The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Insomnia is frequent in schizophrenia and associated with night eating and obesity
Open accessAbstract
Background Sleep difficulties are common in schizophrenia, however these complaints are often overshadowed by more prominent clinical concerns. The point prevalence of insomnia in this population is not well documented. Poor sleep is associated with lower quality of life, impaired cognition, and weight gain.Objectives The objectives of this study are to evaluate the prevalence of insomnia in schizophrenia and to explore the relationship of sleep to cognition, quality of life, and clinical variables.Method 175 outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were assessed for insomnia. Participants were evaluated for sleep difficulties, sleep patterns, body mass index, and psychiatric symptoms. Participants were also administered a brief cognitive assessment of processing speed.Results 44% of the sample currently met the criteria for clinical insomnia. An additional 4% were successfully treated with medications. Insomnia was associated with depression and was an independent predictor of lower quality of life. Insomnia was also associated with high rates of night eating and patients with severe insomnia were significantly more obese. The type of antipsychotic did not account for the difference in body mass index. No difference between group means in cognition was detected, although those with severe insomnia did perform least well.Conclusion Clinical insomnia in outpatients with schizophrenia is highly prevalent and has a negative impact on quality of life and psychiatric symptoms. This study offers additional support to the association between poor sleep and higher weight, as well as indicating a potential link to night eating in this population. Assessment for sleep difficulties should be a routine part of clinical care.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“with estimates for the prevalence of clinically significant insomnia among individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia varying from 36 to 80%, depending on study recruitment criteria and definition of insomnia used (Freeman et al., 2009, Palmese et al., 2011, Xiang et al., 2009).”
From The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as Palmese et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In contrast with the above findings, Palmese et al. (2011) found no correlation between insomnia symptoms and positive symptoms — although insomnia prevalence was again found to be elevated in this group, with only 21% of participants reporting no significant sleep difficulties.”
From The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as Palmese et al. (2011)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sleep dysfunction is extremely common in patients with schizophrenia.”
From The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as Palmese et al., 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“although insomnia prevalence was again found to be elevated in this group, with only 21% of participants reporting no significant sleep difficulties.”
From The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as Palmese et al. (2011)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234
(1998) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e565682010-001 · Cited by 9,453
Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research
Bastien, C. (2001) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(00)00065-4 · Cited by 8,067
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III
Ryan, J. J., & Lopez, S. J. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1185-4_2 · Cited by 3,680
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 2,737
Taheri, S., Lin, L., Austin, D., Young, T., & Mignot, E. (2004) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062 · Cited by 2,477 · cited 1×
“This includes studies indicating a negative association between sleep duration and weight (Taheri et al., 2004; Ganwisch et al., 2005; Vorona et al., 2005).”
Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders: A Meta-analysis
Benca, R. M. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080059010 · Cited by 1,468
Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: update of the recent evidence (1998-2004)
Morin, C. M., Bootzin, R. R., Buysse, D. J., Edinger, J. D., Espie, C. A., & Lichstein, K. L. (2006) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.11.1398 · Cited by 1,345 · cited 1×
“Given the success in improving sleep through sleep hygiene education in various populations (Morin et al., 2006) itmight benefit patientswith schizophrenia as well.”
Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070307 · Cited by 1,075 · cited 1×
“Sleep appears to play an important role in the consolidation of memory (Walker and Stickgold, 2006).”
Inadequate Sleep as a Risk Factor for Obesity: Analyses of the NHANES I
Gangwisch, J. E., Malaspina, D., Boden-Albala, B., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2005) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/28.10.1289 · Cited by 905
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Howell, 2010, Nocturnal eating and sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) are common among patients with restless leg syndrome (RLS), Sleep, 33, A227
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Persons with Comorbid Insomnia: A Meta-Analysis
Geiger-Brown, J. M., Rogers, V. E., Liu, W., Ludeman, E. M., Downton, K. D., & Diaz-Abad, M. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.11.007 · Cited by 331
The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review
Reeve, S., Sheaves, B., & Freeman, D. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.001 · Cited by 273
“Y SAPS = Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (Andreasen, 1984); HAM-D= Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Hamilton, 1960); Bunney–Hamburg Scale (Bunney & Hamburg, 1963); PSG = Polysomnography (see Tables 1a for definition); BPRS = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (Overall & Gorham, 1962); PANSS = Positive and Negat…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSchizophrenia and sleep disorders: links, risks, and management challenges
Kaskie, R. E., Graziano, B., & Ferrarelli, F. (2017) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s121076 · Cited by 215
The night‐eating syndrome and obesity
Gallant, A. R., Lundgren, J., & Drapeau, V. (2012) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00975.x · Cited by 182
Insomnia as a Transdiagnostic Process in Psychiatric Disorders
Dolsen, E. A., Asarnow, L. D., & Harvey, A. G. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0471-y · Cited by 163
Metadata
- Authors
- Palmese, L. B., DeGeorge, P. C., Ratliff, J. C., Srihari, V. H., Wexler, B. E., Krystal, A. D., & Tek, C.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Palmese, Laura B.
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 238-243
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5581545
- OpenAlex
- W2104505408
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 7.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Sunovion
- National Institute of Mental Health (RC1MH088971)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- insomnia, schizophrenia
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Eating, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Severity of Illness Index, Body Mass Index, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
