GC/MS evaluation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) oil composition and variations during the vegetative cycle
Abstract
Capillary GC/MS analysis based on polar and non-polar columns has been applied to evaluation of the volatile oils hydrodistilled from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) plants. The adopted methodology has been used to monitor seasonal variations in the composition of the oil obtained from thyme herbs harvested at different periods during the plant vegetative and life cycles. Oils from thyme plants of young (2 years) and old (5 years) cultivations have been evaluated from four and two collections, respectively, effected throughout May/December growth period. Generally, the oil was found to be rich in the active monoterpene phenols (thymol and carvacrol) and their corresponding monoterpene hydrocarbon (HC) precursors (p-cymene and gamma-terpinene), which collectively showed synchronized patterns of variation during the different collection periods and in different seasons. The oil from old plant collected in May/June period (0.15% v/w) was characterized by significantly lower levels of monoterpene HCs (mainly gamma-terpinene) and the highest levels of the oxygenated monoterpenes (linalool and borneol), monoterpene phenols (mainly thymol) and their derivatives (mainly carvacrol methyl ether), sesquiterpenes (mainly beta-caryophyllene) and their oxygenated derivatives (e.g. caryophyllene oxide) in comparison with all other samples. A characteristic presence of camphor and thymodihydroquinone was also observed in the old plant oils. On the other hand, the young plant, collected in June/July just before the end of the vegetative cycle, provided the best oil yield (1.2%) with also the highest % content of the monoterpene phenols (thymol: 51.2% and carvacrol: 4%). This latter growth period can represent the best harvest time of young thyme plants in order to obtain an essential oil with better quality and quantity.
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Differences in essential oil composition of Annona muricata leaf and fruit pulp between this and other works may be attributed to seasonal, environmental, genetic, geographical, chemotypic, maturation, or nutritional factors.
“The differences in essential oil compositions of Annona muricata leaf and fruit pulp in this and other works may be attributed to one or any combination of these elements.”
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- Authors
- Hudaib, M., Speroni, E., Di Pietra, A. M., & Cavrini, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Hudaib, Mohammad
- ORCID
- Hudaib, Mohammad
- Venue
- Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 691-700
- ISSN
- 0731-7085 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2064470344
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 8.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant chemical constituents analysis
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
- Keywords
- thyme, essential oil composition, seasonal variation, vegetative cycle, thymol, carvacrol, monoterpene phenols, monoterpene hydrocarbons, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, linalool, borneol, sesquiterpenes, caryophyllene oxide, harvest time, plant age
- MeSH terms
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Plant Oils, Plant Stems, Thymus Plant
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