Cited by 186Viral Infections and Immunology ResearchInflammasome and immune disordersMitochondrial Function and Pathology

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Sex differences in inflammation, redox biology, mitochondria and autoimmunity

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Di Florio, Damian N., Sin, Jon, Coronado, Michael J., Atwal, Paldeep S., Fairweather, DeLisa·2020·Redox Biology

DOI 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101482PMC PMC7212489

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Abstract

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by circulating antibodies and immune complexes directed against self-tissues that result in both systemic and organ-specific inflammation and pathology. Most autoimmune diseases occur more often in women than men. One exception is myocarditis, which is an inflammation of the myocardium that is typically caused by viral infections. Sex differences in the immune response and the role of the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone are well established based on animal models of autoimmune viral myocarditis as well as in mitochondrial function leading to reactive oxygen species production. RNA viruses like coxsackievirus B3, the primary cause of myocarditis in the US, activate the inflammasome through mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein located on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Toll-like receptor 4 and the inflammasome are the primary signaling pathways that increase inflammation during myocarditis, which is increased by testosterone. This review describes what is known about sex differences in inflammation, redox biology and mitochondrial function in the male-dominant autoimmune disease myocarditis and highlights gaps in the literature and future directions.

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Authors: Di Florio, D. N., Sin, J., Coronado, M. J., Atwal, P. S., & Fairweather, D.
Affiliations: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
Whitman College (US)
Mayo Clinic (US)
Corresponding author: Fairweather, DeLisa
ORCID: Sin, Jon
Coronado, Michael J.
Atwal, Paldeep S.
Fairweather, DeLisa
Venue: Redox Biology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-04
Volume: 31
Pages: 101482
ISSN: 2213-2317 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101482
PMC: PMC7212489
OpenAlex: W3010344840
Cited by: 185
References: 164
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12
FWCI: 4.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Redox Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Mayo Clinic
National Institutes of Health (R21 AI145356, R21 AI152318, TL1 TR002380)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Keywords: sex differences, autoimmune myocarditis, viral myocarditis, coxsackievirus B3, inflammasome, TLR4, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial function, estrogen, testosterone, inflammation, autoimmunity
MeSH terms: Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Biology, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Mitochondria, Myocardium, Oxidation-Reduction, Sex Characteristics, Autoimmunity

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Sex differences in inflammation, redox biology, mitochondria and autoimmunity

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