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Cited by 905Sleep and related disordersSleep and Wakefulness ResearchSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

Inadequate Sleep as a Risk Factor for Obesity: Analyses of the NHANES I

Gangwisch, James E., Malaspina, Dolores, Boden-Albala, Bernadette, Heymsfield, Steven B.·2005·Sleep
DOI 10.1093/sleep/28.10.1289
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Abstract

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep deprivation has been hypothesized to contribute toward obesity by decreasing leptin, increasing ghrelin, and compromising insulin sensitivity. This study examines cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a large United States sample to determine whether sleep duration is associated with obesity and weight gain. DESIGN: Longitudinal analyses of the 1982-1984, 1987, and 1992 NHANES I Followup Studies and cross-sectional analysis of the 1982-1984 study. SETTING: Probability sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Sample sizes of 9,588 for the cross-sectional analyses, 8,073 for the 1987, and 6,981 for the 1992 longitudinal analyses. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Measured weight in 1982-1984 and self-reported weights in 1987 and 1992. Subjects between the ages of 32 and 49 years with self-reported sleep durations at baseline less than 7 hours had higher average body mass indexes and were more likely to be obese than subjects with sleep durations of 7 hours. Sleep durations over 7 hours were not consistently associated with either an increased or decreased likelihood of obesity in the cross-sectional and longitudinal results. Each additional hour of sleep at baseline was negatively associated with change in body mass index over the follow-up period, but this association was small and statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the hypothesis that sleep duration is associated with obesity in a large longitudinally monitored United States sample. These observations support earlier experimental sleep studies and provide a basis for future studies on weight control interventions that increase the quantity and quality of sleep.

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Crossref · 10.1093/sleep/28.10.1289

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  • Insufficient sleep duration (quantity) has been associated with an increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and early mortality.

    “Insufficient sleep duration (quantity) has been associated with an increased risk of obesity (3–6,51), type 2 diabetes (7–11), hypertension (12), cardiovascular disease (13,14), metabolic syndrome (a combination of cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction) (15), and early mortality (14,16,17,19–21,52).”

    From Sleep Restriction for 1 Week Reduces Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men (2010) · cites this paper as [4]

  • Gangwisch et al. reported that while individuals between 32-49 years of age who self-reported sleeping less than 7 h per night had greater BMIs than individuals who slept 7 h or more each night in cross-sectional analysis at baseline and follow-up examinations, sleep duration was not significantly associated with 8-10 years longitudinal change in BMI (β = -0.053, p = 0.27).

    “Gangwisch et al. 88 reported that while individuals between 32-49 years of age who self-reported sleeping less than 7 h per night had greater BMIs than individuals who slept 7 h or more each night in cross-sectional analysis at baseline and follow-up examinations, sleep duration was not significantly associated with 8-10 years longitudinal change in BMI (β = -0.053,p = 0.27).”

    From The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review (2024) · cites this paper as [88]

  • Short sleepers experience greater weight increases over time according to most, but not all, prospective observational studies.

    “Short sleepers experience greater weight increases over time according to most,4,18–22 but not all studies.17,23,24”

    From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [23]

  • Sleep durations longer or shorter than 7-8 hours in a 24-hour period are associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors, depression, automobile and workplace accidents, learning and memory problems, and excess mortality.

    “Sleep duration is associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors, depression, automobile and workplace accidents, and prospective mortality.”

    From Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study (2009) · cites this paper as [3]

  • Young children, being unmarried, working long hours, overweight and obesity, and measures of poor health including acute and chronic respiratory conditions, pain, and anxiety increase the odds of short sleep and have a null or inverse association with long sleep.

    “Young children, being unmarried (19,26), working long hours (11,27,28), overweight and obesity (3-5), and measures of poor health (13,14,16,20,37,38,40) including acute and chronic respiratory conditions, pain, and anxiety increase the odds of short sleep and have a null or inverse association with long sleep.”

    From Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study (2009) · cites this paper as [3]

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Authors
Gangwisch, J. E., Malaspina, D., Boden-Albala, B., & Heymsfield, S. B.
Affiliations
  • Columbia University (US)
  • St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
Corresponding author
Gangwisch, James E.
ORCID
Venue
Sleep
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2005-10
Volume
28
Issue
10
Pages
1289-1296
ISSN
  • 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
  • 1550-9109
DOI
10.1093/sleep/28.10.1289
OpenAlex
W2222722063
Cited by
905
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 63
FWCI
59.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • SLEEP (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • University of Chicago
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH013043)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords
sleep duration, sleep deprivation, obesity, body mass index, weight gain, leptin, ghrelin, insulin sensitivity, NHANES I, weight management interventions
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Female, Humans, Disorders of Excessive Somnolence, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep Deprivation, Smoking, Body Mass Index

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