 20683091 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Garden-based education programs significantly increased preferences for fruits and vegetables in 4 of 8 studies, willingness to try new fruits and vegetables in 4 of 5 studies, and levels of consumption of fruits and vegetables in 4 of 5 studies.

    “Overall, the garden-based programs significantly increased preferences for fruits and vegetables in 4 of 8 studies, willingness to try new fruits and vegetables in 4 of 5 studies, and levels of consumption of fruits and vegetables in 4 of 5 studies.233–235”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [233] Robinson-O’Brien R Story M Heim S Impact of garden-based youth nutrition intervention programs: a review J Am Diet Assoc 2009 109 273 280 19167954 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [234] Parmer SM Salisbury-Glennon J Shannon D Struempler B School gardens: an experiential learning approach for a nutrition education program to increase fruit and vegetable knowledge, preference, and consumption among second-grade students J Nutr Educ Behav 2009 41 212 217 19411056 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [235] Somerset S Markwell K Impact of a school-based food garden on attitudes and identification skills regarding vegetables and fruit: a 12-month intervention trial Public Health Nutr 2009 12 214 221 18647431 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In a prospective observational analysis among US children monitored from first to fifth grade, meeting the recommended time for recess was associated with lower BMI z scores, and meeting the recommended time for physical education was associated with lower BMI z scores in boys but not girls.

    “In a prospective observational analysis among US children monitored from first to fifth grade, meeting the recommended time for recess was associated with lower BMI z scores, and meeting the recommended time for physical education (PE) was associated with lower BMI z scores in boys but not girls.248”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [248] Fernandes MM Sturm R The role of school physical activity programs in child body mass trajectory J Phys Act Health 2011 8 174 181 21415444 PMC3074953 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Industry documents demonstrate that tobacco companies understand the impact of tax increases on consumption and have developed pricing strategies that could partly counter these effects, such as development of lower-cost generics and price-related marketing efforts such as multipack discounts and couponing.

    “Industry documents demonstrate that tobacco companies understand the impact of tax increases on consumption and have developed pricing strategies that could partly counter these effects, such as development of lower-cost generics and price-related marketing efforts such as multipack discounts and couponing.212”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [212] Chaloupka FJ Cummings KM Morley CP Horan JK Tax, price and cigarette smoking: evidence from the tobacco documents and implications for tobacco company marketing strategies Tob Control 2002 11 suppl 1 I62 I72 11893816 PMC1766067 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In cross-sectional observational analyses, children who actively commute have higher total physical activity levels than passive commuters, although not lower BMI/adiposity.

    “In cross-sectional observational analyses, as compared with passive commuters (eg, bus, car), children who actively commute (eg, walking, bicycling) have higher total physical activity levels, although not lower BMI/adiposity.264”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [264] Faulkner GE Buliung RN Flora PK Fusco C Active school transport, physical activity levels and body weight of children and youth: a systematic review Prev Med 2009 48 3 8 19014963 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Children who were frequent walkers had significantly lower BMI (−0.77 kg/m2) and percentage body fat (−4.0%).

    “Children who were frequent walkers had a significantly lower BMI (−0.77 kg/m2) and percentage of body fat (−4.0%)265; such observational, non–intention-to-treat analyses should be interpreted cautiously.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [265] Heelan KA Abbey BM Donnelly JE Mayo MS Welk GJ Evaluation of a walking school bus for promoting physical activity in youth J Phys Act Health 2009 6 560 567 19953832 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The majority of school-based physical activity trials found no evidence for reductions in adiposity, including no effects in overall pooled analyses.

    “Conversely, the majority of these trials found no evidence for reductions in adiposity, including no effects in overall pooled analyses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Regular classroom activity breaks appear to increase activity, but relatively few studies have evaluated this approach.

    “Regular classroom activity breaks also appear to increase activity, but relatively few studies have evaluated this approach.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    The writing group's review of different approaches, populations, and outcomes in school-based physical activity interventions did not provide any clear explanation for heterogeneous effects on adiposity or other metabolic outcomes.

    “The writing group’s review of the different approaches, populations, and outcomes in these various school-based physical activity interventions did not provide any clear explanation for the heterogeneous effects on adiposity or other metabolic outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Across individual studies, effects on BMI tended to be stronger in girls than in boys and during the first several months of the intervention, with declining success thereafter.

    “Across individual studies, effects tended to be stronger in girls than in boys and during the first several months of the intervention (eg, up to 6 months), with declining success thereafter.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [225] Brown T Summerbell C Systematic review of school-based interventions that focus on changing dietary intake and physical activity levels to prevent childhood obesity: an update to the obesity guidance produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Obes Rev 2009 10 110 141 18673306 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In 10 trials, only 3 of 18 body composition measures demonstrated significant improvements after the physical activity intervention, 1 measure demonstrated deterioration, and 14 measures did not show any significant change.

    “18 measures demonstrated significant improvements after the physical activity intervention, 1 measure demonstrated deterioration, and 14 measures did not show any significant change.259”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [259] Harris KC Kuramoto LK Schulzer M Retallack JE Effect of school-based physical activity interventions on body mass index in children: a meta-analysis CMAJ 2009 180 719 726 19332753 PMC2659836 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: BMI is an imperfect end point for physical activity interventions because of changes in lean muscle mass.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In one trial, an additional 2 hours per week of usual PE class reduced BMI z score at 6 months, but this improvement was not sustained over longer periods.

    “For example, in 1 trial, an additional 2 hours per week of usual PE class reduced BMI z score at 6 months, but this improvement was not sustained over longer periods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [225] Brown T Summerbell C Systematic review of school-based interventions that focus on changing dietary intake and physical activity levels to prevent childhood obesity: an update to the obesity guidance produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Obes Rev 2009 10 110 141 18673306 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Overall, findings for school-based physical activity programs are mixed, with promising results for physical activity but generally a null finding for adiposity.

    “Overall, the findings for school-based physical activity programs are mixed, with promising results for physical activity but generally a null finding for adiposity (Table 6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Another more recent 1-year multicomponent school-based physical activity intervention found improvements in accelerometer-assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity as well as in body composition.

    “Another more recent 1-year multicomponent school-based physical activity intervention found improvements in accelerometer-assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity as well as in body composition.257”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [257] Kriemler S Zahner L Schindler C Meyer U Hartmann T Hebestreit H Brunner-La Rocca HP van Mechelen W Puder JJ Effect of school based physical activity programme (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in primary schoolchildren: cluster randomised controlled trial BMJ 2010 340 c785 20179126 PMC2827713 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Although active commuting was increased in walking school bus trials, there were no significant differences in BMI or percentage body fat between groups, even after 2 years.

    “However, although active commuting was increased, there were no significant differences in BMI or percentage of body fat between groups, even after 2 years.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [265] Heelan KA Abbey BM Donnelly JE Mayo MS Welk GJ Evaluation of a walking school bus for promoting physical activity in youth J Phys Act Health 2009 6 560 567 19953832 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Interventions focused on PE alone also increase physical activity but with inconsistent effects on adiposity.

    “Interventions focused on PE alone also increase physical activity but with inconsistent effects on adiposity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In an observational study, men more often used stairs in a worksite with visible staircases compared with one with concealed stairs; no differences were seen for women.

    “In an observational study, men more often used stairs in a worksite with visible staircases compared with one with concealed stairs; no differences were seen for women.269”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [269] Engbers LH van Poppel MN van Mechelen W Measuring stair use in two office buildings: a comparison between an objective and a self-reported method Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007 17 165 171 17394478 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In a 1-year intervention providing 1 hour per week at work for either resistance training or other general activity, self-reported physical activity was unchanged, but both interventions improved percent body fat and systolic blood pressure compared with controls.

    “In a 1-year intervention that provided 1 hour per week at work for either resistance training or other general activity (largely walking), self-reported physical activity was unchanged, but both interventions improved percent body fat and systolic blood pressure compared with controls.273”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [273] Pedersen MT Blangsted AK Andersen LL Jorgensen MB Hansen EA Sjogaard G The effect of worksite physical activity intervention on physical capacity, health, and productivity: a 1-year randomized controlled trial J Occup Environ Med 2009 51 759 770 19528834 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In one cross-sectional observational analysis, presence of exercise facilities, lockers, and exercise programs at the workplace were each associated with greater walking/steps taken per day.

    “In 1 cross-sectional observational analysis, the presence of exercise facilities, lockers, and exercise programs at the workplace were each associated with greater walking/steps taken per day.271”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [271] Schwartz MA Aytur SA Evenson KR Rodriguez DA Are perceptions about worksite neighborhoods and policies associated with walking? Am J Health Promot 2009 24 146 151 19928488 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Overall, studies suggested that use of worksite cafeteria or vending machine labels or icons alone had little effect on improving diet, consistent with findings for labeling and consumer information approaches in other settings.

    “Overall, these studies suggested that use of worksite cafeteria or vending machine labels or icons alone had little effect on improving diet, consistent with findings for labeling and consumer information approaches in other settings (Table 4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [121] Engbers LH van Poppel MN Chin APMJ van Mechelen W Worksite health promotion programs with environmental changes: a systematic review Am J Prev Med 2005 29 61 70 15958254 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [267] Anderson LM Quinn TA Glanz K Ramirez G Kahwati LC Johnson DB Buchanan LR Archer WR Chattopadhyay S Kalra GP Katz DL The effectiveness of worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions for controlling employee overweight and obesity: a systematic review Am J Prev Med 2009 37 340 357 19765507 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [268] Groeneveld IF Proper KI van der Beek AJ Hildebrandt VH van Mechelen W Lifestyle-focused interventions at the workplace to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease--a systematic review Scand J Work Environ Health 2010 36 202 215 20066386 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    A WHO report concluded that the number of religious congregation-based intervention studies was small, but evidence was relatively consistent for positive psychosocial, behavioral, and/or risk factor changes.

    “The WHO report concluded that the number of such studies was small, but that the evidence was relatively consistent for positive psychosocial, behavioral, and/or risk factor changes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] World Health Organization Interventions on diet and physical activity: what works 2009 http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/whatworks/en/index Accessed December 28, 2010 24432437

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In 2 smaller studies, living closer to a neighborhood convenience store was associated with more healthful dietary habits among women but less healthful dietary habits among adolescent boys.

    “In 2 smaller studies, living closer to a neighborhood convenience store was associated with more healthful dietary habits among women285 but less healthful dietary habits among adolescent boys.288”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [285] Laraia BA Siega-Riz AM Kaufman JS Jones SJ Proximity of supermarkets is positively associated with diet quality index for pregnancy Prev Med 2004 39 869 875 15475018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [288] Jago R Baranowski T Baranowski JC Cullen KW Thompson D Distance to food stores and adolescent male fruit and vegetable consumption: mediation effects Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007 4 35 17850673 PMC2014759 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Four larger cross-sectional studies found greater accessibility to neighborhood supermarkets was associated with more healthful dietary habits; 1 small cross-sectional study and the only large longitudinal study did not.

    “Four larger cross-sectional studies found that greater accessibility to neighborhood supermarkets (presence, number, or distance) was associated with more healthful dietary habits284–287; 1 small cross-sectional study288 and the only large longitudinal study289 did not.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [284] Morland K Wing S Diez Roux A The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents’ diets: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study Am J Public Health 2002 92 1761 1767 12406805 PMC1447325 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [285] Laraia BA Siega-Riz AM Kaufman JS Jones SJ Proximity of supermarkets is positively associated with diet quality index for pregnancy Prev Med 2004 39 869 875 15475018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [286] Moore LV Diez Roux AV Nettleton JA Jacobs DR Jr Associations of the local food environment with diet quality--a comparison of assessments based on surveys and geographic information systems: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis Am J Epidemiol 2008 167 917 924 18304960 PMC2587217 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [287] Rose D Richards R Food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the US Food Stamp Program Public Health Nutr 2004 7 1081 1088 15548347 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [288] Jago R Baranowski T Baranowski JC Cullen KW Thompson D Distance to food stores and adolescent male fruit and vegetable consumption: mediation effects Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007 4 35 17850673 PMC2014759 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [289] Boone-Heinonen J Gordon-Larsen P Kiefe CI Shikany JM Lewis CE Popkin BM Fast food restaurants and food stores: longitudinal associations with diet in young to middle-aged adults: the CARDIA study Arch Intern Med 2011 171 1162 1170 21747011 PMC3178268 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Seven cross-sectional studies in adults and children found greater accessibility to neighborhood supermarkets was associated with lower prevalence of adiposity; 1 county-level ecological study did not.

    “Seven cross-sectional studies in both adults and children found that greater accessibility to neighborhood supermarkets (presence, number, or distance) was associated with lower prevalence of adiposity290–297; 1 county-level (ecological) study did not.298”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 9 sources checked
    • cites [290] Morland K Diez Roux AV Wing S Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study Am J Prev Med 2006 30 333 339 16530621 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [291] Lopez RP Neighborhood risk factors for obesity Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007 15 2111 2119 17712130 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [292] Powell LM Auld MC Chaloupka FJ O’Malley PM Johnston LD Associations between access to food stores and adolescent body mass index Am J Prev Med 2007 33 S301 S307 17884578 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [293] Liu GC Wilson JS Qi R Ying J Green neighborhoods, food retail and childhood overweight: differences by population density Am J Health Promot 2007 21 4 suppl 317 325 17465177 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [294] Wang MC Kim S Gonzalez AA MacLeod KE Winkleby MA Socioeconomic and food-related physical characteristics of the neighbourhood environment are associated with body mass index J Epidemiol Community Health 2007 61 491 498 17496257 PMC2465719 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [295] Chen SE Florax RJ Zoning for health: the obesity epidemic and opportunities for local policy intervention J Nutr 2010 140 1181 1184 20392881 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [296] Rundle A Neckerman KM Freeman L Lovasi GS Purciel M Quinn J Richards C Sircar N Weiss C Neighborhood food environment and walkability predict obesity in New York City Environ Health Perspect 2009 117 442 447 19337520 PMC2661915 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [297] Jilcott SB Keyserling T Crawford T McGuirt JT Ammerman AS Examining associations among obesity and per capita farmers’ markets, grocery stores/supermarkets, and supercenters in US counties J Am Diet Assoc 2011 111 567 572 21443990 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [298] Salois MJ Obesity and diabetes, the built environment, and the ‘local’ food economy in the United States, 2007 Econ Hum Biol 2012 10 35 42 21561816 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Among studies evaluating accessibility to grocery stores, 1 small study found no associations with fruit or vegetable consumption, and 5 of 6 studies, including 1 longitudinal study, found no associations with adiposity.

    “Among studies evaluating accessibility to grocery stores, 1 small study found no associations with fruit or vegetable consumption,288 and 5 of 6 studies, including 1 longitudinal study, found no associations with adiposity.173,290,292,293, 298,300”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [173] Sturm R Datar A Body mass index in elementary school children, metropolitan area food prices and food outlet density Public Health 2005 119 1059 1068 16140349 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [290] Morland K Diez Roux AV Wing S Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study Am J Prev Med 2006 30 333 339 16530621 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [292] Powell LM Auld MC Chaloupka FJ O’Malley PM Johnston LD Associations between access to food stores and adolescent body mass index Am J Prev Med 2007 33 S301 S307 17884578 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In an analysis in Japan, greater local density of mixed types of stores having different types of foods was positively associated with consumption of confectioneries and bread but not meats, fish, fruits and vegetables, or rice.

    “In an analysis in Japan, a greater local density of mixed types of stores (supermarkets, grocery, bakeries, etc) having different types of foods was positively associated with consumption of confectioneries and bread but not meats, fish, fruits and vegetables, or rice.301”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [301] Murakami K Sasaki S Takahashi Y Uenishi K Neighborhood food store availability in relation to food intake in young Japanese women Nutrition 2009 25 640 646 19251396 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In 2 separate cross-sectional analyses using 2006-2007 BRFSS data, higher per capita density of full-service restaurants was associated with lower BMI and lower prevalence of obesity and diabetes.

    “In 2 separate cross-sectional analyses using 2006–2007 BRFSS data, a higher per capita density of full-service restaurants was associated with a lower BMI and lower prevalence of obesity298,306 and diabetes.298”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [298] Salois MJ Obesity and diabetes, the built environment, and the ‘local’ food economy in the United States, 2007 Econ Hum Biol 2012 10 35 42 21561816 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [306] Mehta NK Chang VW Weight status and restaurant availability a multilevel analysis Am J Prev Med 2008 34 127 133 18201642 PMC2440344 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In 2001, after adjustment for other neighborhood characteristics, each 10% higher density of fast-food restaurants in New Orleans was associated with 4.8% lower neighborhood income and 3.7% higher proportion of black residents.

    “After adjustment for other neighborhood characteristics, each 10% higher density of fast-food restaurants was associated with 4.8% lower neighborhood income and 3.7% higher proportion of black residents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [330] Block JP Scribner RA DeSalvo KB Fast food, race/ethnicity, and income: a geographic analysis Am J Prev Med 2004 27 211 217 15450633

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In the United Kingdom, randomized controlled studies on placement of supermarkets in low-income food deserts altered where shopping was done but did not affect food purchasing patterns.

    “In the United Kingdom, for example, randomized controlled studies on placement of supermarkets in low-income food deserts altered where shopping was done but did not affect food purchasing patterns.325,326”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [325] Cummins S Macintyre S Food deserts---evidence and assumption in health policy making Br Med J 2002 325 436 438 12193363 PMC1123946 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [326] Cummins S Petticrew M Higgins C Findlay A Sparks L Large scale food retailing as an intervention for diet and health: quasi-experimental evaluation of a natural experiment J Epidemiol Community Health 2005 59 1035 1040 16286490 PMC1732985 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In a national study of >28,000 US ZIP codes, low-income neighborhoods had fewer chain supermarkets than middle-income neighborhoods, although they also had more nonchain supermarkets and grocery stores.

    “For example, in a national study of >28,000 US ZIP codes, Powell et al found that low-income neighborhoods had fewer chain supermarkets than middle-income neighborhoods, although they also had more nonchain supermarkets and grocery stores.333”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [333] Powell LM Slater S Mirtcheva D Bao Y Chaloupka FJ Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States Prev Med 2007 44 189 195 16997358 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Recent IOM and USDA reports concluded availability of local supermarkets was cross-sectionally associated with healthier choices and fewer CVD risk factors, but causal inference was limited, without strong evidence that placement of a new food outlet offering healthy choices will improve diet of people in these communities.

    “Recent IOM and USDA reports concluded that the availability of local supermarkets was cross-sectionally associated with healthier choices and fewer CVD risk factors, but that causal inference was limited, without strong evidence that placement of a new food outlet that offers healthy choices will improve the diet of people in these communities.325,327–329”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [325] Cummins S Macintyre S Food deserts---evidence and assumption in health policy making Br Med J 2002 325 436 438 12193363 PMC1123946 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [327] Institute of Medicine and National Research Council The Public Health Effects of Food Deserts: Workshop Summary Washington, DC The National Academies Press 2009 25032337

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [328] Ver Ploeg M Breneman V Farrigan T Hamrick K Hopkins D Kaufman P Lin BH Nord M Smith T Williams R Kinnison K Olander C Singh A Tuckermanty E Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food—Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and Their Consequences: Report to Congress 2010 http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/AP/AP036/ Accessed March 25, 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [329] ver Ploeg M Food environment, food store access, consumer behavior, and diet Choices 2010 25

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    After adjustment for income and other covariates, predominantly black communities had about half (52%, P<0.01) as many chain supermarkets as predominantly white communities, and predominantly Latino communities had approximately one third (32%, P<0.01) as many as largely non-Latino communities.

    “After adjustment for income and other covariates, predominantly black communities had about half (52%, P<0.01) as many chain supermarkets as predominantly white communities, and predominantly Latino communities had approximately one third (32%, P<0.01) as many as did largely non-Latino communities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [333] Powell LM Slater S Mirtcheva D Bao Y Chaloupka FJ Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States Prev Med 2007 44 189 195 16997358 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Local supermarket shelf space for various foods was generally not associated with consumption of these foods or with metabolic risk markers in a handful of studies.

    “Local supermarket shelf space for various foods was generally not associated with consumption of these foods or with metabolic risk markers in a handful of studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    A small longitudinal study among young girls in Northern California found mixed results for neighborhood farmers' markets and 3-year risk of adiposity: availability within 0.4 km was not associated with risk of overweight/obesity or change in BMI z score; availability within 1.6 km was inversely associated with overweight/obesity (OR=0.22; 95% CI, 0.05, 1.06) but not with change in BMI z score.

    “Availability of farmers’ markets within 0.4 km of home was not associated with risk of overweight/obesity or change in BMI z score; availability within 1.6 km of home was inversely associated with overweight/obesity (odds ratio [OR]=0.22; 95% CI, 0.05, 1.06) but not with a change in BMI z score.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [299] Leung CW Laraia BA Kelly M Nickleach D Adler NE Kushi LH Yen IH The influence of neighborhood food stores on change in young girls’ body mass index Am J Prev Med 2011 41 43 51 21665062 PMC3115539 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    For neighborhood fast-food restaurants, little evidence was identified for associations with dietary habits, and studies of adiposity were quite mixed, with the majority showing no associations.

    “For neighborhood fast-food restaurants, little evidence was identified for associations with dietary habits, and studies of adiposity were quite mixed, with the majority showing no associations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Neither of two cross-sectional ecological analyses found significant independent relation between density of farmers' markets and prevalent obesity; 1 analysis observed a significant inverse association with prevalent diabetes.

    “Neither analysis found significant independent relation between the density of farmers’ markets and prevalent obesity; 1 analysis observed a significant inverse association with prevalent diabetes.298”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [297] Jilcott SB Keyserling T Crawford T McGuirt JT Ammerman AS Examining associations among obesity and per capita farmers’ markets, grocery stores/supermarkets, and supercenters in US counties J Am Diet Assoc 2011 111 567 572 21443990 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [298] Salois MJ Obesity and diabetes, the built environment, and the ‘local’ food economy in the United States, 2007 Econ Hum Biol 2012 10 35 42 21561816 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Characteristics linked to physical activity included access to local parks and bicycle paths, presence of facilities on frequently traveled routes, and neighborhood density of public and private facilities.

    “Examples of characteristics linked to physical activity included access to local parks and bicycle paths, the presence of facilities on frequently traveled routes, and neighborhood density of public and private facilities.339”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [339] Humpel N Owen N Leslie E Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity: a review Am J Prev Med 2002 22 188 199 11897464 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health suggest some positive associations between green space coverage or availability of physical activity facilities and physical activity among US adolescents but with somewhat varying findings depending on environment measure, physical activity outcome, and sex.

    “Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health suggest some positive associations between green space coverage or availability of physical activity facilities and physical activity among US adolescents but with somewhat varying findings, depending on the environment measure, the physical activity outcome, and sex.345–348”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [345] Boone-Heinonen J Casanova K Richardson AS Gordon-Larsen P Where can they play? Outdoor spaces and physical activity among adolescents in U.S. urbanized areas Prev Med 2010 51 295 298 20655948 PMC2962438 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [346] Boone-Heinonen J Guilkey DK Evenson KR Gordon-Larsen P Residential self-selection bias in the estimation of built environment effects on physical activity between adolescence and young adulthood Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010 7 70 20920341 PMC2959083 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [347] Boone-Heinonen J Gordon-Larsen P Life stage and sex specificity in relationships between the built and socioeconomic environments and physical activity J Epidemiol Community Health 2011 65 847 852 20930092 PMC3059385 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [348] Boone-Heinonen J Popkin BM Song Y Gordon-Larsen P What neighborhood area captures built environment features related to adolescent physical activity? Health Place 2010 16 1280 1286 20650673 PMC3005308 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    A review of studies published through 2004 concluded availability or accessibility of physical activity equipment, facilities, and programs was unrelated to physical activity levels in youth.

    “In contrast to these findings, a review of studies published through 2004 concluded that availability or accessibility of physical activity equipment, facilities, and programs was unrelated to physical activity levels in youth.344”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [344] Ferreira I van der Horst K Wendel-Vos W Kremers S van Lenthe FJ Brug J Environmental correlates of physical activity in youth—a review and update Obes Rev 2007 8 129 154 17300279 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Effects of interventions on disparities in local food environments or whether neighborhood disparities or socioeconomic status modify efficacy of such interventions are still unknown.

    “The effects of interventions on disparities in these food environments or whether neighborhood disparities or socioeconomic status modify the efficacy of such interventions are still unknown.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Findings on neighborhood safety and childhood adiposity were mixed, and most studies did not find significant associations.

    “Findings were mixed, and most studies did not find significant associations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [355] Galvez MP Pearl M Yen IH Childhood obesity and the built environment Curr Opin Pediatr 2010 22 202 207 20090524 PMC2896907 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [356] Carter MA Dubois L Neighbourhoods and child adiposity: a critical appraisal of the literature Health Place 2010 16 616 628 20106712 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Relatively few studies in children have evaluated sidewalks and general physical activity, street design and active commuting or general physical activity, or sidewalks or street design and adiposity, limiting conclusions about these relations.

    “Relatively few studies in children have evaluated sidewalks and general physical activity, street design and active commuting or general physical activity, or sidewalks or street design and adiposity, limiting conclusions about these relations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In Knoxville, Tennessee, total neighborhood physical activity significantly increased in the intervention neighborhood that received an urban greenway/trail and decreased in control neighborhoods.

    “Total neighborhood physical activity significantly increased in the intervention neighborhood and decreased in control neighborhoods (P<0.001); active commuting did not change.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [366] Fitzhugh EC Bassett DR Jr Evans MF Urban trails and physical activity: a natural experiment Am J Prev Med 2010 39 259 262 20709258 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    A handful of longitudinal studies provide some limited support for the findings on neighborhood safety and physical activity, although the heterogeneity of observed results does not allow strong conclusions in this regard.

    “A handful of longitudinal studies provide some limited support for these findings, although the heterogeneity of observed results does not allow strong conclusions in this regard.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The large majority of studies in reviews of neighborhood safety and adult physical activity found that perceived or objective measures of safety were positively associated with physical activity, including among women and men, and with use of parks and park activities.

    “The large majority of studies in these reviews found that perceived or objective measures of safety were positively associated with physical activity, including among women and men, and with use of parks and park activities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [337] Frost SS Goins RT Hunter RH Hooker SP Bryant LL Kruger J Pluto D Effects of the built environment on physical activity of adults living in rural settings Am J Health Promot 2010 24 267 283 20232609 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [359] Saelens BE Handy SL Built environment correlates of walking: a review Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008 40 S550 S566 18562973 PMC2921187 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [373] Foster S Giles-Corti B The built environment, neighborhood crime and constrained physical activity: an exploration of inconsistent findings Prev Med 2008 47 241 251 18499242 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Recent systematic reviews collectively evaluated about 20 cross-sectional studies of neighborhood aesthetics and physical activity or adiposity, about half in children and half in adults.

    “Recent systematic reviews collectively evaluated about 20 cross-sectional studies, about half in children and half in adults.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [334] Lovasi GS Hutson MA Guerra M Neckerman KM Built environments and obesity in disadvantaged populations Epidemiol Rev 2009 31 7 20 19589839 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [337] Frost SS Goins RT Hunter RH Hooker SP Bryant LL Kruger J Pluto D Effects of the built environment on physical activity of adults living in rural settings Am J Health Promot 2010 24 267 283 20232609 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [339] Humpel N Owen N Leslie E Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity: a review Am J Prev Med 2002 22 188 199 11897464 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Many cross-sectional studies evaluated general aesthetics or enjoyable scenery in adults, and nearly all found relations with more favorable physical activity or adiposity measures.

    “In contrast, many cross-sectional studies evaluated general aesthetics or enjoyable scenery, and nearly all found relations with more favorable physical activity or adiposity measures (Supplementary Table 10e).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [334] Lovasi GS Hutson MA Guerra M Neckerman KM Built environments and obesity in disadvantaged populations Epidemiol Rev 2009 31 7 20 19589839 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [337] Frost SS Goins RT Hunter RH Hooker SP Bryant LL Kruger J Pluto D Effects of the built environment on physical activity of adults living in rural settings Am J Health Promot 2010 24 267 283 20232609 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [339] Humpel N Owen N Leslie E Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity: a review Am J Prev Med 2002 22 188 199 11897464 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Findings on sidewalk availability and adiposity in adults were mixed, with no significant associations among adults in the rural southern United States or Hispanic adults in Texas, and inverse associations among urban US adults and Australian adults.

    “Findings were mixed, with no significant associations among adults in the rural southern United States or Hispanic adults in Texas, and inverse associations among urban US adults and Australian adults.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [334] Lovasi GS Hutson MA Guerra M Neckerman KM Built environments and obesity in disadvantaged populations Epidemiol Rev 2009 31 7 20 19589839 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [337] Frost SS Goins RT Hunter RH Hooker SP Bryant LL Kruger J Pluto D Effects of the built environment on physical activity of adults living in rural settings Am J Health Promot 2010 24 267 283 20232609 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [349] Papas MA Alberg AJ Ewing R Helzlsouer KJ Gary TL Klassen AC The built environment and obesity Epidemiol Rev 2007 29 129 143 17533172 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Analyses of foods before and after implementation of trans fat restrictions have demonstrated widespread compliance, with little evidence for adverse effects on food availability, price, or quality.

    “Analyses of foods before and after implementation of these restrictions have demonstrated widespread compliance, with little evidence for adverse effects on food availability, price, or quality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [23] Angell SY Silver LD Goldstein GP Johnson CM Deitcher DR Frieden TR Bassett MT Cholesterol control beyond the clinic: New York City’s trans fat restriction Ann Intern Med 2009 151 129 134 19620165 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [395] Leth T Jensen HG Mikkelsen AA Bysted A The effect of the regulation on trans fatty acid content in Danish food Atheroscler Suppl 2006 7 53 56 16713397 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In individual-level trials, smokers randomly assigned to receive greater telephone support had higher cessation rates at 6 months but not 18 months in 1 study and at 12 months in another.

    “For example, in individual-level trials, smokers randomly assigned to receive greater telephone support had higher cessation rates at 6 months (but not 18 months) in 1 study and at 12 months in another.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [383] Lando HA Hellerstedt WL Pirie PL McGovern PG Brief supportive telephone outreach as a recruitment and intervention strategy for smoking cessation Am J Public Health 1992 82 41 46 1536333 PMC1694411 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [384] Zhu SH Stretch V Balabanis M Rosbrook B Sadler G Pierce JP Telephone counseling for smoking cessation: effects of single-session and multiple-session interventions J Consult Clin Psychol 1996 64 202 211 8907100 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    On the basis of the relation between the number of hours of television advertisements for fast-food restaurants seen per week and observed risk of overweight, it was estimated that a ban on these advertisements would reduce the prevalence of overweight by 18% among US children 3 to 11 years of age and by 14% among US adolescents 12 to 18 years of age.

    “On the basis of the relation between the number of hours of television advertisements for fast-food restaurants seen per week and observed risk of overweight, it was estimated that a ban on these advertisements would reduce the prevalence of overweight by 18% among US children 3 to 11 years of age and by 14% among US adolescents 12 to 18 years of age.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [392] Chou SY Rashad I Grossman M Fast-food restaurant advertising on television and its influence on childhood obesity J Law Econ 2008 51 599 618 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Age-adjusted CHD mortality decreased by 65% in Finland, with about three quarters of this decrease estimated to be related to improvements in population risk factors rather than medical treatments.

    “Age-adjusted CHD mortality decreased by 65%, with about three quarters of this decrease estimated to be related to improvements in population risk factors rather than medical treatments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [59] Pekka P Pirjo P Ulla U Influencing public nutrition for non-communicable disease prevention: from community intervention to national programme--experiences from Finland Public Health Nutr 2002 5 245 251 12027291

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [60] Puska P Stahl T Health in all policies—the Finnish initiative: background, principles, and current issues Annu Rev Public Health 2010 31 315 328 20070201 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In a review of about 98,000 food-product advertisements on top-rated US children's television shows, 98% and 89% of the advertised foods seen by viewers 2 to 11 years of age and 12 to 17 years of age, respectively, were packaged or processed foods that were high in fat, sugar, or sodium.

    “For example, in a review of ≈98,000 food-product advertisements on top-rated US children’s television shows, 98% and 89% of the advertised foods seen by viewers 2 to 11 years of age and 12 to 17 years of age, respectively, were packaged or processed foods that were high in fat, sugar, or sodium.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [390] Powell LM Szczypka G Chaloupka FJ Braunschweig CL Nutritional content of television food advertisements seen by children and adolescents in the United States Pediatrics 2007 120 576 583 17766531 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The IOM committee as well as other recent analyses concluded that food and beverage marketing practices geared to children and youth are out of balance with recommended healthful diets and contribute to an environment that puts their health at risk.

    “The IOM committee as well as other recent analyses also concluded that food and beverage marketing practices geared to children and youth are out of balance with recommended healthful diets and contribute to an environment that puts their health at risk.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [387] The Federal Trade Commission Marketing Food to Children and Adolescents: A Review of Industry Expenditures, Activities, and Self-Regulation 2008 www.ftc.gov/os/2008/07/P064504.foodmktingreport.pdf

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [388] Hastings G McDermott L Angus K Stead M Thomson S The extent, nature and effects of food promotion to children: A review of the evidence Technical paper prepared for the World Health Organization 2006 http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/Hastings_paper_marketing.pdf Accessed September 30, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [389] McGinnis JM Gootman JA Kraak VI Institute of Medicine, Committee on Food Marketing and the Diets of Children and Youth Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? Washington, DC The National Academies Press 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [390] Powell LM Szczypka G Chaloupka FJ Braunschweig CL Nutritional content of television food advertisements seen by children and adolescents in the United States Pediatrics 2007 120 576 583 17766531 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [391] Gantz W Schwartz N Angelini JR Rideout V Food for thought: Television food advertising to children in the United States A Kaiser Family Foundation report 2007 http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/7618.pdf Accessed March 25, 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Compared with providing smokers with detailed self-help cessation packets, the addition of telephone hotlines to assist with cessation increased cessation rates, including cotinine-validated cessation, at up to 18 months' follow-up and also reduced relapse rates.

    “Compared with providing smokers with detailed self-help cessation packets, the addition of telephone hotlines to assist with cessation increased cessation rates, including cotinine-validated cessation, at up to 18 months’ follow-up and also reduced relapse rates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [385] Ossip-Klein DJ Giovino GA Megahed N Black PM Emont SL Stiggins J Shulman E Moore L Effects of smokers’ hotline: results of a 10-county self-help trial J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 59 325 332 2030195 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In 2006, the largest food and beverage companies spent $1.6 billion in the United States alone to market their products to children and adolescents, with 46% of all youth-marketing expenditures devoted to television.

    “In 2006, the largest food and beverage companies spent $1.6 billion in the United States alone to market their products to children and adolescents, with 46% of all youth-marketing expenditures devoted to television.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [387] The Federal Trade Commission Marketing Food to Children and Adolescents: A Review of Industry Expenditures, Activities, and Self-Regulation 2008 www.ftc.gov/os/2008/07/P064504.foodmktingreport.pdf

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Few studies evaluated walkability and adiposity in either children or adults, with a minority of these observing positive findings.

    “Few studies evaluated walkability and adiposity in either children or adults, with a minority of these observing positive findings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [349] Papas MA Alberg AJ Ewing R Helzlsouer KJ Gary TL Klassen AC The built environment and obesity Epidemiol Rev 2007 29 129 143 17533172 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [350] Dunton GF Kaplan J Wolch J Jerrett M Reynolds KD Physical environmental correlates of childhood obesity: a systematic review Obes Rev 2009 10 393 402 19389058 PMC3833101 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [351] Feng J Glass TA Curriero FC Stewart WF Schwartz BS The built environment and obesity: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence Health Place 2010 16 175 190 19880341 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [352] Brownson RC Hoehner CM Day K Forsyth A Sallis JF Measuring the built environment for physical activity: state of the science Am J Prev Med 2009 36 S99 S123 19285216 PMC2844244 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [355] Galvez MP Pearl M Yen IH Childhood obesity and the built environment Curr Opin Pediatr 2010 22 202 207 20090524 PMC2896907 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [358] Chow CK Lock K Teo K Subramanian SV McKee M Yusuf S Environmental and societal influences acting on cardiovascular risk factors and disease at a population level: a review Int J Epidemiol 2009 38 1580 1594 19261658 PMC2786248 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    On the basis of serial cross-sectional surveys, the Mauritius cooking oil policy is estimated to have reduced consumption of saturated fat by about 3.5% energy and increased consumption of polyunsaturated fat by about 5.5% energy by 1992.

    “On the basis of serial cross-sectional surveys, this policy is estimated to have reduced consumption of saturated fat by about 3.5% energy and increased consumption of polyunsaturated fat by about 5.5% energy by 1992.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [396] Uusitalo U Feskens EJ Tuomilehto J Dowse G Haw U Fareed D Hemraj F Gareeboo H Alberti KG Zimmet P Fall in total cholesterol concentration over five years in association with changes in fatty acid composition of cooking oil in Mauritius: cross sectional survey BMJ 1996 313 1044 1046 8898594 PMC2352358 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The writing group found a large and rapidly growing number of studies assessing how altering the local community environment may influence diet and physical activity.

    “The writing group found a large and rapidly growing number of studies assessing how altering the local community environment may influence diet and physical activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although absolute rates of disease vary across populations, the relative impact of major cardiometabolic risk factors is shared across nations.

    “Although absolute rates of disease vary across populations, the relative impact of major cardiometabolic risk factors is shared across nations.20”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Yusuf S Hawken S Ounpuu S Dans T Avezum A Lanas F McQueen M Budaj A Pais P Varigos J Lisheng L Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study Lancet 2004 364 937 952 15364185 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The writing group did not evaluate the feasibility of implementation or cost-effectiveness.

    “The writing group also did not evaluate the feasibility of implementation or cost-effectiveness, which was beyond the scope of the present report; the findings in this report can inform such future investigation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individual-based approaches can be effective for some patients but do not work for all, and their long-term sustainability remains in question.

    “However, although individual-based approaches can be effective for some patients, they do not work for all,16 and the long-term sustainability of such efforts also remains in question.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Artinian NT Fletcher GF Mozaffarian D Kris-Etherton P Van Horn L Lichtenstein AH Kumanyika S Kraus WE Fleg JL Redeker NS Meininger JC Banks J Stuart-Shor EM Fletcher BJ Miller TD Hughes S Braun LT Kopin LA Berra K Hayman LL Ewing LJ Ades PA Durstine JL Houston-Miller N Burke LE Interventions to promote physical activity and dietary lifestyle changes for cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Circulation 2010 122 406 441 20625115 PMC6893884 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Observational or interventional studies were included that evaluated how population strategies relate to or alter knowledge or attitudes toward diet, physical activity, or smoking; changes in these behaviors; changes in related risk factors; or disease end points.

    “Observational or interventional studies were included that evaluated how these strategies relate to or alter knowledge or attitudes toward diet, physical activity, or smoking; changes in these behaviors; changes in related risk factors (eg, blood cholesterol and glucose, blood pressure, obesity levels); or disease end points (eg, coronary heart disease [CHD], stroke, diabetes).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    If the reports did not meet these criteria, the original research studies cited in these reports were obtained and evaluated individually.

    “If the reports did not meet these criteria, the original research studies cited in these reports were obtained and evaluated individually.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    For each identified report, data were extracted on study design, population, type and duration of approach or intervention, duration of follow-up, outcomes, covariates, findings, and factors related to quality of design or execution.

    “For each identified report, data were extracted on study design, population, type and duration of approach or intervention, duration of follow-up, outcomes, covariates, findings, and factors related to quality of design or execution.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The writing group searched for evidence of the effectiveness of different population approaches in changing dietary, physical activity, or tobacco use habits and related health outcomes.

    “The writing group searched for evidence of the effectiveness of different population approaches in changing dietary, physical activity, or tobacco use habits and related health outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The evidence from identified reviews and reports was evaluated as primary data if the reports included sufficient descriptions of methods for literature searches and methods and findings of included individual studies to permit inference on quality and strength of evidence.

    “The evidence from these identified reviews and reports was evaluated as primary data if the reports included sufficient descriptions of the methods for literature searches and the methods and findings of included individual studies to permit inference on the quality and strength of evidence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    This AHA Scientific Statement represents a systematic assessment of several key population approaches for improving lifestyle behaviors, with evaluation of the strength and consistency of evidence, detailed listings of the primary evidence in supplementary material, and consideration of complementary evidence across diet, physical activity, and tobacco use behaviors.

    “Nonetheless, this AHA Scientific Statement represents a systematic assessment of several key population approaches for improving lifestyle behaviors, with evaluation of the strength and consistency of evidence; detailed listings of the primary evidence in supplementary material; and consideration of complementary evidence across diet, physical activity, and tobacco use behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    For each category of population intervention, the writing group first performed broad searches of online databases, including PubMed/Medline, EconLit, Agricola, ERIC, RePORT, and the Social Science Citation Index.

    “For each category of population intervention, the writing group first performed broad searches of online databases, including PubMed/Medline, EconLit, Agricola, ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), RePORT (National Institutes of Health Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools), and the Social Science Citation Index.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    These searches were followed by additional online searches, hand searches of citations, and use of expert contacts to identify systematic or narrative reviews, policy statements, and guidance from IOM, WHO, CDC, US Department of Health and Human Services, and other similar agencies.

    “These searches were followed by additional online searches, hand searches of citations, and use of expert contacts to identify systematic or narrative reviews in the scientific literature, as well as policy statements and guidance from the Institute of Medicine (IOM), World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), US Department of Health and Human Services, and”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The writing group performed systematic searches of PubMed for all relevant English-language original research articles published since January 1, 2007, using specified key words and MeSH terms for each category of population intervention, together with searches of related articles and hand searches of citations.

    “Finally, to obtain any recent relevant research not identified by these methods, the writing group performed systematic searches of PubMed for all relevant English-language original research articles published since January 1, 2007, using specified key words and MeSH terms for”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and adiposity conditions and their sequelae are preventable or occur at unnecessarily young ages.

    “Most of these conditions and their sequelae are preventable or occur at unnecessarily young ages and largely owe to suboptimal lifestyle habits, in particular, poor diet, physical inactivity, and use of tobacco.3–13”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [3] Lloyd-Jones DM Hong Y Labarthe D Mozaffarian D Appel LJ Van Horn L Greenlund K Daniels S Nichol G Tomaselli GF Arnett DK Fonarow GC Ho PM Lauer MS Masoudi FA Robertson RM Roger V Schwamm LH Sorlie P Yancy CW Rosamond WD Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic impact goal through 2020 and beyond Circulation 2010 121 586 613 20089546 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Danaei G Ding EL Mozaffarian D Taylor B Rehm J Murray CJ Ezzati M The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors PLoS Med 2009 6 e1000058 19399161 PMC2667673 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [5] Roger VL Go AS Lloyd-Jones DM Adams RJ Berry JD Brown TM Carnethon MR Dai S de Simone G Ford ES Fox CS Fullerton HJ Gillespie C Greenlund KJ Hailpern SM Heit JA Ho PM Howard VJ Kissela BM Kittner SJ Lackland DT Lichtman JH Lisabeth LD Makuc DM Marcus GM Marelli A Matchar DB McDermott MM Meigs JB Moy CS Mozaffarian D Mussolino ME Nichol G Paynter NP Rosamond WD Sorlie PD Stafford RS Turan TN Turner MB Wong ND Wylie-Rosett J Heart disease and stroke statistics--2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association Circulation 2011 123 e18 e209 21160056 PMC4418670 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Folsom AR Yatsuya H Nettleton JA Lutsey PL Cushman M Rosamond WD Community prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health, by the American Heart Association definition, and relationship with cardiovascular disease incidence J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 57 1690 1696 21492767 PMC3093047 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Popkin BM Global nutrition dynamics: the world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases Am J Clin Nutr 2006 84 289 298 16895874 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Mozaffarian D Appel LJ Van Horn L Components of a cardioprotective diet: new insights Circulation 2011 123 2870 2891 21690503 PMC6261290 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] US Dept of Health and Human Services 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Washington, DC US Dept of Health and Human Services 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General Atlanta, GA US Dept of Health and Human Services 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General Atlanta, GA US Dept of Health and Human Services 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Mozaffarian D Capewell S United Nations’ dietary policies to prevent cardiovascular disease BMJ 2011 343 d5747 21917832 PMC3230082 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The report excludes studies focused on individual-based associations or interventions.

    “Notably, the report excludes studies focused on individual-based associations or interventions (eg, controlled trials in which the unit of intervention was a person rather than a classroom, worksite, community, or region).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and adiposity produce tremendous burdens of deaths, lost quality of life, and economic disruption globally.

    “Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus, and adiposity produce tremendous burdens of deaths, lost quality of life, and economic disruption globally.1,2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Mathers CD Loncar D Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030 PLoS Med 2006 3 e442 17132052 PMC1664601 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Institute of Medicine Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World: A Critical Challenge to Achieve Global Health Washington, DC The National Academies Press 2010 20945571

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Population-based strategies are crucial complements to individual-based efforts and have potential for broad and sustained impact.

    “Population-based strategies are crucial complements to individual-based efforts and also have potential for broad and sustained impact.17–19”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [17] Rose G Sick individuals and sick populations Int J Epidemiol 1985 14 32 38 3872850 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Blackburn H Population strategies of cardiovascular disease prevention: scientific base, rationale and public health implications Ann Med 1989 21 157 162 2669850 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Kumanyika SK Obarzanek E Stettler N Bell R Field AE Fortmann SP Franklin BA Gillman MW Lewis CE Poston WC II Stevens J Hong Y Population-based prevention of obesity: the need for comprehensive promotion of healthful eating, physical activity, and energy balance: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Interdisciplinary Committee for Prevention (formerly the expert panel on population and prevention science) Circulation 2008 118 428 464 18591433 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The writing group systematically reviewed and graded the current scientific evidence for effective population approaches to improve dietary habits, increase physical activity, and reduce tobacco use.

    “For this American Heart Association Scientific Statement, the writing group systematically reviewed and graded the current scientific evidence for effective population approaches to improve dietary habits, increase physical activity, and reduce tobacco use.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The optimal population-level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    For each category of population intervention, searches were performed and data extracted by teams of 2 to 3 investigators, with studies and data jointly reviewed in regular conference calls, emails, and a shared online website provided by the AHA.

    “For each category of population intervention, searches were performed and data extracted by teams of 2 to 3 investigators, with studies and data jointly reviewed in regular conference calls, emails, and a shared online website provided by the AHA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The writing group considered studies evaluating population strategies at organizational, community, regional/state, or national levels.

    “The writing group considered studies evaluating population strategies at organizational (eg, school, workplace), community, regional/state, or national levels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The writing group recognizes that it could not review every possible type of population intervention and that its search strategies may have missed some relevant studies.

    “The writing group recognizes that it could not review every possible type of population intervention and that its search strategies may have missed some relevant studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The writing group reviewed the evidence for healthcare systems' strategies for behavior change, although a complete systematic review was beyond the scope of the present report.

    “The writing group also reviewed the evidence for healthcare systems’ strategies for behavior change, although a complete systematic review was beyond the scope of the present report.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Evidence from multiple research paradigms was considered relevant, including results from ecological studies, observational studies, natural experiments, and various interventions, including uncontrolled, quasi-experimental, and cluster-randomized trials.

    “Thus, evidence from multiple research paradigms was considered relevant, including results from ecological studies, observational studies, natural experiments, and various interventions, including uncontrolled, quasi-experimental, and cluster-randomized trials.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Ethical and logistical considerations often preclude the ability to perform randomized trials at the level of discrete populations.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The writing group reviewed surveillance and monitoring systems for diet, physical activity, and tobacco behaviors.

    “The writing group also reviewed surveillance and monitoring systems for diet, physical activity, and tobacco behaviors because of the importance of such systems for informing goals and designs of policy programs, understanding and choosing appropriate metrics, monitoring the effects of implemented policies, and elucidating current gaps or barriers in knowledge and methods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Well-designed quasi-experimental studies were considered a particularly important means of evaluating the effectiveness of population interventions.

    “Well-designed quasi-experimental studies were considered a particularly important means of evaluating the effectiveness of population interventions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Detailed summaries of many of the studies included in the assessment were compiled and provided in extensive supplementary tables.

    “Thus, although presentation of narrative summaries of each individual investigation in the text was prohibitive, detailed summaries of many of the studies included in our assessment were compiled. These summaries are provided in extensive supplementary tables (Supplementary Tables, available online), which are cited throughout the text.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    For each type of population intervention, the overall evidence was reviewed and summarized, and these data were reviewed by all members of the writing group and graded using the AHA classification.

    “For each type of population intervention, the overall evidence was reviewed and summarized, and these data were reviewed by all members of the writing group and graded using the AHA classification (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    By nature, population interventions target groups or communities, not individuals.

    “By nature, population interventions target groups or communities, not individuals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The writing group found the design, methodology, and findings of each individual study to be highly relevant for considering and grading the evidence as a whole for any specific type of strategy.

    “The writing group found the design, methodology, and findings of each individual study to be highly relevant for considering and grading the evidence as a whole for any specific type of strategy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In the Minnesota and Pawtucket studies, secular improvements in risk factors were also seen in the control communities, perhaps in response to similar national campaigns targeting these risk factors; these trends may have limited detection of any added effects of the community-level interventions.

    “In the latter studies, secular improvements in risk factors were also seen in the control communities, perhaps in response to similar national campaigns targeting these risk factors; these trends may have limited detection of any added effects of the community-level interventions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [61] Luepker RV Rastam L Hannan PJ Murray DM Gray C Baker WL Crow R Jacobs DR Jr Pirie PL Mascioli SR Mittelmark MB Blackburn H Community education for cardiovascular disease prevention. Morbidity and mortality results from the Minnesota Heart Health Program Am J Epidemiol 1996 144 351 362 8712192 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [62] Winkleby MA Feldman HA Murray DM Joint analysis of three U.S. community intervention trials for reduction of cardiovascular disease risk J Clin Epidemiol 1997 50 645 658 9250263 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [63] Lefebvre RC Lasater TM Carleton RA Peterson G Theory and delivery of health programming in the community: the Pawtucket Heart Health Program Prev Med 1987 16 80 95 3823012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Where appropriate, the writing group considered whether population interventions could be evaluated alone or only as part of a multicomponent strategy, the evidence for sustainability of behavior changes, and qualitative evidence for heterogeneity.

    “Where appropriate, the writing group considered whether population interventions could be evaluated alone or only as part of a multicomponent strategy, the evidence for sustainability of behavior changes, and qualitative evidence for heterogeneity, ie, whether certain strategies were more or less effective depending on other factors such as level of intervention (eg, local, state, federal) or”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Broad community-based media and education programs that target multiple cardiovascular risk factors and behaviors simultaneously have been less successful, suggesting the importance of focused messages for the target audience.

    “Broad community-based media and education programs that target multiple cardiovascular risk factors and behaviors simultaneously have been less successful, suggesting the importance of focused messages for the target audience.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the national VERB campaign evaluation, children in intervention communities that received more intensive advertising and marketing reported higher awareness and understanding of VERB and greater free-time physical activity at 2 years than children in a control community receiving the usual national campaign.

    “Compared with a control community receiving the usual national campaign, children in the intervention communities reported higher levels of awareness and understanding of VERB and greater free-time physical activity at 2 years.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Berkowitz JM Huhman M Nolin MJ Did augmenting the VERB campaign advertising in select communities have an effect on awareness, attitudes, and physical activity? Am J Prev Med 2008 34 6 suppl S257 S266 18471606 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The US Task Force on Community Preventive Services concluded there was insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of mass media campaigns, when used alone, to increase physical activity or improve fitness because of a small number of studies with inconsistent findings and methodological limitations.

    “A review of such media campaigns by the US Task Force on Community Preventive Services concluded that there was “insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of mass media campaigns, when used alone, to increase physical activity or improve fitness because of a small number of studies with inconsistent findings and methodological limitations.”75”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] Task Force on Community Preventive Services Guide to Community Preventive Services Campaigns and informational approaches to increase physical activity: mass media campaigns http://www.thecommunityguide.org/pa/campaigns/massmedia.html Accessed April 15, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Focused media and education strategies improve awareness and attitudes about physical activity and, in at least some quasi-experimental studies, self-reported physical activity.

    “In sum, the findings from these studies indicate that focused media and education strategies improve awareness and attitudes about physical activity and, in at least some quasi-experimental studies, self-reported physical activity (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Table 3

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The self-reported measures of physical activity used in the cited media campaign studies are valid indicators of actual physical activity.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Florida, a youth tobacco prevention program that included a major mass media component led to significant declines in just 1 year, including absolute declines in current cigarette use of 3.5% in middle school students and 2.2% in high school students.

    “In Florida, a youth tobacco prevention program that included a major mass media component led to significant declines in just 1 year, including absolute declines in current cigarette use of 3.5% in middle school students and 2.2% in high school students.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2007 Atlanta, GA US Dept of Health and Human Services 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Comprehensive reviews have concluded that anti-tobacco media and education campaigns can increase negative attitudes about smoking, reduce initiation of smoking among youth, and promote smoking cessation among active smokers.

    “All of these reviews have concluded that such campaigns can increase negative attitudes about smoking, reduce initiation of smoking among youth, and promote smoking cessation among active smokers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [76] US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health Effective educational strategies to prevent tobacco use among young people Reducing Tobacco Use: A Report of the Surgeon General Atlanta, GA US Dept of Health and Human Services 2000

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [77] US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2007 Atlanta, GA US Dept of Health and Human Services 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [78] Bala M Strzeszynski L Cahill K Mass media interventions for smoking cessation in adults Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 CD004704 18254058

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [79] Davis RM Gilpin EA Loken B Viswanath K Wakefield MA The Role of the Media in Promoting and Reducing Tobacco Use Tobacco control monograph no 19 Bethesda, MD US Dept of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [80] Tynan M Pechacek T McKenna M Ashley D Deyton L Briss P Popovic T CDC grand rounds: current opportunities in tobacco control MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010 59 487 492 20431525

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [81] Wakefield MA Loken B Hornik RC Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour Lancet 2010 376 1261 1271 20933263 PMC4248563 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [82] Pennant M Davenport C Bayliss S Greenheld W Marshall T Hyde C Community programs for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review Am J Epidemiol 2010 172 501 516 20667932 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [83] Farrelly MC Davis KC Haviland ML Messeri P Healton CG Evidence of a dose-response relationship between “truth” antismoking ads and youth smoking prevalence Am J Public Health 2005 95 425 431 15727971 PMC1449196 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [84] Henriksen L Dauphinee AL Wang Y Fortmann SP Industry sponsored anti-smoking ads and adolescent reactance: test of a boomerang effect Tob Control 2006 15 13 18 16436398 PMC2563637 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [85] Sutfin EL Szykman LR Moore MC Adolescents’ responses to anti-tobacco advertising: exploring the role of adolescents’ smoking status and advertisement theme J Health Commun 2008 13 480 500 18661389 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Such campaigns appear to be most effective when they are focused on specific foods, implemented for many years, use multiple modes for communication and education, and, if shorter term, incorporate other means of more direct communication to or involvement by the public.

    “Such campaigns appear to be most effective when they are focused on specific foods, implemented for many years, use multiple modes for communication and education, and, if shorter term, incorporate other means of more direct communication to or involvement by the public.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In quasi-experimental pre/post evaluations, statewide and community-level mass media campaigns generally improved self-reported awareness of the campaign, attitudes toward activity, and in a few studies self-reported general activity levels.

    “In quasi-experimental (pre/post) evaluations, such campaigns generally improved self-reported measures such as awareness of the campaign, changes in attitudes toward activity, and, in a few studies, self-reported general activity levels.72,73”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [72] Price SM Huhman M Potter LD Influencing the parents of children aged 9–13 years: findings from the VERB campaign Am J Prev Med 2008 34 S267 S274 18471607 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [73] Huhman ME Potter LD Nolin MJ Piesse A Judkins DR Banspach SW Wong FL The influence of the VERB campaign on children’s physical activity in 2002 to 2006 Am J Public Health 2010 100 638 645 19608963 PMC2836341 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The self-reported measures of physical activity used in the cited media campaign studies are valid indicators of actual physical activity.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Intensive community-level media and education interventions that targeted physical activity as part of a comprehensive set of health factors and behaviors produced mixed results, with benefits on risk factors in 1 study but no clear benefits in the other 2 studies compared with secular trends.

    “These interventions produced mixed results, with benefits on risk factors seen in 1 study49 but without clear benefits in the other 2 studies, as compared with secular trends.61,62”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [49] Farquhar JW Fortmann SP Flora JA Taylor CB Haskell WL Williams PT Maccoby N Wood PD Effects of communitywide education on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The Stanford Five-City Project JAMA 1990 264 359 365 2362332 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [61] Luepker RV Rastam L Hannan PJ Murray DM Gray C Baker WL Crow R Jacobs DR Jr Pirie PL Mascioli SR Mittelmark MB Blackburn H Community education for cardiovascular disease prevention. Morbidity and mortality results from the Minnesota Heart Health Program Am J Epidemiol 1996 144 351 362 8712192 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [62] Winkleby MA Feldman HA Murray DM Joint analysis of three U.S. community intervention trials for reduction of cardiovascular disease risk J Clin Epidemiol 1997 50 645 658 9250263 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    California's targeted anti-tobacco media education program was associated with large reductions in smoking across several racial/ethnic groups between 1990 and 2005, including declines from 20% to 15% in Asian men, from 22% to 16% in Hispanic men, and from 28% to 21% in black men.

    “California’s targeted anti-tobacco media education program was associated with large reductions in smoking across several racial/ethnic groups between 1990 and 2005, including declines from 20% to 15% in Asian men, from 22% to 16% in Hispanic men, and from 28% to 21% in black men.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2007 Atlanta, GA US Dept of Health and Human Services 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Multicomponent community-level interventions combining media and education with other approaches such as environmental changes to encourage healthier diets and more physical activity led to reductions in adiposity in children, but the effectiveness of the media/education component on physical activity as such is less clear.

    “Multicomponent community-level interventions that combine media and education with other approaches, such as environmental changes, to encourage healthier diets and more physical activity have led to reductions in adiposity in children,66 but the effectiveness of the media/education component on physical activity as such is less clear.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] Economos CD Hyatt RR Goldberg JP Must A Naumova EN Collins JJ Nelson ME A community intervention reduces BMI z-score in children: Shape Up Somerville first year results Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007 15 1325 1336 17495210 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This is a major premise of social marketing, which uses a consumer orientation to behavior change: incorporation of research from the target population, testing of different strategies and channels of delivery, and integration of marketing principles into the intervention.

    “This is a major premise of social marketing, which uses a consumer orientation to behavior change: incorporation of research from the target population, testing of different strategies and channels of delivery, and integration of marketing principles (eg, product, place, promotion) into the intervention.67”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Lefebvre RC Flora JA Social marketing and public health intervention Health Educ Q 1988 15 299 315 3056876 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Some of these studies had follow-ups of many years to decades, suggesting that behavioral changes are sustainable when the media and education campaigns are continued.

    “Some of these studies had follow-ups of many years to decades, suggesting that behavioral changes are sustainable when the media and education campaigns are continued.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 2005-2006, about 60% of US adults reported using the nutrient data on the Nutrition Facts panel, and about half reported looking at the ingredient list and serving size information.

    “In 2005–2006, about 60% of US adults reported using the nutrient data on the Nutrition Facts panel, and about half reported looking at the ingredient list and serving size information.87”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [87] Ollberding NJ Wolf RL Contento I Food label use and its relation to dietary intake among US adults J Am Diet Assoc 2010 110 1233 1237 20656100 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Generally, women; persons with greater education, existing chronic disease, or greater awareness of diet-disease relations; and persons counseled by their physician to change their diet were more likely to report using nutrition labels to help make decisions about foods.

    “Generally, women; persons with greater education, existing chronic disease, or greater awareness of diet-disease relations; and persons counseled by their physician to change their diet were more likely to report using nutrition labels to help make decisions about foods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [87] Ollberding NJ Wolf RL Contento I Food label use and its relation to dietary intake among US adults J Am Diet Assoc 2010 110 1233 1237 20656100 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [88] Kristal AR Hedderson MM Patterson RE Neuhouser M Predictors of self-initiated, healthful dietary change J Am Diet Assoc 2001 101 762 766 11478472 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [89] Neuhouser ML Kristal AR Patterson RE Use of food nutrition labels is associated with lower fat intake J Am Diet Assoc 1999 99 45 53 9917731 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Grimes CA Riddell LJ Nowson CA Consumer knowledge and attitudes to salt intake and labelled salt information Appetite 2009 53 189 194 19540891 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [91] Satia JA Galanko JA Neuhouser ML Food nutrition label use is associated with demographic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors and dietary intake among African Americans in North Carolina J Am Diet Assoc 2005 105 392 402 15746826 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [92] Lewis JE Arheart KL LeBlanc WG Fleming LE Lee DJ Davila EP Caban-Martinez AJ Dietz NA McCollister KE Bandiera FC Clark JD Jr Food label use and awareness of nutritional information and recommendations among persons with chronic disease Am J Clin Nutr 2009 90 1351 1357 19776144 PMC3151015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [93] Weaver D Finke M The relationship between the use of sugar content information on nutrition labels and the consumption of added sugars Food Policy 2003 28 213 219 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Post RE Mainous AG III Diaz VA Matheson EM Everett CJ Use of the nutrition facts label in chronic disease management: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey J Am Diet Assoc 2010 110 628 632 20338291 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In many cases, differences were observed for use of specific nutrient information on the food label; for example, only use of sugar information on the label, rather than general use of the food label, was associated with lower consumption of added sugar.

    “In many cases, these differences were observed for use of specific nutrient information on the food label; for example, only use of sugar information on the label, rather than general use of the food label, was associated with lower consumption of added sugar.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [87] Ollberding NJ Wolf RL Contento I Food label use and its relation to dietary intake among US adults J Am Diet Assoc 2010 110 1233 1237 20656100 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [88] Kristal AR Hedderson MM Patterson RE Neuhouser M Predictors of self-initiated, healthful dietary change J Am Diet Assoc 2001 101 762 766 11478472 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [89] Neuhouser ML Kristal AR Patterson RE Use of food nutrition labels is associated with lower fat intake J Am Diet Assoc 1999 99 45 53 9917731 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Grimes CA Riddell LJ Nowson CA Consumer knowledge and attitudes to salt intake and labelled salt information Appetite 2009 53 189 194 19540891 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [91] Satia JA Galanko JA Neuhouser ML Food nutrition label use is associated with demographic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors and dietary intake among African Americans in North Carolina J Am Diet Assoc 2005 105 392 402 15746826 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [92] Lewis JE Arheart KL LeBlanc WG Fleming LE Lee DJ Davila EP Caban-Martinez AJ Dietz NA McCollister KE Bandiera FC Clark JD Jr Food label use and awareness of nutritional information and recommendations among persons with chronic disease Am J Clin Nutr 2009 90 1351 1357 19776144 PMC3151015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [93] Weaver D Finke M The relationship between the use of sugar content information on nutrition labels and the consumption of added sugars Food Policy 2003 28 213 219 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Post RE Mainous AG III Diaz VA Matheson EM Everett CJ Use of the nutrition facts label in chronic disease management: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey J Am Diet Assoc 2010 110 628 632 20338291 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When the Minnesota program was discontinued, youth's awareness of the message declined and likelihood of youth initiating smoking increased from 43% to 53% within 6 months.

    “However, when the program was discontinued, youth’s awareness of the message declined and likelihood of youth initiating smoking increased from 43% to 53% within 6 months.77”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2007 Atlanta, GA US Dept of Health and Human Services 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    From 2000 to 2003, Minnesota implemented a high-profile media campaign that successfully reduced smoking among youth.

    “From 2000 to 2003, Minnesota implemented a high-profile media campaign that successfully reduced smoking among youth.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2007 Atlanta, GA US Dept of Health and Human Services 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Factors that increase effectiveness of anti-tobacco media campaigns include greater duration and dose of exposure to the media campaign and use of strong negative messages about health.

    “Factors that increase effectiveness include greater duration and dose of exposure to the media campaign and use of strong negative messages about health.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Causation cannot be assessed in cross-sectional studies of front-of-pack logo use; shoppers predisposed to purchasing healthier food may report using the logo rather than the logo influencing the purchase.

    “Causation cannot be assessed in such cross-sectional studies; ie, shoppers predisposed to purchasing a healthier food may report using the logo rather than the logo influencing the purchase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    There is strong evidence that anti-tobacco media and education campaigns are effective for fostering negative attitudes about smoking, reducing smoking initiation among youth, and promoting smoking cessation among active smokers, especially when combined with other population-level strategies.

    “In sum, there is strong evidence that anti-tobacco media and education campaigns are effective for fostering negative attitudes about smoking, reducing smoking initiation among youth, and promoting smoking cessation among active smokers, especially when combined with other population-level strategies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a national survey among 1004 grocery shoppers conducted in February 2009, 83% reported that the AHA Heart Check label aided in their awareness of the healthfulness of products; 63% reported trusting this more than any other label or icon; and 41% reported looking for this label before purchasing foods.

    “In a national survey among 1004 grocery shoppers conducted in February 2009, 83% reported that this label aided in their awareness of the healthfulness of products; 63% reported trusting this more than any other label or icon; and 41% reported looking for this label before purchasing foods (D. Milne, AHA quantitative consumer research).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites D. Milne, AHA quantitative consumer research

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The CDC estimated that anti-tobacco media approaches must have sufficient reach, frequency, and duration to reach 75% to 85% of the target audience each quarter and run at least 6 months to increase awareness, 12 to 18 months to have an impact on attitudes, and 18 to 24 months to influence behavior.

    “To maximize success, the CDC estimated that such approaches must have sufficient reach, frequency, and duration to reach 75% to 85% of the target audience each quarter and run at least 6 months to increase awareness, 12 to 18 months to have an impact on attitudes, and 18 to 24 months to influence behavior.77”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2007 Atlanta, GA US Dept of Health and Human Services 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    For nutrition facts panels, there is reasonable evidence for little to no effects on diet or even contribution to confusion.

    “Indeed, for nutrition facts panels, there is reasonable evidence for little to no effects on diet or even contribution to confusion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Although from 20% to 80% of adults in various studies report using food label nutrition or ingredient information, front-of-pack icons, or menu labeling to make food choices, with differences by gender, education, and underlying disease status, there is limited objective evidence that these labels or icons produce dietary change or alter other diet-related risk factors, especially over the long

    “Although from 20% to 80% of adults in various studies report using food label nutrition or ingredient information, front-of-pack icons, or menu labeling to make food choices, with differences by gender, education, and underlying disease status (Supplementary Table 3), there is limited objective evidence that these labels or icons produce dietary change or alter other diet-related risk factors,”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Supplementary Table 3

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    One controlled acute single meal intervention demonstrated that food labels reduced total calories consumed at a buffet lunch, but this was a small study (N=47) among motivated volunteers.

    “One controlled acute (single meal) intervention demonstrated that food labels reduced total calories consumed at a buffet lunch, but this was a small study (N=47) among motivated volunteers.107”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [107] Temple JL Johnson K Recupero K Suders H Nutrition labels decrease energy intake in adults consuming lunch in the laboratory J Am Diet Assoc 2010 110 1094 1097 20630169 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    After the launch of a voluntary industry program for a simple "healthy choice" front-of-pack logo in the Netherlands, existing foods were reformulated and new products were launched to alter several nutrients; sodium was reduced in processed meats, sandwiches, and soups; dietary fiber was increased in fruit juices, processed meats, dairy products, sandwiches, and soups; and saturated fat and added

    “For example, after the launch of a voluntary industry program for a simple “healthy choice” front-of-pack logo in the Netherlands, existing foods were reformulated and new products were launched to alter several nutrients.124 For example, sodium was reduced in processed meats, sandwiches, and soups; dietary fiber was increased in fruit juices, processed meats, dairy products, sandwiches, and soups”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [124] Vyth EL Steenhuis IH Roodenburg AJ Brug J Seidell JC Front-of-pack nutrition label stimulates healthier product development: a quantitative analysis Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010 7 65 20825645 PMC2945986 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Labeling and information approaches may be effective for influencing industry to reformulate their products, which can improve dietary habits by altering the characteristics and availability of different foods and beverages.

    “Interestingly, labeling and information approaches may be effective for influencing industry to reformulate their products, which can improve dietary habits by altering the characteristics and availability of different foods and beverages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Posting of caloric information for foods and beverages on menu boards of New York City fast-food restaurants was associated with increased self-reported awareness of calorie information but did not affect average calorie consumption by patrons of these restaurants in low-income areas of New York City when compared with either pre-menu labeling or control areas in Newark, New Jersey.

    “Similarly, posting of caloric information for foods and beverages on menu boards of New York City fast-food restaurants was associated with increased self-reported awareness of calorie information115 but did not affect average calorie consumption by patrons of these restaurants in low-income areas of New York City when compared with either pre-menu labeling or control areas in Newark, New Jersey.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [115] Dumanovsky T Huang CY Bassett MT Silver LD Consumer awareness of fast-food calorie information in New York City after implementation of a menu labeling regulation Am J Public Health 2010 100 2520 2525 20966367 PMC2978185 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [120] Elbel B Kersh R Brescoll VL Dixon LB Calorie labeling and food choices: a first look at the effects on low-income people in New York City Health Aff (Millwood) 2009 28 w1110 w1121 19808705 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In observational analyses, customers who report seeing and using posted calorie information purchase fewer total calories than other customers, although such findings can be limited by reverse causation.

    “In observational analyses, customers who report seeing and using posted calorie information purchase fewer total calories than other customers,114,115 although such findings can be limited by reverse causation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [114] Bassett MT Dumanovsky T Huang C Silver LD Young C Nonas C Matte TD Chideya S Frieden TR Purchasing behavior and calorie information at fast-food chains in New York City, 2007 Am J Public Health 2008 98 1457 1459 18556597 PMC2446463 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [115] Dumanovsky T Huang CY Bassett MT Silver LD Consumer awareness of fast-food calorie information in New York City after implementation of a menu labeling regulation Am J Public Health 2010 100 2520 2525 20966367 PMC2978185 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Total sales at the cafeteria did not change, and no changes were seen in sales of these different foods at 2 smaller comparison cafeterias that did not institute labeling.

    “Total sales at the cafeteria did not change, and no changes were seen in sales of these different foods at 2 smaller comparison cafeterias that did not institute labeling.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [113] Thorndike AN Levy D Sonnenberg L Barraclough S Riis J A simple point-of-purchase labeling intervention to promote healthier food and beverage choices in a large hospital cafeteria Paper presented at: American Heart Association 51st Annual Joint Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism March 2011 Atlanta, GA

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a quasi-experimental study at a large US hospital, foods and beverages were labeled with simple color codes based on USDA food pyramid guidelines; after 3 months, sales of "red" products decreased by 9.2%, including 23.1% lower sales of sugar-sweetened beverages, and sales of "green" products increased by 4.5% (P<0.001 each).

    “After 3 months, sales of “red” products decreased by 9.2%, including 23.1% lower sales of sugar-sweetened beverages, and sales of “green” products increased by 4.5% (P<0.001 each).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [113] Thorndike AN Levy D Sonnenberg L Barraclough S Riis J A simple point-of-purchase labeling intervention to promote healthier food and beverage choices in a large hospital cafeteria Paper presented at: American Heart Association 51st Annual Joint Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism March 2011 Atlanta, GA

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The impact of labeling per se, versus increased consumer and media attention surrounding the policy change or other factors, cannot be differentiated; in both studies, many food products served at restaurants that did not require labeling were also reformulated.

    “The impact of the labeling per se, versus increased consumer and media attention surrounding the policy change or other factors, cannot be differentiated; for example, in both of these studies, many food products served at restaurants that did not require labeling were also reformulated.125,126”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [125] Ratnayake WM L’Abbe MR Mozaffarian D Nationwide product reformulations to reduce trans fatty acids in Canada: when trans fat goes out, what goes in? Eur J Clin Nutr 2009 63 808 811 18594558 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [126] Mozaffarian D Stampfer MJ Removing industrial trans fat from foods BMJ 2010 340 c1826 20395265 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Two longer-term (3 to 4 weeks) controlled interventions found no effects on sales of labeling low-fat food choices in a vending machine located in a teachers' lounge or placing front-of-pack logos on foods in worksite cafeterias.

    “Two longer-term (3 to 4 weeks) controlled interventions found no effects on sales of labeling low-fat food choices in a vending machine located in a teachers’ lounge109 or placing front-of-pack logos on foods in worksite cafeterias.110”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [109] Fiske A Cullen KW Effects of promotional materials on vending sales of low-fat items in teachers’ lounges J Am Diet Assoc 2004 104 90 93 14702590 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [110] Vyth EL Steenhuis IH Heymans MW Roodenburg AJ Brug J Seidell JC Influence of placement of a nutrition logo on cafeteria menu items on lunchtime food choices at Dutch work sites J Am Diet Assoc 2011 111 131 136 21185975 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a study among college students, posting the caloric content of entrees in a college cafeteria for a 14-day period led to selection of entrees with lower kilocalories without reducing overall sales revenue.

    “In a study among college students, posting the caloric content of entrees in a college cafeteria for a 14-day period led to selection of entrees with lower kilocalories without reducing overall sales revenue.117”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [117] Chu YH Frongillo EA Jones SJ Kaye GL Improving patrons’ meal selections through the use of point-of-selection nutrition labels Am J Public Health 2009 99 2001 2005 19762664 PMC2759790 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A larger (N=420) acute single meal controlled intervention demonstrated that front-of-pack food labels resulted in improved recognition of more versus less healthful foods but did not alter which foods were selected by subjects.

    “A larger (N=420) acute (single meal) controlled intervention demonstrated that front-of-pack food labels resulted in improved recognition of more versus less healthful foods but did not alter which foods were selected by subjects.108”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [108] Borgmeier I Westenhoefer J Impact of different food label formats on healthiness evaluation and food choice of consumers: a randomized-controlled study BMC Public Health 2009 9 184 19523212 PMC2702386 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In 1 review of earlier interventional studies published through 2003, the authors concluded that the design and reporting of many of these studies were suboptimal.

    “In 1 review of earlier interventional studies published through 2003, the authors concluded that the design and reporting of many of these studies were suboptimal.116”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [116] Seymour JD Yaroch AL Serdula M Blanck HM Khan LK Impact of nutrition environmental interventions on point-of-purchase behavior in adults: a review Prev Med 2004 39 suppl 2 S108 S136 15313080 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prices also vary substantially by whether food is from a supermarket or preprepared, with less healthy foods from fast-food outlets costing more, even on a per-calorie basis, than healthy foods from local supermarkets.

    “Prices also vary substantially by whether food is from a supermarket or preprepared, with less healthy foods from fast-food outlets costing more, even on a per-calorie basis, than healthy foods from local supermarkets.160”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [160] McDermott AJ Stephens MB Cost of eating: whole foods versus convenience foods in a low-income model Fam Med 2010 42 280 284 20373171

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An international survey including adult smokers from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia demonstrated that smokers who notice the warnings were more likely to endorse health risks and that knowledge of health risks was greater in countries with more mandated government warnings.

    “An international survey including adult smokers from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia demonstrated that smokers who notice the warnings were more likely to endorse health risks and that knowledge of health risks was greater in countries with more mandated government warnings.140”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [140] Hammond D Fong GT McNeill A Borland R Cummings KM Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey Tob Control 2006 15 suppl 3 iii19 iii25 16754942 PMC2593056 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Observational, quasi-experimental, and short-term controlled studies demonstrate that warning labels are most effective in countering the attractiveness and persuasiveness of cigarettes when they are visually noticeable, avoid the use of chemical names or ingredients, are specific rather than general, include pictorial and especially graphic warnings, are attributed to a specific source rather

    “These studies demonstrate that warning labels are most effective in countering the attractiveness and persuasiveness of cigarettes when they are visually noticeable,132,133 avoid the use of chemical names or ingredients,134 are specific rather than general,135 include pictorial and especially graphic136 warnings, are attributed to a specific source (eg, “medical studies,” “the Ministry of Health”)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [132] Borland R Hill D The path to Australia’s tobacco health warnings Addiction 1997 92 1151 1157 9374013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [133] Hammond D Fong GT Borland R Cummings KM McNeill A Driezen P Text and graphic warnings on cigarette packages: findings from the international tobacco control four country study Am J Prev Med 2007 32 202 209 17296472 PMC1868456 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [134] Crawford MA Balch GI Mermelstein R Responses to tobacco control policies among youth Tob Control 2002 11 14 19 11891362 PMC1747664 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These studies indicate that motivating signage can increase use of stairs, but the effects appear modest, and relatively few controlled or long-term studies have been performed.

    “In sum, these studies indicate that motivating signage can increase use of stairs, but the effects appear modest, and relatively few controlled or long-term studies have been performed (Table 4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Table 4

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In another intervention, motivational posters or banners encouraging use of stairs, when posted next to escalators adjacent to stairs, increased stair use from 2.4% at baseline to 4% for posters and to 6.7% for banners; this increase was sustained at 10 weeks after signage was removed.

    “In another intervention, motivational posters or banners encouraging use of stairs, when posted next to escalators adjacent to stairs, increased stair use from 2.4% at baseline to 4% for posters and to 6.7% for banners; this increase was sustained at 10 weeks after signage was removed.128,129”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [128] Kerr J Eves F Carroll D Encouraging stair use: stair-riser banners are better than posters Am J Public Health 2001 91 1192 1193 11499102 PMC1446744 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [129] Kerr J Eves F Carroll D Six-month observational study of prompted stair climbing Prev Med 2001 33 422 427 11676583 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    There is limited long-term evidence from natural experiments or interventions on the effectiveness of labeling alone in reducing smoking, perhaps because different population approaches to reducing smoking have often been adopted in combination.

    “In sum, there is limited long-term evidence from natural experiments or interventions on the effectiveness of labeling alone in reducing smoking, perhaps because different population approaches to reducing smoking (eg, education, labeling, taxation) have often been adopted in combination.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The evidence indicates that warning labels are effective at increasing awareness of health risks, countering attractiveness of cigarette advertisements and packages, and reducing amounts of smoking.

    “However, the evidence indicates that warning labels are effective at increasing awareness of health risks, countering attractiveness of cigarette advertisements and packages, and reducing amounts of smoking (Table 4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Table 4

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a nonrandomized intervention in a predominantly Hispanic US-Mexico border community, posters at open-area staircases in various community sites produced small increases in stair use among women (absolute increases of ≈1% to 6%), with mixed results (both increases and decreases) among men.

    “In a nonrandomized intervention in a predominantly Hispanic US-Mexico border community, posters at open-area staircases in various community sites (eg, airport, bank, library, office) produced small increases in stair use among women (absolute increases of ≈1% to 6%), with mixed results (both increases and decreases) among men.131”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [131] Coleman KJ Gonzalez EC Promoting stair use in a US-Mexico border community Am J Public Health 2001 91 2007 2009 11726384 PMC1446923 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Conventional wisdom often holds that healthier foods are more expensive than less healthy foods, supported by analyses of costs on a per-calorie basis.

    “Conventional wisdom often holds that healthier foods are more expensive than less healthy foods, supported by analyses of costs on a per-calorie basis.149,150”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [149] Drewnowski A Obesity, diets, and social inequalities Nutr Rev 2009 67 suppl 1 S36 S39 19453676 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [150] Temple NJ Steyn NP Fourie J De Villiers A Price and availability of healthy food: a study in rural South Africa Nutrition 2011 27 55 58 20381314 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    As new warnings have been added and updated, smokers have reported that the warnings increased their motivation to quit, reduced their likelihood of purchasing cigarettes, and made them smoke less overall.

    “As new warnings have been added and updated, smokers have reported that the warnings increased their motivation to quit, reduced their likelihood of purchasing cigarettes, and made them smoke less overall.141”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [141] Willemsen MC The new EU cigarette health warnings benefit smokers who want to quit the habit: results from the Dutch Continuous Survey of Smoking Habits Eur J Public Health 2005 15 389 392 15975953 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Less healthful foods often contain more calories and are more energy-dense than some healthful foods such as fruits or vegetables, leading to somewhat circular conclusions on a per-calorie basis.

    “However, less healthful foods often contain more calories and are more energy-dense than some healthful foods such as fruits or vegetables, leading to somewhat circular conclusions on a per-calorie basis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Awareness of warning labels is linked to intentions and readiness for cessation, although the directionality of this latter association has not been established.

    “Awareness of warning labels is also linked to intentions and readiness for cessation, although the directionality of this latter association has not been established.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Smokers who report noticing warning labels also report greater intentions to quit and higher stages of change and self-efficacy.

    “Smokers who report noticing warning labels also report greater intentions to quit141 and higher stages of change and self-efficacy.142”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [141] Willemsen MC The new EU cigarette health warnings benefit smokers who want to quit the habit: results from the Dutch Continuous Survey of Smoking Habits Eur J Public Health 2005 15 389 392 15975953 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [142] Fathelrahman AI Omar M Awang R Borland R Fong GT Hammond D Zain Z Smokers’ responses toward cigarette pack warning labels in predicting quit intention, stage of change, and self-efficacy Nicotine Tob Res 2009 11 248 253 19246625 PMC2666375 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Increases in prices of sugar-sweetened beverages and foods consumed away from home were associated not only with decreases in consumption but also lower total energy intake, body weight, and insulin resistance.

    “Increases in prices of sugar-sweetened beverages and foods consumed away from home were associated not only with decreases in consumption but also lower total energy intake, body weight, and insulin resistance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [168] Duffey KJ Gordon-Larsen P Shikany JM Guilkey D Jacobs DR Jr Popkin BM Food price and diet and health outcomes: 20 years of the CARDIA study Arch Intern Med 2010 170 420 426 20212177 PMC3154748 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The primary goals of these taxes were to generate state income, often traced to War Revenue Acts during World War I, rather than to improve health.

    “The primary goals of these taxes were to generate state income, often traced to War Revenue Acts during World War I, rather than to improve health.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [162] Jacobson MF Brownell KD Small taxes on soft drinks and snack foods to promote health Am J Public Health 2000 90 854 857 10846500 PMC1446261 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    On the basis of longitudinal analyses evaluating price increases and decreases and dietary changes in a cohort of young adults >20 years of age, an 18% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (the amount proposed in New York City) was estimated to significantly lower consumption and result in 0.99 kg less weight gained each year.

    “Similarly, on the basis of longitudinal analyses evaluating price increases and decreases and dietary changes in a cohort of young adults >20 years of age, an 18% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (the amount proposed in New York City) was estimated to significantly lower consumption and result in 0.99 kg less weight gained each year.168”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [168] Duffey KJ Gordon-Larsen P Shikany JM Guilkey D Jacobs DR Jr Popkin BM Food price and diet and health outcomes: 20 years of the CARDIA study Arch Intern Med 2010 170 420 426 20212177 PMC3154748 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Price elasticity estimates from observational studies can be used to predict the effects of actual taxes or subsidies on consumption and health.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In observational analyses, lower prices of fruits and vegetables were associated with greater intake of these foods, as well as with lower BMI, including in prospective studies.

    “In observational analyses, lower prices of fruits and vegetables were associated with greater intake of these foods,171 as well as with lower BMI,170,172 including in prospective studies.173”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [170] Powell LM Auld MC Chaloupka FJ O’Malley PM Johnston LD Access to fast food and food prices: relationship with fruit and vegetable consumption and overweight among adolescents Adv Health Econ Health Serv Res 2007 17 23 48 19548547 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [171] Powell LM Zhao Z Wang Y Food prices and fruit and vegetable consumption among young American adults Health Place 2009 15 1064 1070 19523869 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [172] Beydoun MA Powell LM Wang Y The association of fast food, fruit and vegetable prices with dietary intakes among US adults: is there modification by family income? Soc Sci Med 2008 66 2218 2229 18313824 PMC4863648 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Another quasi-experimental worksite cafeteria intervention demonstrated that more substantial subsidies on healthier foods and dishes, which lowered prices by 20%, led to significant increases in purchases of these foods while decreasing purchases of unsubsidized, less healthy foods.

    “Another quasi-experimental worksite cafeteria intervention demonstrated that more substantial subsidies on healthier foods and dishes, which lowered prices by 20%, led to significant increases in purchases of these foods while decreasing purchases of unsubsidized, less healthy foods.176”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [176] Michels KB Bloom BR Riccardi P Rosner BA Willett WC A study of the importance of education and cost incentives on individual food choices at the Harvard School of Public Health cafeteria J Am Coll Nutr 2008 27 6 11 18460476 PMC3850084 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a controlled trial among 602 postpartum women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), women assigned to intervention groups received a subsidy ($10 per week in farmers' market or supermarket food vouchers) to purchase fruits and vegetables; women in the control group received a similar voucher for diapers.

    “In a controlled trial among 602 postpartum women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), women assigned to intervention groups received a subsidy ($10 per week in farmers’ market or supermarket food vouchers) to purchase fruits and vegetables; women in the control group received a similar voucher for diapers.179”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [179] Herman DR Harrison GG Afifi AA Jenks E Effect of a targeted subsidy on intake of fruits and vegetables among low-income women in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Am J Public Health 2008 98 98 105 18048803 PMC2156076 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    All of these were cross-sectional studies, and only a few examined both direct and cross-price elasticity or effects on total energy intake.

    “All of these were cross-sectional studies, and only a few examined both direct and cross-price elasticity or effects on total energy intake.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [166] Andreyeva T Long MW Brownell KD The impact of food prices on consumption: a systematic review of research on the price elasticity of demand for food Am J Public Health 2009 100 216 222 20019319 PMC2804646 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Total annual revenue from such taxes can be high, for example, up to $200 million per year in Texas.

    “Nonetheless, total annual revenue from such taxes can be high, for example, up to $200 million per year in Texas.162”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [162] Jacobson MF Brownell KD Small taxes on soft drinks and snack foods to promote health Am J Public Health 2000 90 854 857 10846500 PMC1446261 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a cross-sectional analysis among adolescents, the price of a fast-food meal was linked to both eating habits and adiposity: a 10% greater price for a fast-food meal was associated with a 3% higher probability of fruit and vegetable consumption, a 0.4 lower BMI, and a 5.9% lower probability of being overweight.

    “In a cross-sectional analysis among adolescents, the price of a fast-food meal was linked to both eating habits and adiposity: a 10% greater price for a fast-food meal was associated with a 3% higher probability of fruit and vegetable consumption, a 0.4 lower BMI, and a 5.9% lower probability of being overweight.170”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [170] Powell LM Auld MC Chaloupka FJ O’Malley PM Johnston LD Access to fast food and food prices: relationship with fruit and vegetable consumption and overweight among adolescents Adv Health Econ Health Serv Res 2007 17 23 48 19548547 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several foods traditionally supported by agricultural policy, such as wheat, corn, dairy, and beef, are typically more energy-dense and less nutrient-dense, served in larger portion sizes, and, in some cases, less expensive on a per-calorie basis than foods less supported by agricultural policy such as fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and fish.

    “Several foods traditionally supported by agricultural policy, such as wheat, corn, dairy, and beef, are typically more energy-dense and less nutrient-dense, served in larger portion sizes, and, in some cases, less expensive on a per-calorie basis than foods less supported by agricultural policy such as fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and fish.148,182,183”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [148] Popkin BM Agricultural policies, food and public health EMBO Rep 2011 12 11 18 21151043 PMC3024136 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [182] Drewnowski A Specter SE Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs Am J Clin Nutr 2004 79 6 16 14684391 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [183] Drewnowski A Darmon N Food choices and diet costs: an economic analysis J Nutr 2005 135 900 904 15795456 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The evidence indicates that changes in prices of certain foods and beverages alter their consumption, with additional supportive evidence from observational studies and natural experiments for corresponding changes in diet-related risk factors and clinical events.

    “In sum, the evidence indicates that changes in prices of certain foods and beverages alter their consumption, with additional supportive evidence from observational studies and natural experiments for corresponding changes in diet-related risk factors and clinical events (Table 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Increasing gas price could theoretically reduce driving and possibly increase modes of active commuting.

    “and thus increasing gas price could theoretically reduce driving and possibly increase modes of active commuting.198–200”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [198] Edwards RD Public transit, obesity, and medical costs: assessing the magnitudes Prev Med 2008 46 14 21 18037480 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [199] Wen LM Rissel C Inverse associations between cycling to work, public transport, and overweight and obesity: findings from a population based study in Australia Prev Med 2008 46 29 32 17904210 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [200] Zheng Y The benefit of public transportation: physical activity to reduce obesity and ecological footprint Prev Med 2008 46 4 5 18201578 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Some evidence suggests that changes in gasoline prices could influence physical activity, but more research is needed due to the limited number of studies and their typically cross-sectional designs.

    “In sum, some evidence suggests that changes in gasoline prices could influence physical activity, but more research is needed due to the limited number of studies and their typically cross-sectional designs (Table 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    There is strong evidence that higher tobacco taxes reduce consumption, both overall and in particular among youth.

    “In sum, there is strong evidence that higher tobacco taxes reduce consumption, both overall and in particular among youth (Table 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Individual financial incentives appear to produce improvements in health behaviors, but gains are lost when the incentives are no longer offered.

    “In sum, individual financial incentives appear to produce improvements in health behaviors, but gains are lost when the incentives are no longer offered (Table 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Several school-based approaches appear to be effective for improving diet, including garden-based education programs, fresh fruit and vegetable programs, environmental changes or standards that increase healthy food options in cafeterias and vending machines, and comprehensive multicomponent interventions focused on both diet and physical activity.

    “In sum, several school-based approaches appear to be effective for improving diet, including garden-based education programs, fresh fruit and vegetable programs, environmental changes or standards that increase healthy food options in cafeterias and vending machines, and comprehensive multicomponent interventions focused on both diet and physical activity (Table 6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Effective school-based approaches to improve physical activity include increasing the availability and types of playground spaces and equipment and instituting comprehensive multicomponent interventions focused on both diet and physical activity.

    “In sum, effective school-based approaches to improve physical activity include increasing the availability and types of playground spaces and equipment and instituting comprehensive multicomponent interventions focused on both diet and physical activity (Table 6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Walking school bus programs appear potentially promising but, given the limited number of studies, require further investigation to confirm effects on total physical activity and inactivity-related risk factors.

    “Thus, walking school bus programs appear potentially promising but, given the limited number of studies, require further investigation to confirm the effects on total physical activity and inactivity-related risk factors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Evidence suggests certain workplace-based interventions can increase physical activity, but the numbers and types of studies that assessed this topic rigorously are relatively limited.

    “In sum, the evidence suggests that certain workplace-based interventions can increase physical activity, but the numbers and types of studies that have assessed this topic in a rigorous fashion are relatively limited (Table 6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The WHO report concluded that using the existing social structure of a religious community might facilitate adoption of changes towards a healthy lifestyle, especially in disadvantaged communities.

    “The report concluded that using the existing social structure of a religious community might facilitate adoption of changes towards a healthy lifestyle, especially in disadvantaged communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] World Health Organization Interventions on diet and physical activity: what works 2009 http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/whatworks/en/index Accessed December 28, 2010 24432437

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Limitations of comprehensive worksite wellness program studies include inconsistent methodology across trials, often relatively small sizes (N<400), and short durations of follow-up (typically <6 months, with a few studies having follow-up of 12 to 18 months).

    “However, limitations were noted, including inconsistent methodology across trials, often relatively small sizes (N<400), and short durations of follow-up (typically <6 months, with a few studies having a follow-up of 12 to 18 months).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [275] Pelletier KR A review and analysis of the clinical- and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: 1998–2000 update Am J Health Promot 2001 16 107 116 11727590 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [276] Pelletier KR A review and analysis of the clinical and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: update VI, 2000–2004 J Occup Environ Med 2005 47 1051 1058 16217246 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [277] Pelletier KR A review and analysis of the clinical and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: update VII, 2004–2008 J Occup Environ Med 2009 51 822 837 19542898 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [278] Calderon KS Smallwood C Tipton DA Kennedy Space Center Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction Program evaluation Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008 4 421 426 18561517 PMC2496977 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [279] Chung M Melnyk P Blue D Renaud D Breton MC Worksite health promotion: the value of the Tune Up Your Heart program Popul Health Manag 2009 12 297 304 20038255 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [280] Milani RV Lavie CJ Impact of worksite wellness intervention on cardiac risk factors and one-year health care costs Am J Cardiol 2009 104 1389 1392 19892055 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [281] Racette SB Deusinger SS Inman CL Burlis TL Highstein GR Buskirk TD Steger-May K Peterson LR Worksite Opportunities for Wellness (WOW): effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors after 1 year Prev Med 2009 49 108 114 19576927 PMC4399499 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [282] Cahill K Moher M Lancaster T Workplace interventions for smoking cessation Cochrane Database Sys Rev 2008 CD003440 18843645

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Analyses of local food environment typically adjusted for both individual-level and other neighborhood-level characteristics to minimize potential effects of confounding.

    “Analyses typically adjusted for both individual-level and other neighborhood-level characteristics to minimize the potential effects of confounding.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Changes in community or neighborhood environments could be relevant for reducing disparities, given often less favorable local environments near homes and schools of disadvantaged subgroups.

    “In addition to generally improving population behaviors, changes in community or neighborhood environments could also be relevant for reducing disparities, given the often less favorable local environments near homes and schools of disadvantaged subgroups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Greater access to recreation and exercise spaces and facilities is relatively consistently linked to greater physical activity and lower adiposity or other metabolic risk factors.

    “In sum, greater access to recreation and exercise spaces and facilities is relatively consistently linked to greater physical activity and lower adiposity or other metabolic risk factors (Table 7).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In adults, studies of land-use mix and adiposity are consistent with physical activity findings; similar studies in children did not find relations with adiposity but were limited in number and sample size.

    “In adults, studies of land-use mix and adiposity are consistent with physical activity findings; similar studies in children did not find relations with adiposity but were limited in number and sample size.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although a cross-sectional relation between land-use mix and physical activity is clearly present, the design of these studies precludes inference about the direction of the association.

    “However, although a cross-sectional relation is clearly present, the design of these studies precludes inference about the direction of the association: eg, families who prefer to walk and be active could be selecting neighborhoods with more diverse land use rather than land-use mix altering physical activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    There is mixed evidence for a relation between sidewalks or street design and physical activity or adiposity in adults, with several studies finding associations, but many others not, and nearly all findings coming from cross-sectional studies.

    “In sum, there is mixed evidence for a relation between sidewalks or street design and physical activity or adiposity in adults, with several studies finding associations, but many others, not and nearly all findings coming from cross-sectional studies (Table 7).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Among children, the presence and greater quality of sidewalks or biking paths were more consistently linked to increased active commuting to school in cross-sectional studies, supported at least in part by 1 prospective study and 1 quasi-experimental analysis.

    “Among children, the presence and greater quality of sidewalks or biking paths were more consistently linked to increased active commuting to school in cross-sectional studies, supported at least in part by 1 prospective study and 1 quasi-experimental analysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The evidence indicates that parental perceptions of overall neighborhood safety are cross-sectionally linked to children's physical activity, with greater evidence for safety issues related to traffic and road conditions than to crime, except in a few studies using objective measures of the latter.

    “In sum, the evidence indicates that parental perceptions of overall neighborhood safety are cross-sectionally linked to children’s physical activity, with greater evidence for safety issues related to traffic and road conditions than to crime, except in a few studies using objective measures of the latter (Table 7).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Better general aesthetics of neighborhoods appear positively related to physical activity among adults, with less consistent findings among children.

    “In sum, better general aesthetics of neighborhoods appear positively related to physical activity among adults, with less consistent findings among children (Table 7).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Studies of walkability and adiposity are few and inconsistent.

    “Studies of walkability and adiposity are few and inconsistent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    There is consistent evidence that television advertising to children influences food and beverage preferences, purchases, and consumption, and that the majority of such advertising is for products suboptimal for health.

    “In sum, there is consistent evidence that television advertising to children influences food and beverage preferences, purchases, and consumption, and that the majority of such advertising is for products suboptimal for health.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Toronto, after a smoking ban in restaurants and related settings, rates of cardiovascular conditions decreased by 39% and admissions for respiratory conditions decreased by 33%, with no changes in control cities or control end points.

    “Rates of cardiovascular conditions decreased by 39% and admissions for respiratory conditions decreased by 33%; no changes were observed in control cities or control end points.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [417] Naiman A Glazier RH Moineddin R Association of anti-smoking legislation with rates of hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory conditions CMAJ 2010 182 761 767 20385737 PMC2871198 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The use of mandates to increase consumption of healthful foods appears to be a potentially promising strategy, but further research and evidence are required.

    “In sum, the use of mandates to increase consumption of healthful foods appears to be a potentially promising strategy, but further research and evidence are required (Table 8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Massachusetts, after a comprehensive smoke-free workplace law, MI mortality rates decreased by 9.2% in cities and towns with no prior local smoking ban, with a smaller, not statistically significant decrease in localities that did have a prior ban.

    “MI mortality rates decreased by 9.2% after implementation of the law in cities and towns with no prior local smoking ban, with a smaller, not statistically significant decrease in localities that did have a prior ban.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [418] Dove MS Dockery DW Mittleman MA Schwartz J Sullivan EM Keithly L Land T The impact of Massachusetts’ smoke-free workplace laws on acute myocardial infarction deaths Am J Public Health 2010 100 2206 2212 20864706 PMC2951939 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    All 11 quasi-experimental studies demonstrated reductions in coronary event rates, with decreases ranging from approximately 6% to 47%.

    “All studies demonstrated reductions in coronary event rates, with decreases ranging from ≈6% to 47%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [402] Barone-Adesi F Vizzini L Merletti F Richiardi L Short-term effects of Italian smoking regulation on rates of hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction Eur Heart J 2006 27 2468 2472 16940340 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [403] Bartecchi C Alsever RN Nevin-Woods C Thomas WM Estacio RO Bartelson BB Krantz MJ Reduction in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction associated with a citywide smoking ordinance Circulation 2006 114 1490 1496 17000911 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [404] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reduced hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction after implementation of a smoke-free ordinance—city of Pueblo, Colorado, 2002–2006 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009 57 1373 1377 19116606

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [405] Cesaroni G Forastiere F Agabiti N Valente P Zuccaro P Perucci CA Effect of the Italian smoking ban on population rates of acute coronary events Circulation 2008 117 1183 1188 18268149 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [406] Juster HR Loomis BR Hinman TM Farrelly MC Hyland A Bauer UE Birkhead GS Declines in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction in New York state after implementation of a comprehensive smoking ban Am J Public Health 2007 97 2035 2039 17901438 PMC2040364 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [407] Khuder SA Milz S Jordan T Price J Silvestri K Butler P The impact of a smoking ban on hospital admissions for coronary heart disease Prev Med 2007 45 3 8 17482249 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [408] Lemstra M Neudorf C Opondo J Implications of a public smoking ban Can J Public Health 2008 99 62 65 18435394 PMC6975881 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [409] Pell JP Haw S Cobbe S Newby DE Pell AC Fischbacher C McConnachie A Pringle S Murdoch D Dunn F Oldroyd K Macintyre P O’Rourke B Borland W Smoke-free legislation and hospitalizations for acute coronary syndrome N Engl J Med 2008 359 482 491 18669427 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [410] Sargent RP Shepard RM Glantz SA Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban: before and after study BMJ 2004 328 977 980 15066887 PMC404491 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [411] Seo DC Torabi MR Reduced admissions for acute myocardial infarction associated with a public smoking ban: matched controlled study J Drug Educ 2007 37 217 226 18047180 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The pooled analysis suggests a substantial overall pooled effect of smoking bans that increases over time.

    “The pooled analysis suggests a substantial overall pooled effect that increases over time.413”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [413] Meyers DG Neuberger JS He J Cardiovascular effect of bans on smoking in public places: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 54 1249 1255 19778665 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a systematic review and meta-analysis including 26 quasi-experimental studies, implementation of a smoke-free workplace policy was associated with pooled reductions in absolute smoking prevalence of 3.8% (95% CI, 2.8%, 4.7%) and in cigarette consumption among smokers of 3.1 cigarettes per day (2.4, 3.8).

    “In a systematic review and meta-analysis including 26 quasi-experimental studies, the implementation of a smoke-free workplace policy was associated with pooled reductions in absolute smoking prevalence of 3.8% (95% CI, 2.8%, 4.7%) and in cigarette consumption among smokers of 3.1 cigarettes per day (2.4, 3.8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [424] Fichtenberg CM Glantz SA Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review BMJ 2002 325 188 12142305 PMC117445 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A more recent systematic review including 37 studies demonstrated that smoke-free workplace or community policies were linked to reduced prevalence of active smoking, more attempts to quit and higher quit rates, and fewer overall cigarettes smoked per day.

    “A more recent systematic review that included 37 studies, including 13 quasi-experimental studies, demonstrated similar results, with smoke-free workplace (majority of studies) or smoke-free community (some studies) policies linked to reduced prevalence of active smoking, more attempts to quit and higher quit rates, and fewer overall cigarettes smoked per day.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [425] Hopkins DP Razi S Leeks KD Priya Kalra G Chattopadhyay SK Soler RE Smokefree policies to reduce tobacco use: a systematic review Am J Prev Med 2010 38 S275 S289 20117612 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a prospective analysis of employees at worksites in 20 US and Canadian cities between 1993 and 2001, people who worked in places that changed to or maintained smoke-free policies were 1.9 times more likely to quit (OR=1.92; 95% CI, 1.11, 3.32), and continuing smokers decreased their average daily consumption by 2.57 cigarettes per day compared with people whose worksites did not have a smoke-ff

    “Similarly, in a prospective analysis of employees at worksites in 20 US and Canadian cities between 1993 and 2001, people who worked in places that changed to or maintained smoke-free policies were 1.9 times more likely to quit (OR=1.92; 95% CI, 1.11, 3.32), and continuing smokers decreased their average daily consumption by 2.57 cigarettes per day compared with people whose worksites did not have”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [433] Bauer JE Hyland A Li Q Steger C Cummings KM A longitudinal assessment of the impact of smoke-free worksite policies on tobacco use Am J Public Health 2005 95 1024 1029 15914828 PMC1449303 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some limited evidence suggests that the effects of smoke-free workplace policies may be larger in men than in women and among persons with greater education, but favorable effects were generally seen in all groups studied.

    “Some limited evidence suggests that the effects of smoke-free workplace policies may be larger in men than in women and among persons with greater education, but favorable effects were generally seen in all groups studied.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [426] Bell K McCullough L Devries K Jategaonkar N Greaves L Richardson L Location restrictions on smoking: assessing their differential impacts and consequences in the workplace Can J Public Health 2009 100 46 50 19263983 PMC6974273 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [427] Moskowitz JM Lin Z Hudes ES The impact of workplace smoking ordinances in California on smoking cessation Am J Public Health 2000 90 757 761 10800425 PMC1446239 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [428] Owen N Borland R Delayed compensatory cigarette consumption after a workplace smoking ban Tob Control 1997 6 131 135 9291223 PMC1759549 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [429] Farrelly MC Evans WN Sfekas AES The impact of workplace smoking bans: results from a national survey Tob Control 1999 8 272 277 10599571 PMC1763942 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [430] Heloma A Jaakkola MS Four year follow up of smoke exposure, attitudes and smoking behaviour following enactment of Finland’s national smoke free work place law Addiction 2003 98 1111 1117 12873245 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [431] Kinne S Kristal AR White E Hunt J Work-site smoking policies: their population impact in Washington State Am J Public Health 1993 83 1031 1033 8328601 PMC1694763 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [432] Gritz ER Thompson B Emmons K Ockene JK McLerran DF Nielsen IR Gender differences among smokers and quitters in the Working Well Trial Prev Med 1998 27 553 561 9672949 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Following the extension of a smoke-free indoor policy to include outdoor spaces at one worksite, participants who enrolled in smoking cessation programs had higher 6-month quit rates after the extension (52.4%) than before (43.0%); post-ban participants were 80% less likely to relapse than pre-ban participants, and nonquitters decreased their consumption by 6.6 cigarettes per day, a 39% decrease.

    “Following the extension of a smoke-free indoor policy to include outdoor spaces at 1 worksite, participants who enrolled in smoking cessation programs had higher 6-month quit rates after the extension (52.4%) than before (43.0%); post-ban participants were 80% less likely to relapse than pre-ban participants, and nonquitters decreased their consumption by 6.6 cigarettes per day, a 39% decrease.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [442] Osinubi OY Sinha S Rovner E Perez Lugo M Jain NJ Demissie K Goldman M Efficacy of tobacco dependence treatment in the context of a “smoke free grounds” worksite policy: a case study Am J Ind Med 2004 46 180 187 15273971 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Among worksites that are not fully smoke-free, the designation of specific smoking areas is associated with fewer cigarettes smoked by smokers and less exposure to secondhand smoke among nonsmokers.

    “Among worksites that are not fully smoke-free, the designation of specific smoking areas is associated with fewer cigarettes smoked by smokers and less exposure to secondhand smoke among nonsmokers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [433] Bauer JE Hyland A Li Q Steger C Cummings KM A longitudinal assessment of the impact of smoke-free worksite policies on tobacco use Am J Public Health 2005 95 1024 1029 15914828 PMC1449303 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [440] Skeer M Cheng DM Rigotti NA Siegel M Secondhand smoke exposure in the workplace Am J Prev Med 2005 28 331 337 15831337 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Smoking bans reduce cleaning costs and employee medical costs.

    “Smoking bans also reduce cleaning costs and employee medical costs,11 providing further economic incentives to businesses to support such bans.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General Atlanta, GA US Dept of Health and Human Services 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In one analysis, overall bar and restaurant revenue was not reduced and may even have increased after a smoking ban was implemented.

    “In 1 analysis, although some businesses did have to change their business plans, overall bar and restaurant revenue was not reduced and may even have increased after a smoking ban was implemented.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [423] Collins NM Shi Q Forster JL Erickson DJ Toomey TL Effects of clean indoor air laws on bar and restaurant revenue in Minnesota cities Am J Prev Med 2010 39 S10 S15 21074671 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Full smoke-free policies at the workplace are consistently linked with increased smoking cessation, fewer cigarettes consumed among those who continue to smoke, and decreased exposure to secondhand smoke.

    “In sum, full smoke-free policies at the workplace are consistently linked with increased smoking cessation, fewer cigarettes consumed among those who continue to smoke, and decreased exposure to secondhand smoke (Table 8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Partial policies, such as designated smoking areas, are consistently linked with fewer cigarettes smoked by active smokers and less exposure to secondhand smoke among nonsmokers.

    “Partial policies, such as designated smoking areas, are consistently linked with fewer cigarettes smoked by active smokers and less exposure to secondhand smoke among nonsmokers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In cross-sectional analyses in Japan, the United States, and Switzerland, employees at sites with more restrictive smoke-free policies were less likely to be current smokers and, when assessed, smoked fewer cigarettes per day if they were still active smokers.

    “In cross-sectional analyses in Japan, the United States, and Switzerland, employees at sites with more restrictive smoke-free policies were less likely to be current smokers and, when assessed, smoked fewer cigarettes per day if they were still active smokers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [436] Mizoue T Reijula K Heloma A Yamato H Fujino Y Impact of workplace smoking restrictions on smoking behaviour and attitudes toward quitting in Japan Tob Control 2000 9 435 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [437] Osypuk TL Subramanian S Kawachi I Acevedo-Garcia D Is workplace smoking policy equally prevalent and equally effective among immigrants? J Epidemiol Community Health 2009 63 784 791 19359272 PMC2843581 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [438] Friedrich V Brügger A Bauer G Worksite tobacco prevention in the Canton of Zurich: stages of change, predictors, and outcomes Int J Public Health 2009 54 427 438 19820897 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a cross-sectional study in Massachusetts, compared with employees in smoke-free worksites, those in worksites with designated smoking areas had a 2.9-fold higher odds (95% CI, 2.4, 3.5) of being exposed to secondhand smoke and were exposed 1.7 times longer (95% CI, 1.4, 2.2); employees in worksites where smoking was permitted had a 10.3-fold higher odds (95% CI, 6.7, 15.9) of being exposed to第二

    “In a cross-sectional study in Massachusetts, compared with employees in smoke-free worksites, those in worksites with designated smoking areas had a 2.9-fold higher odds (95% CI, 2.4, 3.5) of being exposed to secondhand smoke and were exposed 1.7 times longer (95% CI, 1.4, 2.2); employees in worksites where smoking was permitted had a 10.3-fold higher odds (95% CI, 6.7, 15.9) of being exposed to”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [440] Skeer M Cheng DM Rigotti NA Siegel M Secondhand smoke exposure in the workplace Am J Prev Med 2005 28 331 337 15831337 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In longitudinal studies, exposure to tobacco marketing is consistently related to positive attitudes and beliefs about tobacco use, experimenting with cigarettes, and becoming a smoker, with a dose-response relation between extent of exposure to marketing and risk.

    “In longitudinal studies, exposure to tobacco marketing is consistently related to positive attitudes and beliefs about tobacco use, experimenting with cigarettes, and becoming a smoker, with a dose-response relation between extent of exposure to marketing and risk.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [22] Institute of Medicine Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation Washington, DC The National Academies Press 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [474] Lovato C Linn G Stead LF Best A Impact of tobacco advertising and promotion on increasing adolescent smoking behaviours Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003 CD003439 14583977

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [475] DiFranza JR Wellman RJ Sargent JD Weitzman M Hipple BJ Winickoff JP Tobacco promotion and the initiation of tobacco use: assessing the evidence for causality Pediatrics 2006 117 e1237 1248 16740823 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [476] Wellman RJ Sugarman DB DiFranza JR Winickoff JP The extent to which tobacco marketing and tobacco use in films contribute to children’s use of tobacco: a meta-analysis Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006 160 1285 1296 17146027 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [477] Pierce JP Tobacco industry marketing, population-based tobacco control, and smoking behavior Am J Prev Med 2007 33 S327 S334 18021907 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [478] Paynter J Edwards R The impact of tobacco promotion at the point of sale: a systematic review Nicotine Tob Res 2009 11 25 35 19246438 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In recent systematic reviews of multiple cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, residence smoking restrictions were strongly and consistently linked to lower smoking prevalence, lower average cigarette consumption among smokers, higher rates of cessation attempts, and lower rates of relapse in adults; less smoking and progression to experimentation in children; and less exposure to secondhand烟

    “In recent systematic reviews of multiple cross-sectional as well as longitudinal studies, residence smoking restrictions were strongly and consistently linked to lower smoking prevalence, lower average cigarette consumption among smokers, higher rates of cessation attempts, and lower rates of relapse in adults; less smoking and progression to experimentation in children; and less exposure to”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [459] Mills AL Messer K Gilpin EA Pierce JP The effect of smoke-free homes on adult smoking behavior: a review Nicotine Tob Res 2009 11 1131 1141 19633273 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [460] Emory K Saquib N Gilpin EA Pierce JP The association between home smoking restrictions and youth smoking behaviour: a review Tob Control 2010 19 495 506 20852326 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [461] Kabir Z Alpert HR Goodman PG Haw S Behm I Connolly GN Gupta PC Clancy L Effect of smoke-free home and workplace policies on second-hand smoke exposure levels in children: an evidence summary Pediatr Health 2010 4 391 403 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A limited number of quasi-experimental evaluations with only short-term (1 to 4 months) follow-up demonstrated mixed findings, with no consistent evidence for the effects of campus smoking restrictions on active smoking or cessation.

    “A limited number of quasi-experimental evaluations with only short-term (1 to 4 months) follow-up demonstrated mixed findings, with no consistent evidence for the effects of campus smoking restrictions on active smoking or cessation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [450] Apel M Klein K McDermott RJ Westhoff WW Restricting smoking at the University of Köln, Germany: a case study J Am Coll Health 1997 45 219 223 9069681 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [451] Etter JF Ronchi A Perneger T Short-term impact of a university based smoke free campaign J Epidemiol Community Health 1999 53 710 715 10656100 PMC1756808 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Several facets of the environment appear promising for interventions.

    “Several facets of the environment appear promising for interventions”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several healthcare-level behavioral change strategies have been effective, including individual-oriented sessions, a focus on specific proximal goals, self-monitoring with feedback, group sessions, and trained motivational interviewing.

    “Several approaches have been effective, including (1) individual-oriented sessions to assess readiness for behavior change, collaboratively identify goals, and develop plans to achieve these goals; (2) a focus on specific, proximal goals for targeted behaviors; (3) self-monitoring with oral, written, and/or electronic feedback; (4) group sessions for peer support, group problem solving, and skill”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [16] Artinian NT Fletcher GF Mozaffarian D Kris-Etherton P Van Horn L Lichtenstein AH Kumanyika S Kraus WE Fleg JL Redeker NS Meininger JC Banks J Stuart-Shor EM Fletcher BJ Miller TD Hughes S Braun LT Kopin LA Berra K Hayman LL Ewing LJ Ades PA Durstine JL Houston-Miller N Burke LE Interventions to promote physical activity and dietary lifestyle changes for cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Circulation 2010 122 406 441 20625115 PMC6893884 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] World Health Organization Interventions on diet and physical activity: what works 2009 http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/whatworks/en/index Accessed December 28, 2010 24432437

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [413] Meyers DG Neuberger JS He J Cardiovascular effect of bans on smoking in public places: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 54 1249 1255 19778665 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Current surveillance systems can provide useful information to evaluate the impact of population-level strategies on behavior change, risk factors, and chronic disease, and whether policies have a similar or different impact on particularly vulnerable populations.

    “Despite these limitations, current surveillance systems can provide useful information to evaluate the impact of population-level strategies on behavior change, risk factors, and chronic disease, and whether policies have a similar or different impact on particularly vulnerable populations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Several particular multicomponent strategies appear promising but require further investigation to confirm effectiveness, such as combining sustained, focused media/education campaigns with local-environment changes to improve physical activity; and combining simple labels/icons with local-environment changes to improve diet.

    “Several particular multicomponent strategies appear promising but require further investigation to confirm effectiveness, such as combining sustained, focused media/education campaigns with local-environment changes to improve physical activity; and combining simple labels/icons with local-environment changes (eg, changes in availability) to improve diet.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Tobacco use surveillance methods have improved over time and can be relatively comprehensive, including monitoring of tobacco-related behaviors, prevalence, biomarkers of exposure, attitudes, health outcomes, and policies, as well as marketing and its impact on consumer behavior.

    “Tobacco use surveillance methods have improved over time and can be relatively comprehensive, including monitoring of tobacco-related behaviors, prevalence, biomarkers of exposure, attitudes, health outcomes, and policies, as well as marketing and its impact on consumer behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The findings inform potential partnerships and strategies to successfully address suboptimal diet, inactivity, and smoking.

    “The findings inform potential partnerships and strategies to successfully address suboptimal diet, inactivity, and smoking”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Suboptimal diet, inactivity, and smoking are each major preventable causes of poor health globally.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Results of worksite-based interventions to increase physical activity are encouraging but based on a small number of studies.

    “Results of worksite-based interventions to increase physical activity (eg, by altering the physical environment for use of stairs, setting aside work time for exercise, encouraging walking, or adding a worksite fitness center) are also encouraging but based on a small number of studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    National-, state-, or even county-level surveillance data may not indicate the effectiveness of some community-based efforts, such as in cities, communities, schools, or workplaces; local data collection will be crucial in such circumstances.

    “On the other hand, national-, state-, or even county-level surveillance data may not indicate the effectiveness of some community-based efforts, such as in cities, communities, schools, or workplaces. Local data collection will be crucial in such circumstances.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    A major gap in surveillance is the absence of systematic collation, monitoring, and evaluation of behavior change policies themselves.

    “A major gap in surveillance is the absence of systematic collation, monitoring, and evaluation of behavior change policies themselves.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Even self-reported dietary, physical activity, and tobacco use data are consistently linked to disease risk in numerous studies, and thus self-reported data obtained via standardized, validated questionnaires are a useful mainstay for simple, effective, and cost-efficient surveillance methods.

    “Conversely, even self-reported dietary activity, physical activity, and tobacco use data are consistently linked to disease risk in numerous studies, and thus self-reported data obtained via standardized, validated questionnaires are a useful mainstay for simple, effective, and cost-efficient surveillance methods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Direct restrictions and mandates appear especially promising for influencing the entire population and even reducing disparities, given that their targets are often concentrated in disadvantaged subgroups.

    “Direct restrictions and mandates appear especially promising for influencing the entire population and even reducing disparities, given that their targets (eg, excess intake of unhealthy foods, insufficient intake of healthy foods, tobacco use) are often concentrated in disadvantaged subgroups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Excess intake of unhealthy foods, insufficient intake of healthy foods, and tobacco use are often concentrated in disadvantaged subgroups.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    NHANES has documented progress in reducing population exposure to secondhand smoke.

    “NHANES has documented progress in reducing population exposure to secondhand smoke.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These measures were successful in increasing counseling, although the effects on tobacco use have not been well studied.

    “These measures were successful in increasing counseling,490 although the effects on tobacco use have not been well studied.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [490] Joint Commission report shows quality gains Healthcare Benchmarks Qual Improve 2007 14 52 54 17515015

      Not checked in the free run.

235 of 235

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The optimal population-level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established.

    “Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes, the optimal population-level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Even modest population shifts in risk behaviors and risk factors substantially alter health outcomes and disease risk.

    “At the population level, even modest shifts in risk behaviors and risk factors substantially alter health outcomes and disease risk.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Lifestyle behaviors are influenced by a myriad of individual, social, economic, regulatory, mass media, and other environmental factors.

    “Lifestyle behaviors are influenced by a myriad of individual, social, economic, regulatory, mass media, and other environmental factors.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A range of population, community, and school/workplace intervention strategies are being implemented in the United States and elsewhere but often with limited evaluation.

    “A range of population, community, and school/workplace intervention strategies are being implemented in the United States and elsewhere but often with limited evaluation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Ethical and logistical considerations often preclude the ability to perform randomized trials at the level of discrete populations.

    “Additionally, ethical and logistical considerations often preclude the ability to perform randomized trials at the level of discrete populations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The self-reported measures of physical activity used in the cited media campaign studies are valid indicators of actual physical activity.

    “such campaigns generally improved self-reported measures such as awareness of the campaign, changes in attitudes toward activity, and, in a few studies, self-reported general activity levels.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Price elasticity estimates from observational studies can be used to predict the effects of actual taxes or subsidies on consumption and health.

    “On the basis of data from the systematic review described above, the authors estimated that a 10% increase in the price of sugar-sweetened beverages would decrease consumption by 8% to 10%.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    BMI is an imperfect end point for physical activity interventions because of changes in lean muscle mass.

    “Because BMI could be an imperfect end point for physical activity interventions due to changes in lean muscle mass, many of these trials also evaluated other body composition metrics, including waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, triceps skin-fold thickness, subscapular skin-fold thickness, percentage of body fat, total lean mass, total fat mass, and skin-fold sum.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is hard to enforce individuals’ participation in a positive health behavior.

    “It is hard to enforce individuals’ participation in a positive health behavior.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Multiple population strategies are often employed simultaneously and in settings in which randomized controlled experiments are not practical.

    “Multiple population strategies are often employed simultaneously and in settings in which randomized controlled experiments are not practical; thus, quantifying the independent effects of different approaches is challenging.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In many countries, the majority of people do not smoke.

    “Such findings may be intuitive given that in many countries the majority of people do not smoke.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Suboptimal diet, inactivity, and smoking are each major preventable causes of poor health globally.

    “which are each major preventable causes of poor health globally.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Excess intake of unhealthy foods, insufficient intake of healthy foods, and tobacco use are often concentrated in disadvantaged subgroups.

    “their targets (eg, excess intake of unhealthy foods, insufficient intake of healthy foods, tobacco use) are often concentrated in disadvantaged subgroups”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is greater potential for improving the environment in disadvantaged neighborhoods.

    “largely based on greater potential for improving the environment in such neighborhoods”
14 of 14

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Supermarket-placement study is called randomized but cited as quasi-experimental

    Minor

    The text describes the UK supermarket-placement studies as randomized controlled studies, but the title of cited reference 326 identifies its study as a quasi-experimental evaluation of a natural experiment.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

16 of the 509 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Examination of Front-of-Package Nutrition Ratings Systems and Symbols. Wartella EA, Lichtenstein AH, Boon CS, eds. Examination of Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols: Phase 1 Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2010:140.
  2. Thorndike AN, Levy D, Sonnenberg L, Barraclough S, Riis J. A simple point-of-purchase labeling intervention to promote healthier food and beverage choices in a large hospital cafeteria. Paper presented at: American Heart Association 51st Annual Joint Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; March 2011; Atlanta, GA.
  3. Frazao E, ed. America's Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences. Washington, DC: US Dept of Agriculture; 1999. Agriculture Information Bulletin 750.
  4. Kuchler F, Tegene A, Harris JM. Taxing Snack Foods: What to Expect for Diet and Tax Revenues: Current Issues in Economics of Food Markets. Washington, DC: US Dept of Agriculture; 2004. Agriculture Information Bulletin 747-08.
  5. Schaffer HD, Hunt DB, Ray DE. US Agricultural Commodity Policy and Its Relationship to Obesity. Knoxville, TN: Agricultural Policy Analysis Center, University of Tennessee; 2007.
  6. Alston JM, Anderson MA, James JS, Pardey PG. Persistence Pays: U.S. Agricultural Productivity Growth and the Benefits From Public R&D Spending (Natural Resource Management and Policy). New York, NY: Springer; 2009.
  7. Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. The Public Health Effects of Food Deserts: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2009.
  8. Eyler A, Brownson R, Schmid T, eds. Physical activity policy: from present to future. J Phys Act Health. 2010;7(suppl 1):S1–S125.
  9. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Acute Coronary Events. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects: Making Sense of the Evidence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2009.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Mozaffarian, D., Afshin, A., Benowitz, N. L., Bittner, V., Daniels, S. R., Franch, H. A., Jacobs, D. R., Kraus, W. E., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Krummel, D. A., Popkin, B. M., Whitsel, L. P., & Zakai, N. A.
ORCID
Venue
Circulation
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2012-09-18
Volume
126
Issue
12
Pages
1514-1563
ISSN
  • 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
  • 1524-4539
DOI
10.1161/cir.0b013e318260a20b
PMC
PMC3881293
OpenAlex
W2131964552
Semantic Scholar
2ddef80df33922544ceb4426e7309623fb3e4172
Cited by
601
References
509
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 5
FWCI
33.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Circulation (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Funders
  • American Heart Association
  • Office of Science
  • National Institute on Aging (P30AG028716)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK048520)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Keywords
population-level interventions, lifestyle modification, diet, physical activity, tobacco use, health promotion, food labeling, economic incentives, school-based intervention, workplace health programs, environmental change, health policy, preventable diseases
MeSH terms
Smoking Prevention, American Heart Association, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Reducing, Health Promotion, Humans, Life Style, Motor Activity, United States

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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