Knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behavior related to green infrastructure for flood management: A systematic literature review
Open accessAbstract
Green infrastructure (GI), which mimics natural hydrological systems, is a promising solution for flood management at the intersection of urban built infrastructure and natural systems. However, it has not yet achieved widespread uptake, due in part to insufficient understanding of human dimensions of the broader socio-ecological-technical system. We therefore conducted a multidisciplinary systematic literature review to synthesize research on people's existing knowledge about flood risk and GI, and how that shapes their attitudes and motivation to adopt new solutions. We systematically screened 21,207 studies on GI for flood management; 85 met our inclusion criteria. We qualitatively analyzed these studies to extract results on knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behavior relating to GI for flood management. Overall, knowledge of GI was low across the 44 studies in which it was evaluated. Seventy studies assessed attitudes about GI, including the functional, aesthetic, health and safety, recreational, conservation, financial, and cultural value of GI, albeit their measurement was inconsistent. Willingness to implement or pay for GI varied considerably across 55 studies in which it was measured. Twenty studies measured and documented behavior relating to GI use, and these found low rates of adoption. Few studies systematically assessed the role of demographic, socio-economic, or geographic characteristics that could influence individuals' knowledge, attitudes, intentions or behavior, and thereby the success of GI programs. We recommend that researchers should more systematically capture data on human dimensions of GI (i.e. knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behavior) across diverse settings to improve program design and uptake, especially among vulnerable populations. Greater attention to the social component of the socio-ecological-technical system will help ensure that GI programs are equitable, inclusive, and sustainable.
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There is inconsistency in science-policy integration and knowledge transfer at strategic and urban planning levels, as well as limited evaluation of how NbS generate or contribute to financial benefits.
“There is related inconsistency in science–policy integration and knowledge transfer at strategic and urban planning levels (26, 48, 56, 59, 63, 66–68) as well as limited evaluation of how NbS generate or contribute to financial benefits (69).”
From Global synthesis and regional insights for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [66]
Governance challenges include limited uptake of NbS in urban planning, limited project-based planning, and siloed approaches in planning practices.
“Governance challenges include the limited uptake of NbS in urban planning, limited project-based planning, and siloed approaches in planning practices (23, 31, 53, 65, 66).”
From Global synthesis and regional insights for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [66]
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Toward sustainable stormwater management : overcoming barriers to green infrastructure
Hammitt, S. A. (2010) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Eliciting preferences for wetland services: a way to manage conflicting land uses
Rulleau, B., Dumax, N., & Rozan, A. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2016.1155976 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Discovering Community Power: A Guide to Mobilizing Community Assets and Your Organization’s Capacity
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Abrahams, P. M. (2010) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Streetscape Environmentalism: Floods, Social Justice, and Political Power in San Antonio, 1921–1974
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COMMUNITY BASED APPROACHES TO STORMWATER DESIGN IN A BALTIMORE NEIGHBORHOOD
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Global synthesis and regional insights for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions
McPhearson, T., Frantzeskaki, N., Ossola, A., Diep, L., Anderson, P. M. L., Blatch, T., Collier, M. J., Cook, E. M., Culwick Fatti, C., Grabowski, Z. J., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2315910121 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- Venkataramanan, V., Lopez, D., McCuskey, D. J., Kiefus, D., McDonald, R. I., Miller, W. M., Packman, A. I., & Young, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- The Nature Conservancy (US)
- Corresponding author
- Young, Sera L.
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 720
- Pages
- 137606
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3008715180
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nature Conservancy
- Carnegie Corporation of New York
- National Science Foundation
- Northwestern University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Flood Risk Assessment and Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Keywords
- green infrastructure, flood management, willingness to pay, adoption behavior, urban flood risk, equity and inclusion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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