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Cited by 21Urban Stormwater Management SolutionsPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsWastewater Treatment and Reuse

Performance of a gross pollutant trap-biofilter and sand filter treatment train for the removal of organic micropollutants from highway stormwater (field study)

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Beryani, Ali, Flanagan, Kelsey, Viklander, Maria, Blecken, Godecke-Tobias·2023·Science of The Total Environment
DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165734
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Abstract

This field study assessed the occurrence, event mean concentrations (EMCs), and removal of selected organic micro-pollutants (OMPs), namely, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), nonylphenol (NP), 4-t-octylphenol (OP), and bisphenol A (BPA), in a gross pollutant trap (GPT)-biofilter/sand filter stormwater treatment train in Sundsvall, Sweden. The effects of design features of each treatment unit, including pre-sedimentation (GPT), sand filter medium, vegetation, and chalk amendment, were investigated by comparing the units' removal performances. Overall, the treatment train removed most OMPs from highway runoff effectively. The results showed that although the sand filter provided moderate (<50 % for phenolic substances) to high (50-80 % for PAHs and PHCs) removal of OMPs, adding a vegetated soil layer on top of the sand filter considerably improved the removal performance (by at least 30 %), especially for BPA, OP, and suspended solids. Moreover, GTP did not contribute to the treatment significantly. Uncertainties in the removal efficiencies of PAHs and PHCs by the filter cells increased substantially when the ratio of the influent concentration to the limit of quantification decreased. Thus, accounting for such uncertainties due to the low OMP concentrations should be considered when evaluating the removal performance of biofilters.

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  • Field studies have demonstrated that stormwater biofilters effectively remove many inorganic and mainly hydrophobic organic micropollutants.

    “Several field studies have demonstrated that stormwater biofilters effectively remove many inorganic and (mainly hydrophobic) OMPs”

    From Occurrence, Concentration, and Distribution of 35 PFASs and Their Precursors Retained in 20 Stormwater Biofilters (2024) · cites this paper as [21]

    The Introduction reports that a few field studies found biofiltration effective for organic micropollutants, particularly hydrophobic, particulate compounds such as PCBs and PAHs. It mentions studies of metal and nutrient removal, but does not establish the claimed field-study finding for many inorganic pollutants. The Conclusion addresses organic micropollutants, not inorganic ones. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Stormwater biofilters mainly retain particulate/particle-bound OMPs by straining and attachment to the filter medium and, to a lesser extent, soluble OMP adsorption to organic matter in either the filter material or retained sediments.

    “They mainly retain particulate/particle-bound OMPs by straining and attachment to the filter medium and, to a lesser extent, soluble OMP adsorption to organic matter (OM) in either the filter material or retained sediments (Beryani et al., 2023).”

    From Critical field evaluations of biochar-amended stormwater biofilters for PFAS and other organic micropollutant removals (2025) · cites this paper as Beryani et al., 2023

    Section 4.2 (Impact of sand filter media; page unavailable) identifies particle straining and attachment as the likely predominant removal mechanisms in a sand-based filter, with lesser adsorption of solutes to organic matter on the filter surface. The claim extends that ranking to stormwater biofilters generally. Section 4.3 describes additional absorption by vegetation soil and organic matter in vegetated biofilters, so the paper does not establish the same ranking for those systems. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The investigated biofilters were only partially vegetated, which could have reduced the removal efficiencies at these sites.

    “The fact that the investigated biofilters were only partially vegetated could have reduced the removal efficiencies at these sites (Beryani et al., 2023).”

    From Critical field evaluations of biochar-amended stormwater biofilters for PFAS and other organic micropollutant removals (2025) · cites this paper as Beryani et al., 2023

    Section 4.3 reports that the vegetated filter removed several pollutants more effectively than the nonvegetated filter, supporting the possibility that vegetation affects removal efficiency. However, the passages do not say that the studied biofilters were only partially vegetated or that incomplete vegetation reduced their efficiencies; searches for partial vegetation and plant coverage found no such statement. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.79)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Stormwater biofilters can efficiently remove hydrophobic and particulate OMPs such as PCBs, PAHs, and PHCs as well as suspended solids and particulate metals.

    “Therefore, stormwater biofilters can efficiently remove hydrophobic and particulate OMPs such as PCBs, PAHs, and PHCs as well as suspended solids (SS) and particulate metals (e.g., Beryani et al., 2023; David et al., 2015; Flanagan et al., 2018; Furén et al., 2022).”

    From Critical field evaluations of biochar-amended stormwater biofilters for PFAS and other organic micropollutant removals (2025) · cites this paper as Beryani et al., 2023

    The Introduction reports that field biofilters can remove hydrophobic, particulate OMPs including PCBs, PAHs, and PHCs, and the Results (section 3.2.3) report strong TSS removal by the vegetated biofilters. The Water quality analysis section lists no metals among the measured pollutants, so this paper does not establish efficient removal of particulate metals. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Heavier fractions of PAHs, PHCs, PCBs, and phthalates are already efficiently removed by vegetated sand biofilters.

    “which are already efficiently removed by vegetated sand biofilters”

    From Critical field evaluations of biochar-amended stormwater biofilters for PFAS and other organic micropollutant removals (2025) · cites this paper as Beryani et al., 2023

    Section 4.3 reports improved removal of heavier PAH fractions and PHCs by the vegetated sand filter. The Introduction also reports that field biofiltration can effectively remove PCBs, but does not establish that result specifically for vegetated sand biofilters. It says the effect is more limited for plasticizers, including phthalates, so the claim of efficient phthalate removal is not supported. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Beryani, A., Flanagan, K., Viklander, M., & Blecken, G.-T.
Affiliations
Luleå University of Technology (SE)
Corresponding author
Beryani, Ali
ORCID
Venue
Science of The Total Environment
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2023-11
Volume
900
Pages
165734
ISSN
0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165734
OpenAlex
W4385237847
Cited by
21
References
65
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6
FWCI
1.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Swedish Research Council Formas
  • VINNOVA
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Keywords
organic micropollutants, gross pollutant traps, biofilter, sand filter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons, nonylphenol, 4-t-octylphenol, bisphenol A, pollutant removal efficiency, event mean concentration, suspended solids

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