Cited by 6,931Redox biology and oxidative stressAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressNitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects

ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress

Open access
Schieber, Michael, Chandel, Navdeep S.·2014·Current Biology

Abstract

Oxidative stress refers to elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause damage to lipids, proteins and DNA. Oxidative stress has been linked to a myriad of pathologies. However, elevated ROS also act as signaling molecules in the maintenance of physiological functions--a process termed redox biology. In this review we discuss the two faces of ROS--redox biology and oxidative stress--and their contribution to both physiological and pathological conditions. Redox biology involves a small increase in ROS levels that activates signaling pathways to initiate biological processes, while oxidative stress denotes high levels of ROS that result in damage to DNA, protein or lipids. Thus, the response to ROS displays hormesis, given that the opposite effect is observed at low levels compared with that seen at high levels. Here, we argue that redox biology, rather than oxidative stress, underlies physiological and pathological conditions.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.034

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150 of 150 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • The negative effects of air pollution are primarily mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species.

    “The negative effects of air pollution are primarily mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)14.”

    From Air Pollution and Skin Diseases (2025) · cites this paper as [14]

    The Introduction says ROS can cause pathology by damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA. It does not link ROS production to air pollution or establish that ROS primarily mediate air pollution’s negative effects (searched: air pollution, pollutants, particulate matter). (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Activated macrophages and microglia release ROS that disrupt cell membranes, cellular DNA, and protein synthesis.

    “Activated macrophages and microglia release ROS that disrupt cell membranes, cellular DNA, and protein synthesis (101).”

    From Chronic stress, neuroinflammation, and depression: an overview of pathophysiological mechanisms and emerging anti-inflammatories (2023) · cites this paper as [101]

    The Introduction says ROS can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA, and the ‘Regulation of inflammation’ section links macrophage activity to ROS generation and notes that elevated ROS in immune cells can contribute to tissue damage. The paper does not establish that activated macrophages release ROS that cause the specified damage; it does not address microglia or disruption of protein synthesis. The relevant passages have no page numbers in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • When ROS generation surpasses the skin's antioxidant defenses, it results in oxidative stress, which can impair lipids, proteins, and DNA, disrupting cellular organelles and tissue functions.

    “When ROS generation surpasses the skin’s antioxidant defenses, it results in oxidative stress, a condition that can impair lipids, proteins, and DNA, thereby, disrupting various cellular organelles and tissue functions (Fig. 2)14.”

    From Air Pollution and Skin Diseases (2025) · cites this paper as [14]

    The Introduction says oxidative stress involves ROS damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA, and the regulation-of-aging section describes damaged mitochondria impairing cellular function. The cited passages do not establish the claim’s skin-specific threshold—ROS generation surpassing the skin’s antioxidant defenses—or the resulting disruption of skin tissue function. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • ROS accumulation causes oxidative stress that can damage lipids, proteins, and ribonucleic acids.

    “ROS accumulation causes oxidative stress that can damage lipids, proteins, and ribonucleic acids10.”

    From Key points for the development of antioxidant cocktails to prevent cellular stress and damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during manned space missions (2021) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Abstract and Introduction say elevated ROS can cause oxidative stress that damages lipids, proteins, and DNA. The claim matches the first two targets but substitutes ribonucleic acids (RNA) for DNA; the cited passages do not support that substitution. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Compared with normal cells, cancer cells usually face greater oxidative stress due to faster metabolism and faulty mitochondria.

    “cancer cells experience more oxidative stress compared with normal cells owing to an elevated metabolic rate and defective mitochondria12”

    From Targeting cancer vulnerabilities with high-dose vitamin C (2019) · cites this paper as [12]

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Authors
Schieber, M., & Chandel, N. S.
Affiliations
Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author
Chandel, Navdeep S.
Venue
Current Biology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2014-05
Volume
24
Issue
10
Pages
R453-R462
ISSN
0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1976599392
Cited by
6,931
References
150
Citations by year
2026: 613 · 2025: 810 · 2024: 782 · 2023: 676 · 2022: 815 · 2021: 789 · 2020: 693 · 2019: 619 · 2018: 468 · 2017: 309 · 2016: 198 · 2015: 124 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 1
FWCI
20.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Current Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL071643, T32-HL76139, T32HL076139)
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA123067)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
Keywords
reactive oxygen species, redox signaling, oxidative stress, redox biology, hormesis, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, DNA damage, signaling pathways
MeSH terms
Animals, DNA Damage, Humans, Oxidation-Reduction, Signal Transduction, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Carcinogenesis

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