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Cited by 261Toxic Organic Pollutants ImpactAtmospheric chemistry and aerosolsAdvanced Combustion Engine Technologies

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives (nitro-PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, and azaarenes) in PM 2.5 from Southern European cities

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Alves, Célia A., Vicente, Ana M., Custódio, Danilo, Cerqueira, Mário, Nunes, Teresa, Pio, Casimiro, Lucarelli, Franco, Calzolai, Giulia, Nava, Silvia, Diapouli, Evangelia, Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos, Querol, Xavier, Musa Bandowe, Benjamin A.·2017·Science of The Total Environment
DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.256
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Abstract

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM 2.5) samples were collected over two one month periods during winter and summer in three Southern European cities (Oporto - traffic site, Florence - urban background, Athens - suburban). Concentrations of 27 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 15 nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), 15 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) and 4 azaarenes (AZAs) were determined. On average, the winter-summer concentrations of ΣPAHs were 16.3-5.60, 7.75-3.02 and 3.44-0.658ngm-3 in Oporto, Florence and Athens, respectively. The corresponding concentrations of ΣNPAHs were 15.8-9.15, 10.9-3.36 and 15.9-2.73ngm-3, whilst ΣOPAHs varied in the ranges 41.8-19.0, 11.3-3.10 and 12.6-0.704ngm-3. Concentrations of ΣAZAs were always below 0.5ngm-3. Irrespective of the city, the dominant PAHs were benzo[b+j+k]fluoranthene, retene, benzo[ghi]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene. The most abundant OPAH in all cities was 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, whereas 5-nitroacenaphthene was the prevailing NPAH. The ΣOPAHs/ΣPAHs and ΣNPAHs/ΣPAHs were higher in summer than in winter, suggesting increasing formation of derivatives by photochemical degradation of PAHs. Molecular diagnostic ratios suggested that, after traffic, biomass burning was the dominant emission source. Apart from being influenced by seasonal sources, the marked differences between winter and summer may indicate that these diagnostic ratios are particularly sensitive to photodegradation, and thus should be applied and interpreted cautiously. The lifetime excess cancer risk from inhalation was, in part, attributable to PAH derivatives, acclaiming the need to include these compounds in regular monitoring programmes. On average, 206, 88 and 26 cancer cases per million people were estimated, by the World Health Organisation method, for the traffic-impacted, urban background and suburban atmospheres of Oporto, Florence and Athens, respectively.

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Authors
Alves, C. A., Vicente, A. M., Custódio, D., Cerqueira, M., Nunes, T., Pio, C., Lucarelli, F., Calzolai, G., Nava, S., Diapouli, E., Eleftheriadis, K., Querol, X., & Musa Bandowe, B. A.
Affiliations
  • Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (PT)
  • Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (IT)
  • National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" (GR)
  • Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (ES)
Corresponding author
Alves, Célia A.
ORCID
Venue
Science of The Total Environment
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-10
Volume
595
Pages
494-504
ISSN
0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.256
OpenAlex
W2604134397
Cited by
261
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 10
FWCI
13.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
  • Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
  • INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. Centro Nazionale Analisi Fotogrammi (cc-by)
Funders
European Commission (LIFE11 ENV/ES/000584)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
Keywords
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro-PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, azaarenes, PM2.5, atmospheric particulate matter, seasonal variation, molecular diagnostic ratios, biomass burning, vehicle emissions, photodegradation, 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, Southern European cities

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