Active dynamic windows for buildings: A review

Properties, requirements and possibilities of smart windows for dynamic daylight and solar energy control in buildings: A state-of-the-art review

Baetens, R., Jelle, B. P., & Gustavsen, A. (2009) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2009.08.021 · Cited by 1,322

Electrochromics for smart windows: Oxide-based thin films and devices

Granqvist, C. G. (2014) · Thin Solid Films · doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2014.02.002 · Cited by 1,088

Tunable near-infrared and visible-light transmittance in nanocrystal-in-glass composites

Llordés, A., Garcia, G., Gàzquez, J., & Milliron, D. J. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12398 · Cited by 930

13th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition

(1995) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/0927-0248(95)80019-0 · Cited by 619

Fenestration of today and tomorrow: A state-of-the-art review and future research opportunities

Jelle, B. P., Hynd, A., Gustavsen, A., Arasteh, D., Goudey, H., & Hart, R. (2011) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2011.08.010 · Cited by 554

A review of conventional, advanced, and smart glazing technologies and materials for improving indoor environment

Rezaei, S. D., Shannigrahi, S. R., & Ramakrishna, S. (2016) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.08.026 · Cited by 459

Metal-oxide films for electrochromic applications: present technology and future directions

Gillaspie, D. T., Tenent, R. C., & Dillon, A. C. (2010) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c0jm00604a · Cited by 397

Bio-inspired sensitive and reversible mechanochromisms via strain-dependent cracks and folds

Zeng, S., Zhang, D., Huang, W., Wang, Z., Freire, S. G., Yu, X., Smith, A. T., Huang, E. Y., Nguon, H., & Sun, L. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms11802 · Cited by 281

Nanocomposite Architecture for Rapid, Spectrally-Selective Electrochromic Modulation of Solar Transmittance

Kim, J., Ong, G. K., Wang, Y., LeBlanc, G., Williams, T. E., Mattox, T. M., Helms, B. A., & Milliron, D. J. (2015) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02197 · Cited by 235

Electrochromic dynamic windows for office buildings

Sbar, N., Podbelski, L., Yang, H. M., & Pease, B. (2012) · International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment · doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2012.09.001 · Cited by 234

REVIEW ON HUMAN-CENTRIC LIGHTING FOCUSING ON SMART SOLID-STATE LIGHTING AND SWITCHABLE GLAZING

Mathew, V., George, A. M., Varghese, S. G., Kurian, C. P., Augustine, N., & George, V. I. (2025) · Journal of Green Building · doi:10.3992/jgb.20.2.199 · Cited by 3

Experimental and numerical investigations on heating load reduction of a fan-coil window during heating season

Hou, C., Jiu, Y., Wang, H., Zha, F., Li, X., Wang, W., & Shi, W. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113293 · Cited by 2

UV‐Activated Large‐Area Switchable Electro‐Reflective Window for Energy‐Efficient Electric Vehicles

Jiang, X., Yuan, M., Liu, Y., Hu, X., Wang, J., Xu, A., Tang, X., Zhang, Z., Yuan, L., & Duan, Y. (2025) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.202500531 · Cited by 2

Low-Emissivity Cavity Treatment for Enhancing Thermal Performance of Existing Window Frames

Xiong, M., Kweon, J., & Kim, S. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18010525 · Cited by 2

Bio-based construction composites for improved thermal efficiency: Properties, methods, and performance

Touil, M., Rahmoun, O., Harti, K. E., Saadani, R., & Rahmoune, M. (2026) · Cleaner Waste Systems · doi:10.1016/j.clwas.2026.100499 · Cited by 2

Methodology for integrated building energy modeling and impact assessment of urban energy system scenarios

Nakkorn, N., Phdungsilp, A., & Vorarat, S. (2022) · International Conference and Utility Exhibition on Energy, Environment and Climate Change (ICUE) · doi:10.1109/icue55325.2022.10113539 · Cited by 2

Analysis of Energy Efficiency Benefits of Smart Glazed Overhangs for Office Buildings in France

Corlouer, M., & Krarti, M. (2023) · ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities · doi:10.1115/1.4063393 · Cited by 2

Transparent metal oxide-based robust, porous, and thin polyurethane coatings for IR, and UV blocking and photocleaning terylene textiles

Javid, A., Abdullah, M., Nadeem, N., Nawab, Y., & Zubair, U. (2024) · Materials Today Communications · doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109889 · Cited by 2

Towards greener buildings: A review on the role of fluidic windows with embedded microfluidic channels for energy saving in the building setups

Luo, W., Vishwakarma, P., Li, K.-Y., & Panigrahi, B. (2024) · International Journal of Green Energy · doi:10.1080/15435075.2024.2415538 · Cited by 2

Simulation of Responsive Envelopes in Current and Future Climate Scenarios: A New Interactive Computational Platform for Energy Analyses

Carlucci, F., & Fiorito, F. (2024) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en17215270 · Cited by 2

One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Vanadium Dioxide Structures for Thermochromic Glass Applications

Khaled, K., Berardi, U., Schlaf, M., & Soldatov, D. V. (2024) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-8305-2_49 · Cited by 2

Smart and Dynamic Facades: A Path to Energy Optimization in Arid Environments

Djamel, Z., & Zemmouri, N. (2024) · Journal of Architectural and Engineering Research · doi:10.54338/27382656-2024.7-08 · Cited by 2

An Analysis of Arrays with Irregular Apertures in MEMS Smart Glasses for the Improvement of Clear View

Donatiello, R., Iskhandar, M. S. Q., Hasan, M. K., Kästner, P., Qasim, M. H., Chen, J., Baby, S., Elsaka, B., Xu, G., & Hillmer, H. H. (2025) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi16020176 · Cited by 2

Tracing biomimicry from the ancient Chinese wisdom: a case study at Lushan UNESCO Global Geopark

Xiong, L., Tahir, M. M., Unjah, T., & Xu, C. (2025) · Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering · doi:10.1080/13467581.2025.2455030 · Cited by 2

Analysis of the Strength and Quality Properties of Welded PVC Profiles with Glass Fiber Composite Reinforcement in the Context of Milling and Weld Head Feed

Kozielczyk, M., MENCEL, K., Kowalczyk, J., & Paczkowska, M. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18061297 · Cited by 2

Liquid flow window: Technology review and future trends

Liu, W., Liu, X., Lin, L., Li, C., Pan, C., Chow, T. T., Zhou, J., & Cao, J. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.115988 · Cited by 2

Analysis and optimization of the optimal transmittance range and WWR combination of electrochromic glass

Wen, J., Hu, C., & Meng, X. (2025) · Case Studies in Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.csite.2025.106992 · Cited by 2

Glazings and Coatings

Leftheriotis, G., & Yianoulis, P. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819727-1.00022-4 · Cited by 2

Aesthetic Possibilities of Building Thermal Control through Colored Envelopes

Cánovas-Saura, A., Lozoya, A. C., & Padilla, J. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings13030802 · Cited by 2

On Energy Efficiency of Night Window Shutters for a Non-Residential Building in Three Major Romanian Cities

Udrea, I., Cănănău, S., & Popa, R. T. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14010187 · Cited by 2

Grating optical filter with angular-selective transmission for smart windows

Сабирович, З. Р., & Александровна, О. И. (2024) · Optical Engineering · doi:10.1117/1.oe.63.3.035109 · Cited by 2

Optimisation of wasted air utilisation in thermal loss reduction in double-glazed windows of commercial buildings in cold regions

Lami, M., Al-Naemi, F., Jabbar, H. A., Alrashidi, H., & Issa, W. R. (2022) · International journal of energy and environmental engineering · doi:10.1007/s40095-022-00499-0 · Cited by 2

Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Smart Film Technologies: Overview

Şen, C., Alkan, B., Mohammadmoradi, O., & Taralp, A. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1002486 · Cited by 1

Orientation-Based Analysis of Trombe Walls with Enhanced Glazing Systems across Different Annual Thermal Periods

Pourghorban, A., & Asoodeh, H. (2025) · Journal of Architectural Engineering · doi:10.1061/jaeied.aeeng-1907 · Cited by 1

Ab Initio Simulation of Medium-Range Ordering in Ionic Glass Electrolytes LiSiPON and LiNaSiPON

Osetskiy, Y., Shinohara, Y., Samolyuk, G. D., Egami, T., & Westover, A. S. (2025) · ACS Materials Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c02544 · Cited by 1

Thermochromic Hydrogel Smart Window for Iron‐Chromium Flow Batteries: Dual Band Modulation and Efficient Energy Storage

Zeng, X. R., Chen, K., Zhou, R., Li, M., Zhou, X., Wang, Z., Qiu, W., Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., & Xu, Q. (2025) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202501867 · Cited by 1

High-performance triarylamine-based electrochromic aramids incorporating electron-withdrawing fluorine substituents

Chern, Y., Yen, C.-C., Ho, S.-J., Shao, Y., Sun, W. Y., & Liou, G. (2025) · Materials Today Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.mtchem.2025.103044 · Cited by 1

CuxTi1-xO2 buffer layers in VO2–based smart windows – a viable compromise towards large-scale industrial production

Lu, H., Becker, M., Dornseifer, J. L., Polity, A., & Klar, P. J. (2025) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114016 · Cited by 1

Evaluation of smart glazing properties for net positive windows in commercial buildings

Ohene, E., McGehee, M. D., & Krarti, M. (2026) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117129 · Cited by 1

Materials, performance, and control strategies for electrochromic windows: a review

Wen, J., Zhang, Z., Fu, W., Mao, W., & Meng, X. (2026) · Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry · doi:10.1007/s10973-026-15709-8 · Cited by 1

The energy saving potential of a novel smart photochromic glass film for a model office across various European climates

Kragt, A. J. J., & van der Burgt, J. S. (2026) · Glass Structures & Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40940-026-00325-7 · Cited by 1

Surrogate-assisted NSGA-III optimization of thermochromic Trombe walls

Sheikhveisi, A. M., Sheikhveisi, Q., & Akbari, A. (2026) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2026.114884 · Cited by 1

Analysis of chromogenic materials for angular-selective smart windows with efficient use of solar energy

Сабирович, З. Р., & Александровна, О. И. (2022) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1070/1/012016 · Cited by 1

Oxygen-induced Ag-based binary structure for efficient heat-regulating windows

Nguyen, T. T., Ju, Y., Bhatnagar, P. K., Lee, J., Park, J., & Kim, J. (2024) · Surfaces and Interfaces · doi:10.1016/j.surfin.2024.104102 · Cited by 1

Performance of adjustable multilayer film based on radiation cooling and electrochromism

Wang, Y., Ze-Shuai, C., Ke-Yang, J., Wei, L., & Li, X. (2024) · Acta Physica Sinica · doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240863 · Cited by 1

Decision Criteria for the Assessment of Building Retrofit Integrating Innovative Façade Solutions

Stival, C. A. (2024) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71863-2_44 · Cited by 1

Performance analysis of a novel photocatalytic double-layer ventilation window

Chen, H., Hong, T., Peng, M., Liu, Y., Du, P., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., & Yang, H. (2024) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115062 · Cited by 1

Energy management in buildings

Denwigwe, I. H., Emezirinwune, M. U., Adebisi, J. A., Adedoja, O. S., Babatunde, O. M., & Olanrewaju, O. A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-44-313219-3.00085-x · Cited by 1

Systematic tailoring of functional properties of glass material in protective mask for smart manufacturing

Brusa, E. G. M., Delprete, C., & Razavykia, A. (2019) · IEEE International Symposium on Systems Engineering · doi:10.1109/isse46696.2019.8984513 · Cited by 1

Performance Evaluation of Electrochromic Window System by Different Orientations and Locations in Korea

Shin, J., & Chae, Y. T. (2018) · Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society · doi:10.7836/kses.2018.38.5.075 · Cited by 1

Enhanced Electrochromic Properties of Hierarchical Iron Oxyhydroxide Hollow Sphere Array

Wang, K., Watanabe, G., Yoshida, M., Araki, Y., & Kawai, T. (2022) · Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1246/cl.210677 · Cited by 1

The perfectly smart greenhouse cover : a simulation study

Romero, E. B., van Breugel, A. J., Swinkels, G. L. A. M., Hemming, S., & Stanghellini, C. (2018) · doi:10.18174/451812 · Cited by 1

Propriétés optiques de nanoparticules plasmoniques et de cristaux liquides pour applications aux vitrages intelligents.

Lochon, F. (2022) · doi:10.70675/eec32e0cz1f33z41eez8c05zdc4a5cf69fce · Cited by 1

Оптические свойства термотропных гидрогелей (обзор)

Майоров, В. А. (2020) · Журнал технической физики · doi:10.21883/os.2020.03.49066.298-19

Thermo-sensitive actuator capabilities assessment of a composite material based on a two-way shape memory semicrystalline polymer

Villegas, R., & Edison, J. (2018)

Alternative Energy Systems in Buildings

Santos, A. C., Borge-Díez, D., & Rosales-Asensio, E. (2020) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03936-221-9

The energetic characterization of solar-control environments

Salaris, C., Innamorati, R., Frattolillo, A., & Loddo, G. (2019) · Rivista Tema · doi:10.30682/tema0501h

Parametric analysis of energy savings achievable by windows configurations in different climates

Masi, R. F. D., Festa, V., Gigante, A., Ruggiero, S., & Vanoli, G. P. (2022) · International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech) · doi:10.23919/splitech55088.2022.9854263

Processo de tomada de decisão para otimização em conforto térmico e eficiência energética integrando janelas inteligentes e ventilação híbrida nos climas subtropical e tropical.

Suzuki, E. H. (2022) · doi:10.11606/t.3.2022.tde-09092022-143552

Dynamic Electro-, Mechanochromic Materials and Structures for Multifunctional Smart Windows

Zhao, Y., Li, Y., & Yin, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09695-2_3

Performance Analysis of the Sustainable Windows Glazing System for Built Environment

Dhir, A. K., & Sharma, P. K. (2022) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-4731-5_26

ANALYSIS OF CHROMOGENIC MATERIALS FOR SMART WINDOWS WITH ANGULAR-SELECTIVE LIGHT TRANSMISSION

Александровна, О. И. (2021) · NEWS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS CONSTRUCTION · doi:10.32683/0536-1052-2021-745-1-80-90

Impact of glazing system on the energy performance of a nZEB under climate change scenarios

Masi, R. F. D., Regno, N. D., Gigante, A., Parrotta, M., Ruggiero, S., & Vanoli, G. P. (2023) · International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech) · doi:10.23919/splitech58164.2023.10193504

Variance in assessment and simulation for effect of double glass unit in built environment

Dhir, A. K., & Sharma, P. K. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0162852

Economic computation and simulation for different window formations in reducing energy consumption in building sector

Dhir, A. K., & Sharma, P. K. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0162853

Моделирование притока тепла от солнечной радиации через решеточные смарт-окна

Сабирович, З. Р., Александровна, О. И., Gunko, N. M., Горьков, Н., Гирин, В., & Пикалова, Е. (2023) · SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL “ACADEMIA ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION” · doi:10.22337/2077-9038-2023-3-132-139

Testing the Uniformity of Surface Resistance on Large-Format Transparent Heating Glass

Flaga, S., Dominik, I., & Szybiński, M. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23218738

Regulate solar irradiation with smart microshutters

Jiang, K., Sun, Z., Fan, X., Tang, X., Li, G., Li, M., Qiu, T., & Hao, Q. (2024) · Journal of Coatings Technology and Research · doi:10.1007/s11998-023-00881-5

Materiales cromogénicos para mejorar el desempeño térmico del muro Trombe en regiones con veranos cálidos

Martínez, A. (2024) · doi:10.20868/upm.thesis.81490

Enhanced Thermal Insulation and Transparency in Sustainable Smart Windows Via Eutectic Gel-Formed CompositePreprint

Jafari, K., Mallick, T. K., & Tahir, A. A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4865564

Метод расчета естественного освещения в помещении с решеточным смарт-окном

Сабирович, З. Р., Александровна, О. И., & Гирин, В. (2024) · SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL “ACADEMIA ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION” · doi:10.22337/2077-9038-2024-2-173-181

Enhanced Thermal Insulation and Transparency in Sustainable Smart Windows Via Eutectic Gel-Formed CompositePreprint

Jafari, K., Mallick, T. K., & Tahir, A. A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4893735

Responsive Envelope Technologies

Carlucci, F., Campagna, L. M., & Fiorito, F. (2024) · Digital innovations in architecture, engineering and construction · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58101-4_3

Numerical Simulation of the Thermal Performance of a Building Using Electrochromic Devices

Netto, M. S., Porto, J. D. S., Brum, R. D. S., de Quadros, R. S., & Avellaneda, C. O. (2024) · Defect and diffusion forum/Diffusion and defect data, solid state data. Part A, Defect and diffusion forum · doi:10.4028/p-w0japk

Empirical Evaluation of Double Electrochromic Glazing Window Thermal and Visual Performance in Hot Desert Climate

Hafnaoui, R., Husini, E. M., Kandar, M. Z., & Ghosh, A. (2024) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-8348-9_39

Моделирование естественного освещения в помещении с решеточным смарт-окном

Сабирович, З. Р., Александровна, О. И., Гирин, В., & Пикалова, Е. (2024) · Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education] · doi:10.22227/2305-5502.2024.3.70-88

Biomimetic materials for sensing applications

Sabbaghi, A. A., & Asadpour‐Zeynali, K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22002-9.00004-x

Criteria for enhancing comfort and liveability conditions in homogenous built contexts through innovative façade interventions

Stival, C. A., Bisiani, T., & Limoncin, P. (2025) · Architecture Structures and Construction · doi:10.1007/s44150-025-00131-9

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Comparative Assessment of Window Technology to Achieve Energy Efficiency: A Review

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Energy-saving glass with asymmetrically doped core-shell nanoparticles for photoelectric synergistic regulation

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Investigation of the electrochromic properties of V2O5 thin films deposited by sputtering : comparison of High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) vs conventional Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering (RFMS)

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Coloration-bleaching mechanisms in nickel-tungsten mixed oxides

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New strategies to improve the transparency of photovoltaic spatial light modulators for self-powered dynamic glazing

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Polydomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers with Mechanically Switchable Opacity for Thermal Shielding

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Experimental validation of an energy balance model for multi-pane radiant glazing systems using a full-scale outdoor test cell

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Global sensitivity analysis and multi-objective optimization for comprehensive performances of movable cultural and tourism pods with electrochromic windows

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Anion-Exchange-Controlled Chiroptical Properties in Viologen-Linked Glutamide Nanofibrillar Assembly for Electroresponsive Chiroptical Switches

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Preliminary assessment of visual performance of novel switchable glazing assemblies for glare control in a mediterranean climate

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Dual mode thermal regulating materials for building envelopes: A review of mechanisms, performance and applications

Meng, F., Nguyen, D. M., Gao, Z. J., Yu, W., Fan, Z., Wang, H., Hang, J., Zhao, Z., Zhu, X., & Xu, F. (2026) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.115051

Thermochromic Materials for Adaptive and Intelligent Engineering Systems: A Critical and Comparative Review of Switching Physics, Material Platforms, Manufacturability, and Deployment

Hakami, A. (2026) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1155/er/8832692

Thermoresponsive separation media for solar-driven passive water harvesting and purification: Mechanisms, process integration, and system evaluation

Guo, Z., He, W., Xu, G., Xiang, L., & Yin, Y. (2026) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2026.139574

Dynamic simulation of conventional and smart glazing systems: derivation and integration of a temperature-dependent solar factor model

CHERIFZAOUI, S., Khattabi, E. M. E., Zouini, M., Krimi, Z. E., ALAMA, M. A., Bousseta, M., & Boutahir, M. (2026) · Advances in Building Energy Research · doi:10.1080/17512549.2026.2714036

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