The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“One way that transitions can occur is through innovations in protected niches that may have an impact on the dominant socio-technical regime [3].”
From From Local Initiatives to Coalitions for an Effective Agroecology Strategy: Lessons from South Africa (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095101 · Cited by 38,435
DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W. W. (2004) · Advances in strategic management · doi:10.1016/s0742-3322(00)17011-1 · Cited by 25,973
An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change.
Loasby, B. J., Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. (1983) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2232409 · Cited by 21,426
(1984) · Cited by 21,166
DiMaggio, P. (1983) · American Sociological Review · Cited by 9,078
Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies
Swidler, A. (1986) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095521 · Cited by 8,661
Henderson, R. M., & Clark, K. B. (1990) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393549 · Cited by 8,563
Institutions and organizations
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-1848 · Cited by 8,039
The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail
Birnbaum, R., Christensen, C. M., & Raynor, M. E. (2005) · Academe · doi:10.2307/40252749 · Cited by 7,570
Geels, F. W. (2002) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/s0048-7333(02)00062-8 · Cited by 7,275
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 58 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,006
Hötte, K. (2019) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104565 · Cited by 99
Seven Principles of Strong Climate Change Planning
Meerow, S., & Woodruff, S. (2019) · Journal of the American Planning Association · doi:10.1080/01944363.2019.1652108 · Cited by 102
A service ecosystem perspective on the diffusion of sustainability-oriented user innovations
Trischler, J., Johnson, M., & Kristensson, P. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.011 · Cited by 115
A tale of two crises: COVID-19 and climate
Markard, J., & Rosenbloom, D. (2020) · Sustainability Science Practice and Policy · doi:10.1080/15487733.2020.1765679 · Cited by 101
Cagle, A. E., Armstrong, A., Exley, G., Grodsky, S. M., Macknick, J., Sherwin, J. R., & Hernandez, R. R. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12198154 · Cited by 101
Entrepreneurship and the sustainable bioeconomy transformation
Kuckertz, A., Berger, E. S. C., & Brändle, L. (2020) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2020.10.003 · Cited by 82
Innovation cycles, niches and sustainability in the shrimp aquaculture industry in Thailand
Lebel, L., Mungkung, R. T., Gheewala, S. H., & Lebel, P. (2010) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2010.03.005 · Cited by 101
Assessing and comparing German and UK transition policies for electric mobility
Mazur, C., Contestabile, M., Offer, G. J., & Brandon, N. P. (2015) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2014.04.005 · Cited by 99
Normann, H. E. (2017) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2017.02.004 · Cited by 100
Leveraging Post-Disaster Windows of Opportunities for Change towards Sustainability: A Framework
Brundiers, K., & Eakin, H. C. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10051390 · Cited by 106
Design for Sustainability Transitions: Origins, Attitudes and Future Directions
Gaziulusoy, İ., & Öztekin, E. E. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11133601 · Cited by 100
The circular economy in tourism: transition perspectives for business and research
Manniche, J., Larsen, K. T., & Broegaard, R. B. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism · doi:10.1080/15022250.2021.1921020 · Cited by 125
Yanine, F. F., & Sauma, E. E. (2013) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.002 · Cited by 100
DEVELOPING DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES TO MEET SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
Castiaux, A. (2012) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919612400130 · Cited by 100
Amankwah, K., Klerkx, L., Oosting, S. J., Sakyi-Dawson, O., van der Zijpp, A. J., & Millar, D. J. (2012) · NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.njas.2012.06.002 · Cited by 99
The politics of deliberate destabilisation for sustainability transitions
Oers, L. M. V., Feola, G., Moors, E. H. M., & Runhaar, H. A. C. (2021) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2021.06.003 · Cited by 99
A participatory exploratory modelling approach for long-term planning in energy transitions
Moallemi, E. A., & Malekpour, S. (2017) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.022 · Cited by 113
Everyday experimentation in energy transition: A practice-theoretical view
Jalas, M., Hyysalo, S., Heiskanen, E., Lovio, R., Nissinen, A., Mattinen, M. K., Rinkinen, J., Juntunen, J. K., Tainio, P., & Nissilä, H. T. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.034 · Cited by 98
Söderholm, P., Hellsmark, H., Frishammar, J., Hansson, J., Mossberg, J., & Sandström, A. (2018) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.010 · Cited by 98
Tourism-Based Circular Economy in Salento (South Italy): A SWOT-ANP Analysis
Falcone, P. M. (2019) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci8070216 · Cited by 98
Brand, U., Görg, C., & Wissen, M. (2019) · Globalizations · doi:10.1080/14747731.2019.1644708 · Cited by 127
Governing Transitions towards Sustainable Agriculture—Taking Stock of an Emerging Field of Research
Melchior, I. C., & Newig, J. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13020528 · Cited by 108
How does business model redesign foster resilience in emerging circular value chains?
Carraresi, L., & Bröring, S. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125823 · Cited by 98
Murphy, J. T., & Smith, A. (2013) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a45190 · Cited by 98
The Green Experiment: Cities, Green Stormwater Infrastructure, and Sustainability
Chini, C., Canning, J., Schreiber, K., Peschel, J., & Stillwell, A. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9010105 · Cited by 112
Sustainable business models and the automotive industry: A commentary
Wells, P. (2013) · IIMB Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.iimb.2013.07.001 · Cited by 97
Views of the frontiers in climate change adaptation economics
Downing, T. E. (2012) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.157 · Cited by 97
Infrastructures, intersections and societal transformations
Cass, N., Schwanen, T., & Shove, E. (2018) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.039 · Cited by 97
User decision-making in transitions to electrified, autonomous, shared or reduced mobility
Whittle, C., Whitmarsh, L. E., Haggar, P. C., Morgan, P. L., & Parkhurst, G. P. (2019) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2018.12.014 · Cited by 108
Prefigurative politics and social change: a typology drawing on transition studies
Törnberg, A. (2021) · Distinktion Journal of Social Theory · doi:10.1080/1600910x.2020.1856161 · Cited by 97
Towards an integrated framework for evaluating transformative innovation policy
Haddad, C. R., & Bergek, A. (2022) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104676 · Cited by 99
Rosenbloom, D., & Meadowcroft, J. (2013) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.039 · Cited by 97
Exploring technology paths: The development of alternative transport fuels in Sweden 2007–2020
Hillman, K. M., & Sandén, B. A. (2008) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2008.01.003 · Cited by 96
Politics of innovation in multi-level water governance systems
Daniell, K. A., Coombes, P. J., & White, I. M. (2014) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.08.058 · Cited by 108
Lutz, J., & Schachinger, J. (2013) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su5114778 · Cited by 113
Hall, J. K., Matos, S. V., & Martin, M. J. C. (2014) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2013.12.003 · Cited by 96
Acosta, C., Ortega, M., Bunsen, T., Koirala, B. P., & Ghorbani, A. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10020366 · Cited by 96
Reinecke, J. (2016) · Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) · Cited by 96
A socio-technical perspective on the scope for ports to enable energy transition
Damman, S., & Steén, M. (2021) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102691 · Cited by 96
Bach, H., Mäkitie, T., Hansen, T., & Steén, M. (2021) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.101957 · Cited by 97
Swilling, M. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429057823 · Cited by 197
Social-Ecological Innovation and Transformation
Olsson, P., & Galaz, V. (2012) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230367098_10 · Cited by 96
Loet Leydesdorff, A., & Ràfols, I. (2011) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.21509 · Cited by 97
Transition Thinking Incorporated: Towards a New Discussion Framework on Sustainable Urban Projects
Devolder, S., & Block, T. R. (2015) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su7033269 · Cited by 95
Broadband for a sustainable digital future of rural communities: A reflexive interactive assessment
Pant, L. P., & Hambly, H. (2016) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.09.003 · Cited by 98
Canıtez, F. (2019) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2019.01.008 · Cited by 100
Mapping expectations for system transformations
Truffer, B., Voß, J.-P., & Konrad, K. (2008) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2008.04.001 · Cited by 95
Transitions in Theory and Practice: Managing Metals in the Circular Economy
Jackson, M. A., Lederwasch, A., & Giurco, D. (2014) · Resources · doi:10.3390/resources3030516 · Cited by 95
Nye, M., Whitmarsh, L. E., & Foxon, T. J. (2010) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a4245 · Cited by 97
Hubeau, M., Marchand, F., Coteur, I., Mondelaers, K., Debruyne, L., & Huylenbroeck, G. V. (2016) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.08.019 · Cited by 103
Acknowledging complexity in food supply chains when assessing their performance and sustainability
Kirwan, J., Maye, D., & Brunori, G. (2017) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.03.008 · Cited by 94
Modelling transitions in urban water systems
Rauch, W. A., Urich, C., Bach, P. M., Rogers, B., de Haan, F. J., Brown, R. R., Mair, M., McCarthy, D., Kleidorfer, M., Sitzenfrei, R., et al. (2017) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.039 · Cited by 94
The centre cannot (always) hold: Examining pathways towards energy system de-centralisation
Judson, E., Fitch-Roy, O., Pownall, T., Bray, R. N., Poulter, H., Soutar, I., Lowes, R., Connor, P., Britton, J., Woodman, B., et al. (2019) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109499 · Cited by 94
Kanger, L. (2020) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101829 · Cited by 100
Wittmayer, J. M., Avelino, F., Pel, B., & Campos, I. S. (2020) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.112053 · Cited by 101
Metaverse-enabled entrepreneurship
Weking, J., Desouza, K. C., Fielt, E., & Kowalkiewicz, M. (2023) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2023.e00375 · Cited by 109
Chapter 4 - Sustainable development and equity
Fleurbaey, M., Kartha, S., Bolwig, S., Chee, Y. L., Ying, C., Corbera, E., Lecocq, F., Lutz, W., Muylaert, Norgaard, R. B., et al. (2014) · IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) · Cited by 99
Beyond Food Provisioning: The Transformative Potential of Grassroots Innovation around Food
Rossi, A. (2017) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture7010006 · Cited by 95
Sergi, B., Babcock, M., Williams, N. J., Thornburg, J., Loew, A., & Ciez, R. E. (2018) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.04.011 · Cited by 93
Ghosh, B., & Schot, J. (2019) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.12.001 · Cited by 93
Self-citationWhat explains the emergence and diffusion of green bonds?
Monk, A., & Perkins, R. (2020) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111641 · Cited by 101
Paradigms and the political economy of ecopolitical projects: Green growth and degrowth compared
Buch‐Hansen, H., & Carstensen, M. B. (2021) · Competition & Change · doi:10.1177/1024529420987528 · Cited by 93
The role of proximity in sustainability transitions: A technological niche evolution analysis
Lopolito, A., Falcone, P. M., & Sica, E. (2021) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2021.104464 · Cited by 93
Radtke, J. (2025) · Environmental Policy and Governance · doi:10.1002/eet.2158 · Cited by 93
A Conceptual Framework for transition modelling
Haxeltine, A., Whitmarsh, L. E., Bergman, N. M., Rotmans, J., Schilperoord, M., & Köhler, J. (2008) · International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development · doi:10.1504/ijisd.2008.018195 · Cited by 93
Dentoni, D., Waddell, S., & Waddock, S. A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2017.10.003 · Cited by 92
Kok, K. P. W., Loeber, A., & Grin, J. (2020) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2020.104183 · Cited by 102
Greer, R., von Wirth, T., & Loorbach, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126831 · Cited by 103
Mautz, R., Byzio, A., & Rosenbaum, W. (2008) · doi:10.17875/gup2008-295 · Cited by 91
Towards a sharing economy – Innovating ecologies of business models
Boons, F., & Bocken, N. M. P. (2018) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.06.031 · Cited by 92
Local strategic planning processes and sustainability transitions in infrastructure sectors
Truffer, B., Störmer, E., Maurer, M., & Ruef, A. (2010) · Environmental Policy and Governance · doi:10.1002/eet.550 · Cited by 91
Child, M., & Breyer, C. (2017) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.04.022 · Cited by 90
“What Kind of a Science is Sustainability Science?” An Evidence-Based Reexamination
Fang, X., Zhou, B., Tu, X., Ma, Q., & Wu, J. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10051478 · Cited by 90
Beyond experiments: Embedding outcomes in climate governance
Sengers, F., Turnheim, B., & Berkhout, F. (2020) · Environment and Planning C Politics and Space · doi:10.1177/2399654420953861 · Cited by 103
Governing transitions: Cases and insights from two periods in the history of the UK gas industry
Arapostathis, S., Carlsson-Hyslop, A., Pearson, P. J. G., Thornton, J., Gradillas, M., Laczay, S., & Wallis, S. (2012) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.016 · Cited by 90
Smart Governance for Smart Cities
Razaghi, M., & Finger, M. (2018) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2018.2807784 · Cited by 110
Energy landscapes and urban trajectories towards sustainability
Broto, V. C. (2017) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.009 · Cited by 105
Social enterprise as a potential niche innovation breakout for low carbon transition
Hillman, J., Axon, S., & Morrissey, J. E. (2018) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.038 · Cited by 89
Lamine, C., Magda, D., & Amiot, M. J. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11051284 · Cited by 90
Shaping sustainable markets—A conceptual framework illustrated by the case of biogas in Sweden
Ottosson, M., Magnusson, T., & Andersson, H. (2019) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2019.10.008 · Cited by 89
Exploring the role of failure in socio-technical transitions research
Turnheim, B., & Sovacool, B. K. (2020) · Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.eist.2020.09.005 · Cited by 92
Wenger, J., Haas, V., & Stern, T. (2020) · Current Forestry Reports · doi:10.1007/s40725-020-00126-3 · Cited by 95
Noel, L., de Rubens, G. Z., Kester, J., & Sovacool, B. K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04864-8 · Cited by 124
Enang, E., Bashiri, M., & Jarvis, D. (2023) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2023.2221344 · Cited by 101
Water governance across competing scales: Coupling land and water management
Daniell, K. A., & Barreteau, O. (2014) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.055 · Cited by 113
Davies, A. R. (2013) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.010 · Cited by 89
Wassermann, S., Reeg, M., & Nienhaus, K. (2014) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.10.013 · Cited by 87
The Dutch energy transition approach
Kemp, R. (2010) · International Economics and Economic Policy · doi:10.1007/s10368-010-0163-y · Cited by 89
Emerging energy transitions: PV uptake beyond subsidies
Ford, R., Walton, S. C., Stephenson, J. R., Rees, D. H. E., Scott, M., King, G., Williams, J., & Wooliscroft, B. (2016) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.12.007 · Cited by 94
The Global Forest Transition as a Human Affair
García, C., Savilaakso, S., Verburg, R. W., Gutierrez, V. S., Wilson, S. J., Krug, C. B., Sassen, M., Robinson, B. E., Moersberger, H., Naimi, B., et al. (2020) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.05.002 · Cited by 95
Pathways of regional transformation and Industry 4.0
Propris, L. D., & Bailey, D. (2021) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2021.1960962 · Cited by 91
John, N., Wesseling, J. H., Worrell, E., & Hekkert, M. P. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133624 · Cited by 103
Human-centricity in AI governance: A systemic approach
Sigfrids, A., Leikas, J., Salo-Pöntinen, H., & Koskimies, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2023.976887 · Cited by 80
Spickermann, A., Zimmermann, M., & von der Gracht, H. A. (2013) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.04.009 · Cited by 87
Howaldt, J., Kopp, R., & Schwarz, M. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137506801_2 · Cited by 87
The Contributions of Legumes to Reducing the Environmental Risk of Agricultural Production
Peoples, M. B., Hauggaard‐Nielsen, H., Huguenin‐Elie, O., Jensen, E. S., Justes, É., & Williams, M. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811050-8.00008-x · Cited by 87
The impact of COVID-19 on the evolution of online retail: The pandemic as a window of opportunity
Szász, L., Bálint, C., Csíki, O., Nagy, B. Z., Rácz, B.-G., Csala, D., & Harris, L. C. (2022) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103089 · Cited by 97
Künneke, R., Groenewegen, J. P. M., & Ménard, C. (2010) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2010.05.009 · Cited by 86
Modelling Socio-Technical Transition Patterns and Pathways
Bergman, N. M., Haxeltine, A., Whitmarsh, L. E., Köhler, J., Schilperoord, M., & Rotmans, J. (2008) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 87
Young, J., & Brans, M. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.023 · Cited by 89
Metadata
- Authors
- Geels, F. W., & Schot, J.
- Affiliations
- Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Geels, Frank W.
- Venue
- Research Policy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 399-417
- ISSN
- 0048-7333 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2156304718
- Cited by
- 5,245
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 395 · 2025: 391 · 2024: 364 · 2023: 387 · 2022: 405 · 2021: 476 · 2020: 422 · 2019: 350 · 2018: 419 · 2017: 305 · 2016: 250 · 2015: 234 · 2014: 209 · 2013: 178 · 2012: 152
- FWCI
- 54.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Research Policy (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Innovation Diffusion and Forecasting
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
- Keywords
- socio-technical transitions, transition pathways, multi-level perspective, typology, transformation, reconfiguration, technology substitution, multi-level interaction, system change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review