Extraction of green absolute from thyme using ultrasound and sunflower oil
Open accessAbstract
Absolute is the plant aroma isolate mostly used in the food and fragrance sectors. The use of organic solvents constitutes the most commonly used method for obtaining this aroma. However, this technique may leave trace amounts of solvents which are considered undesirable for these industries. In this work, a new green extraction approach was implemented using ultrasound (US) with sunflower oil (SO) as a natural solvent to produce green absolute from thyme (Thymus vulgaris). US optimal conditions for absolute yield were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) and compared to conventional SO (SO-CV) and hexane (Hex-CV) extractions. The absolutes were analyzed by GC–MS for their chemical composition and tested for their antioxidant activities (total phenols, DPPH and frying test). Optimized conditions obtained by RSM for absolute yield were T = 50 °C, t = 22 min, P = 98W. The US using SO as solvent offers important advantages: shorter extraction time, increase of 47% in absolute yield compared to SO-CV extraction. Although the absolute obtained by hexane extraction provided improved yield (8.64 g/100 g DW), it contained around 75% of waxy materials. GC–MS analysis showed no remarkable variation of the chemical composition of the absolutes compared to those obtained by hexane extraction. Moreover, the US extraction allowed the highest recovery of monoterpene phenols thymol and carvacrol (86.2%). The absolute obtained by SO-US was free from waxes and organic solvent residues and exerted the highest antioxidant activity. Results show that ultrasound extraction using SO is a good alternative. It suggests the possibility of the production of green absolutes on pilot and industrial scale.
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UAE offers distinct advantages, notably a significantly higher extraction rate and bioavailability rate.
“UAE offers distinct advantages, notably a significantly higher extraction rate and bioavailability rate [28].”
From A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
The Kinetic study (§3.2; page unavailable) reports a 47% higher thyme absolute yield with ultrasound than with conventional sunflower-oil extraction, and the paper describes ultrasound extraction as faster. It does not report a bioavailability rate or establish a significantly higher bioavailability rate; the measured yield is also not a quantified extraction rate. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEffective cell fragmentation and effective mass transfer are considered the two factors leading to the increase of production after employing UAE.
“Therefore, effective cell fragmentation and effective mass transfer are considered to be the two factors leading to the increase of production after employing UAE [27], [28].”
From A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
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Roselló-Soto, E., Galanakis, C. M., Brnčić, M., Orlien, V., Trujillo, F. J., Mawson, R., Knoerzer, K., Tiwari, B. K., & Barba, F. J. (2015) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2015.01.002 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Hudaib, M., Speroni, E., Di Pietra, A. M., & Cavrini, V. (2002) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00119-x · Cited by 320 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 3
- C. Remy, Narcissus in perfumery, in: G.H. Hanks (Ed.), Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus, 2004, Taylor and Francis e-library, London, 2004, p. 452.
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Shen, L., Pang, S., Zhong, M., Sun, Y., Qayum, A., Liu, Y., Rashid, A., Xu, B., Liang, Q., Ma, H., et al. (2023) · Ultrasonics Sonochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106646 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
“Therefore, effective cell fragmentation and effective mass transfer are considered to be the two factors leading to the increase of production after employing UAE [27,28].”
BackgroundPanda, D., & Manickam, S. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9040766 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mnayer, D., Fabiano-Tixier, A.-S., Petitcolas, E., Ruiz, K., Hamieh, T., & Chemat, F.
- Affiliations
- Lebanese University (LB)
- Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Mnayer, Dima
- Venue
- Resource-Efficient Technologies
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12-21
- ISSN
- 2405-6529 (ISSN-L)
- 2405-6537
- OpenAlex
- W2587772221
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Resource-Efficient Technologies (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Resource-Efficient Technologies (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Электронный научный архив ТПУ: Главная страница (Tomsk Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Ultrasound and Cavitation Phenomena
- Keywords
- thyme, ultrasound-assisted extraction, sunflower oil, natural solvents, essential oil extraction, hexane extraction, extraction yield, antioxidant activity, thymol, carvacrol, monoterpene phenols, wax removal, residual solvents
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