Toxic Effects of Pristine and Aged Polystyrene and Their Leachate on Marine Microalgae Skeletonema Costatum
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The acute toxic effects of pristine and aged polystyrene (P-PS and A-PS) and their leaching solutions (L-PS) on microalgae Skeletonema costatum were investigated by measuring algal density and growth inhibition rate (IR), chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) over 96 h. Total protein (TP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured to analyze the oxidative damage to microalgae by microplastics and their leachates. Hydrodynamic diameter of microplastics in seawater, FITR and SEM images were used to study the changes of polystyrene during aging. The interaction of algae cell with microplastics and the cellular ultrastructure changes of cells were analyzed combined with electron microscopy for a comprehensive and systematic understanding on the mechanisms of microplastic toxicity to microalgae. Both high concentration and small size of PS had significant inhibitory effect on the growth of microalgae, and the inhibitory effect was greater with increasing exposure time. The inhibition effect of aged microplastics was more obvious, which was speculated to be caused by the synergistic effect of aged PS itself and leaching solution. The negative effect of leaching solution on microalgae was due to the release of some additives during the aging process. The content of MDA reached the highest value of 54.41 nmol/mgprot in 1.0 μm 50 mg/L A-PS treatment group, and A-PS were found to be more prone to heterogeneous aggregation with algae cells by SEM.
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By using multiple excitation wavelengths, the bbe Moldaenke Chlorophyll Fluorometer can distinguish major microalgae groups including cyanobacteria, green algae, diatoms, and cryptomonads.
“By using multiple excitation wavelengths, the bbe Moldaenke Chlorophyll Fluorometer can distinguish the major microalgae groups, including cyanobacteria, green algae, diatoms, and cryptomonads.”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [210]
The bbe Moldaenke Chlorophyll Fluorometer works by exciting chlorophyll at specific wavelengths and recording the resulting fluorescence emission.
“This fluorometer works by exciting the chlorophyll at specific wavelengths and recording the resulting fluorescence emission.”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [210]
The bbe Moldaenke Chlorophyll Fluorometer enables assessment of photosystem II efficiency and parameters such as Fv/Fm, which are important indicators of photosynthetic state and response to changing environmental conditions.
“The device also enables the assessment of photosystem II (PSII) efficiency and parameters such as Fv/Fm (variable fluorescence relative to maximum fluorescence), which are important indicators of the photosynthetic state of microalgae and their response to changing environmental conditions.”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [210]
The bbe Moldaenke Chlorophyll Fluorometer is widely used in ecotoxicological studies, surface water monitoring, and controlled microalgae cultures, where rapid and non-destructive analysis of photosynthetic activity is essential for optimising growth conditions and assessing culture health.
“This instrument is widely used in ecotoxicological studies, surface water monitoring, and controlled microalgae cultures, where rapid and non-destructive analysis of photosynthetic activity is essential for optimising growth conditions and assessing the health of the culture.”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [210]
The bbe Moldaenke Chlorophyll Fluorometer allows direct measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence and assessment of photosynthetic performance by analysing the emitted light signal.
“A popular instrument is the bbe Moldaenke Chlorophyll Fluorometer, which allows direct measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence and assessment of the photosynthetic performance of microalgae by analysing the emitted light signal [210].”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [210]
The bbe Moldaenke Chlorophyll Fluorometer enables identification of different microalgae groups based on their characteristic fluorescence signatures.
“This enables the identification of different microalgae groups based on their characteristic fluorescence signatures.”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [210]
The bbe Moldaenke Chlorophyll Fluorometer can be operated online, enabling continuous monitoring of cultures in real time, which is useful in industrial photobioreactors and in bioremediation and biofuel production applications.
“It can be operated online, enabling continuous monitoring of cultures in real time, which is especially useful in industrial PBRs and in applications related to bioremediation and the production of biofuels from microalgae.”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [210]
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- Authors
- Ni, Z., Tan, L., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Zhang, N., Meng, F., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- Ocean University of China (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Jiangtao
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-01
- Volume
- 857
- Issue
- Pt 3
- Pages
- 159614
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4307656499
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 13
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Key Technologies Research and Development Program (2019YFC1407802)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (41876078)
- Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2018MD016)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- polystyrene microplastics, microplastic aging, leachate, Skeletonema costatum, microalgae toxicity, growth inhibition, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic efficiency, microplastic aggregation, marine microalgae
- MeSH terms
- Microplastics, Plastics, Polystyrenes, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Diatoms, Microalgae
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