Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 509

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Does financial inclusion, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization accelerate ecological footprints and economic growth? Fresh evidence from 15 highest emitting countries

Usman, Muhammad, Makhdum, Muhammad Sohail Amjad, Kousar, Rakhshanda·2021·Sustainable Cities and Society

Abstract

Abstract The current study seeks to investigate both, the determinants of ecological footprint and economic growth to explore the effectiveness of financial development, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization in reducing the ecological footprint level and boost the economic growth during the period from 1990 to 2017 for 15 highest emitting countries. This study verifies the presence of cross-sectional dependency by utilizing second-generation tests for robust estimation. The results of augmented mean group (AMG) estimation approach revealed that financial development, renewable energy and trade openness significantly contribute to overcome the environmental degradation, while economic growth and non-renewable energy utilization are more responsible for the environmental damages. Moreover, in growth function, financial development, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization significantly promote the economic growth. Additionally, Dumitrescu and Hurlin (D-H) non-causality test revealed that there exists bidirectional causality between financial development, economic growth, renewable energy utilization and ecological footprint. However, unidirectional causality is running from non-renewable energy and trade openness to ecological footprint. Furthermore, in growth function, financial development and non-renewable energy confirm the feedback hypothesis and unidirectional causal relationship exists from economic growth to renewable energy and trade openness. Finally, some policy suggestions and future research directions are also discussed for these economies.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102590

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 2 references

Metadata

Authors
Usman, M., Makhdum, M. S. A., & Kousar, R.
Venue
Sustainable Cities and Society
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-02
Volume
65
Pages
102590
ISSN
2210-6707 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3095455062
Cited by
509
References
2
FWCI
66.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Does financial inclusion, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization accelerate ecological footprints and economic growth? Fresh evidence from 15 highest emitting countries. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102590
The paper
Usman, M., Makhdum, M. S. A., & Kousar, R. (2021). Does financial inclusion, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization accelerate ecological footprints and economic growth? Fresh evidence from 15 highest emitting countries. Sustainable Cities and Society. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102590

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.