Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Aquatic Environments: Aggregation, Deposition, and Enhanced Contaminant Transport
Open accessAbstract
Plastic litter is widely acknowledged as a global environmental threat, and poor management and disposal lead to increasing levels in the environment. Of recent concern is the degradation of plastics from macro- to micro- and even to nanosized particles smaller than 100 nm in size. At the nanoscale, plastics are difficult to detect and can be transported in air, soil, and water compartments. While the impact of plastic debris on marine and fresh waters and organisms has been studied, the loads, transformations, transport, and fate of plastics in terrestrial and subsurface environments are largely overlooked. In this Critical Review, we first present estimated loads of plastics in different environmental compartments. We also provide a critical review of the current knowledge vis-à-vis nanoplastic (NP) and microplastic (MP) aggregation, deposition, and contaminant cotransport in the environment. Important factors that affect aggregation and deposition in natural subsurface environments are identified and critically analyzed. Factors affecting contaminant sorption onto plastic debris are discussed, and we show how polyethylene generally exhibits a greater sorption capacity than other plastic types. Finally, we highlight key knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to improve our ability to predict the risks associated with these ubiquitous contaminants in the environment by understanding their mobility, aggregation behavior and their potential to enhance the transport of other pollutants.
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Freshwater bodies are relevant to microplastic pollution owing to their proximity to sources such as wastewater treatment plants, landfills, and litter.
“studies suggest that freshwater bodies are relevant owing to their proximity to sources of plastic pollution, such as wastewater treatment plants, landfills, and litter.13,14”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
Section 2.1 (page unavailable) says freshwaters are generally closer to plastic sources than marine waters and identifies wastewater-treatment effluent and mishandled debris as inputs. It does not identify landfills as a source, so the full list of examples is not supported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFreshwater fish may be exposed to and consume comparable levels of microplastics compared with marine fish.
“meaning that freshwater fish may be exposed to and consume comparable levels of microplastics compared with marine fish.13,15,16”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
Section 2.1 (page not specified) says plastic concentrations in freshwater can rival marine levels, with substantial spatial variation. Section 2.2 reports microplastic ingestion by fish, but does not compare how much freshwater and marine fish consume. The comparable-consumption part of the claim is therefore unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFreshwater bodies are important vectors of microplastic movement thought to be involved in transporting the majority of plastic that ends up in marine environments.
“Freshwater bodies are important vectors of microplastic movement thought to be involved in transporting the majority of plastic that ends up in marine environments, meaning that freshwater fish may be exposed to and consume comparable levels of microplastics compared with marine fish.13,15,16”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
Heteroaggregation appears to occur more frequently due to the ubiquitous presence of other colloids in the water column.
“Heteroaggregation appears to occur more frequently as a result of the ubiquitous presence of other colloids in the water column.141”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [141]
Nanoplastics may aggregate with particles of the same type (homoaggregation) or with other (nano)particles (heteroaggregation).
“On the other hand, nanoplastics may also aggregate with particles of the same type (homoaggregation) or with other (nano)particles (heteroaggregation). 100,139,141,142”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [141]
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- Authors
- Alimi, O. S., Farner Budarz, J., Hernandez, L. M., & Tufenkji, N.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 0C5
- Corresponding author
- Tufenkji, Nathalie
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2018-01-30
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1704-1724
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2779282391
- Cited by
- 2,668
- References
- 214
- Citations by year
- 2026: 259 · 2025: 390 · 2024: 475 · 2023: 452 · 2022: 366 · 2021: 317 · 2020: 250 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 28 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 50.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Faculty of Engineering, McGill University
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada
- Canada Research Chairs
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Petroleum Technology Development Fund
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Keywords
- microplastics, nanoplastics, deposition, contaminant sorption, polyethylene, plastic degradation, plastic debris, contaminant transport
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Monitoring, Fresh Water, Plastics, Waste Products, Water Pollutants, Chemical
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