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mTOR: Role in cancer, metastasis and drug resistance
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that gets inputs from the amino acids, nutrients, growth factor, and environmental cues to regulate varieties of fundamental cellular processes which include protein synthesis, growth, metabolism, aging, regeneration, autophagy, etc. The mTOR is frequently deregulated in human cancer and activating somatic mutations of mTOR were recently identified in several types of human cancer and hence mTOR is therapeutically targeted. mTOR inhibitors were commonly used as immunosuppressors and currently, it is approved for the treatment of human malignancies. This review briefly focuses on the structure and biological functions of mTOR. It extensively discusses the genetic deregulation of mTOR including amplifications and somatic mutations, mTOR-mediated cell growth promoting signaling, therapeutic targeting of mTOR and the mechanisms of resistance, the role of mTOR in precision medicine and other recent advances in further understanding the role of mTOR in cancer.
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“RAD001 is currently used to treat several cancers (53), including renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (54)”
From The drug efflux pump MDR1 promotes intrinsic and acquired resistance to PROTACs in cancer cells (2022) · cites this paper as [53]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Murugan, A. K.
- Affiliations
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Murugan, Avaniyapuram Kannan
- Venue
- Seminars in Cancer Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 59
- Pages
- 92-111
- ISSN
- 1044-579X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2969086321
- Cited by
- 483
- References
- 234
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 5.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Seminars in Cancer Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- mTOR, cancer, metastasis, drug resistance, mTOR inhibitors, somatic mutations, gene amplification, cell growth signaling, autophagy, precision medicine, immunosuppressants
- MeSH terms
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2, Animals, Disease Susceptibility, Enzyme Activation, Humans, Mutation, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasm Staging, Neoplasms, Biomarkers, Tumor, Signal Transduction, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Mutation Rate
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