Cited by 557Melanoma and MAPK PathwaysProtein Kinase Regulation and GTPase SignalingProtein Tyrosine Phosphatases

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 489 of the 506 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in cancer evolution and treatment

Ullah, Rahim, Yin, Qing, Snell, Aidan H., Wan, Lixin·2022·Seminars in Cancer Biology

DOI 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.010

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is initiated upon RTK and RAS activation. Three RAF isoforms ARAF, BRAF and CRAF, and their downstream MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 kinases constitute a coherently orchestrated signaling module that directs a range of physiological functions. Genetic alterations in this pathway are among the most prevalent in human cancers, which consist of numerous hot-spot mutations such as BRAF V600E. Oncogenic mutations in this pathway often override otherwise tightly regulated checkpoints to open the door for uncontrolled cell growth and neoplasia. The crosstalk between the RAF-MEK-ERK axis and other signaling pathways further extends the proliferative potential of this pathway in human cancers. In this review, we summarize the molecular architecture and physiological functions of the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway with emphasis on its dysregulations in human cancers, as well as the efforts made to target the RAF-MEK-ERK module using small molecule inhibitors.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.010

Cites

489 of 489 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation
Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 · Cited by 66,590
The cBio Cancer Genomics Portal: An Open Platform for Exploring Multidimensional Cancer Genomics Data
Cerami, E., Gao, J., Dogrusoz, U., Gross, B. E., Sumer, S. O., Aksoy, B. A., Jacobsen, A., Byrne, C. J., Heuer, M. L., Larsson, E., et al. (2012) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0095 · Cited by 17,455
On the origin of cancer cells
Warburg, O. (1956) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.123.3191.309 · Cited by 13,425
Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer
Davies, H., Bignell, G. R., Cox, C., Stephens, P., Edkins, S., Clegg, S., Teague, J., Woffendin, H., Garnett, M. J., Bottomley, W., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature00766 · Cited by 10,674
Cell Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
Lemmon, M. A., & Schlessinger, J. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.011 · Cited by 7,929
mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease
Saxton, R. A., & Sabatini, D. M. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.004 · Cited by 7,555
ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review.
Bos, J. L. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 5,061
AMPK: guardian of metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis
Herzig, S., & Shaw, R. J. (2017) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm.2017.95 · Cited by 4,192
Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Pathways: Regulation and Physiological Functions*
Pearson, G. W., Robinson, F. L., Gibson, T. B., Xu, B.-E., Karandikar, M. S., Berman, K. S., & Cobb, M. H. (2001) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.22.2.0428 · Cited by 4,111
BAY 43-9006 Exhibits Broad Spectrum Oral Antitumor Activity and Targets the RAF/MEK/ERK Pathway and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Involved in Tumor Progression and Angiogenesis
Wilhelm, S. M., Carter, C., Tang, L., Wilkie, D. P., McNabola, A., Rong, H., Chen, C., Zhang, X., Vincent, P. W., McHugh, M., et al. (2004) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1443 · Cited by 4,060

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 506 references

17 of the 506 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Pagès, 1999, Defective thymocyte maturation in p44 MAP kinase (Erk 1) knockout mice, Science, 286, 1374, 10.1126/science.286.5443.1374 · DOI · Paper page

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 557

PPP1r18 promotes tumor progression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by regulating the calcineurin-mediated ERK pathway
Ren, C., Wu, L., Zhang, S., Qi, K., Zhang, Y., Xu, J., Ruan, Y., & Feng, M. (2024) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgae028 · Cited by 5
Ankrd1 regulates endogenous cardiac regeneration in mice by modulating cyclin D1
Liu, L., Jiang, Q., Du, C., Yang, T., Zhou, L., Chen, J. C., Gu, L., Wang, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, H., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177005 · Cited by 5
ADAMTS4 exacerbates lung cancer progression via regulating c-Myc protein stability and activating MAPK signaling pathway
Zhai, W., Yang, W., Ge, J., Xiao, X., Wu, K., She, K., Zhou, Y., Kong, Y., Wu, L., Luo, S., et al. (2024) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/s13062-024-00512-y · Cited by 5
Myrtenol promotes skin flap survival by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting autophagy via the MEK/ERK pathway
Yang, J., Ni, S., Wang, A., Wang, K., Deng, J., Li, Z., Cai, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, G., & Lin, D. (2024) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2024.110230 · Cited by 5
The antitumor effects and apoptotic mechanism of 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol in acute myeloid leukemia
Zhang, Y., Ma, S., Xu, Y., Wu, S., Wu, S., Liu, M., Guo, Y., & Zhan, Y. (2025) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2025.03.006 · Cited by 5
“Considering the function of the ERK pathway in promoting tumor cell survival [29], we hypothesized that increased p-ERK1/2 protein levels could be a potential resistance mechanism against the antitumor activity of 20(S)-PPD.”
PSPH promotes the proliferation and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through MAPK signaling pathways
Yao, M. (2025) · American Journal of Cancer Research · doi:10.62347/ogmw9514 · Cited by 5
A Consolidated Review of Contemporary Targeted and Immunotherapeutic Options for Melanoma
Champion, P. J., Bluestein, J. R., Quinn, A. E., Bell, S. D., Kiley, J. H., Wakefield, M. R., & Fang, Y. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13061388 · Cited by 6
“Mutations of this cascade are highly prevalent in human cancer, and the isoform of RAF known as BRAF is implicated in as many as 60% of melanomas [19,20].”
Investigation of novel nimesulide derivatives against breast cancer
Birgül, K., Atlıhan, İ., Dere, D., Yelekçi, K., Tiber, P. M., Orun, O., & Küçükgüzel, Ş. G. (2025) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108850 · Cited by 6
CAMK2B Impacts the Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration of Glioma Cells via the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway
Zhang, S., Li, J., Jin, Q., Zhu, S., Yan, H., Wang, Y., Song, Z., & Liu, L. (2025) · Oncology Research Featuring Preclinical and Clinical Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.32604/or.2025.064300 · Cited by 6
“This approach leverages the established clinical use of MAPK kinase inhibitors in the treatment of certain cancers, providing a solid foundation for potential therapeutic applications targeting CAMK2B-related pathways [38,52].”
The evolving genetic landscape of ILVEN : A comprehensive review
Aghajani, M. J., Lu, J., Frew, J. W., & Sebaratnam, D. F. (2025) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.70098 · Cited by 5
“38 Postzygotic activating mutations in the HRAS gene, particularly at hotspots such as p.Gly13Val and p.Gly12Ser, have been increasingly identified in ILVEN and related epidermal nevus syndromes.”
HRH1-targeting mAb: a precision therapeutic strategy for Glioblastoma
Wang, K., Zhao, P., Zhu, X., Tang, F., Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Chen, Y., Pan, Y., Zhuge, Q., et al. (2025) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-025-03613-8 · Cited by 5
“Our results indicate a marked suppression of PKC signaling upon HRH1 blockade.”
Akebia saponin D attenuates ulcerative colitis via targeting EGFR and remodeling gut microbiota homeostasis
Xu, X., Fang, H., Fang, L., Zhou, Y., Wen, Y., Wang, X., Du, D., Lu, L., Yin, J., Sun, T., et al. (2026) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2026.157829 · Cited by 7
SIRT4 as a novel interactor and candidate suppressor of C-RAF kinase in MAPK signaling
Mehrabipour, M., Nakhaei‐Rad, S., Dvorský, R., Lang, A., Verhülsdonk, P., Ahmadian, M. R., & Piekorz, R. P. (2024) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202302507 · Cited by 5
“The MAPK signaling pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of various cellular processes such as differentiation, survival, and, in particular, proliferation (Zhang & Liu, 2002; Guo et al, 2020; Ullah et al, 2022).”
RAF1 facilitates KIT signaling and serves as a potential treatment target for gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Cao, X., Shi, J., Zhao, S., Tian, J., Xiao, K., Wang, M., Liu, J., Wang, C., et al. (2024) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-024-03063-8 · Cited by 5
“Numerous inhibitors targeting members of this signaling pathway have been developed while some of them have been approved for clinical use [40, 47].”
Network medicine analysis for dissecting the therapeutic mechanism of consensus TCM formulae in treating hepatocellular carcinoma with different TCM syndromes
Gao, K., Cao, W., He, Z., Liu, L., Guo, J., Dong, L., Song, J., Wu, Y., & Zhao, Y. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1373054 · Cited by 5
Reversible control of kinase signaling through chemical-induced dephosphorylation
Sun, Y., Zhou, R., Hu, J., Feng, S., & Hu, Q. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06771-9 · Cited by 5
“Aberrant activation of this pathway contributes to the initiation and progression of many cancers 36 .”
Background
Network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the potential molecular mechanism of chlorogenic acid treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Feng, Z., Hao, P., Yang, Y.-T., Xve, X., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000040218 · Cited by 5
GCC2 promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression by maintaining Golgi apparatus integrity and stimulating EGFR signaling pathways
Kim, M.-S., Jeong, H., Choi, B. H., Park, J., Shin, G. S., Jung, J., Shin, H., Kang, K., Jeon, O. H., Yu, J., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75316-1 · Cited by 5
DCP1A, a MEK substrate, regulates the self-renewal and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells
Yu, J., Zhao, N., Wang, Y., Ding, N., Guo, Z., He, Z., Zhang, Q., Zhang, J., Yang, X., Zhang, M., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.115058 · Cited by 6
KRAS–SOS-1 Inhibition as New Pharmacological Target to Counteract Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC)
Mannino, D., Basilotta, R., Luca, F. D., Casili, G., Esposito, E., & Paterniti, I. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26062579 · Cited by 5
BRAF Non-V600 Mutations in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Liu, J., & Xie, H. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15184604 · Cited by 5
“B-rapid accelerated ﬁbrosarcoma (BRAF), a member of the rapid accelerated ﬁbrosar-coma (RAF) kinase family, plays important roles in transducing growth signals in physiological processes [9,10].”
FABP6 serves as a new therapeutic target in esophageal tumor
Zhang, D., Zhao, F., Liu, H., Guo, P., Li, Z., & Li, S. (2024) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.205448 · Cited by 5
“Over 85% of cancers exhibit hyperactive MAPK signaling, which is directly caused by genetic alterations of its upstream activators or components, including RTKs, Ras, and BRAF, or indirectly by those independent of Ras or RAF [77–79].”
Background
Inactivation of ERK1/2 in cancer-associated hepatic stellate cells suppresses cancer-stromal interaction by regulating extracellular matrix in fibrosis
Lin, Q. (2024) · American Journal of Cancer Research · doi:10.62347/vpye3817 · Cited by 5
“Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), also known as mitogen-activated protein kinases, are the integration points of various bio-chemical signaling pathways in humans and regulate transcription, differentiation, proliferation and development [15].”
Background
CircRAPGEF5 acts as a modulator of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling during colorectal carcinogenesis
Yin, Z., Li, H., Heng, Z., Bentum‐Ennin, L., Xia, Y., Wang, Z., Hu, W., Gu, H., Zhang, S., & Li, G. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36133 · Cited by 5
“…the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is persistently activated which leads to ERK nuclear translocation and the activation of proliferative and proto-oncogenes genes such as c-Jun, c-FOS and c-MYC, resulting in strong cellular proliferative signals that lead to the sustained growth of tumor cells [7,8].”
Background
Role of DNA methylation transferase in urinary system diseases: From basic to clinical perspectives (Review)
Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Fan, X., Xu, X., Wang, H., Wang, X., Shi, T., Tang, J., Guan, Y., Song, L., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2024.5460 · Cited by 5
Design and synthesis of new anti-cervical cancer compounds, including pyridines, indoles, naphthalenes, and pyrrolopyridines derived from chalcone derivatives
Wang, Y., Mutalifu, Z., Ablise, M., Deng, X. Y., & Mourboul, M. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.141506 · Cited by 5
Perspectives on the α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in lung cancer progression
Cai, J., Wang, J., Wang, Z., Wang, J., Jia, Y., & Ma, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2025.1489958 · Cited by 6
Unraveling the Role of MDK‐SDC4 Interaction in Pancreatic Cancer‐Associated New‐Onset Diabetes by Single‐Cell Transcriptomic Analysis
Feng, Z., Lou, J., Lin, C., Yu, H., Tu, Y., Gong, J., Li, X., & Wu, Y. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202409987 · Cited by 5
Machine learning-assisted analysis of epithelial mesenchymal transition pathway for prognostic stratification and immune infiltration assessment in ovarian cancer
Li, Q., Xiao, X., Feng, J., Yan, R., & Xi, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1196094 · Cited by 5
“Activin A, which is released from the TGFb superfamily in the follicular fluid during ovulation, can induce EMT and promote the migration of tubal epithelial cells and highgrade plasmacytoid ovarian cancer cells by activating PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways (29).”
Background
Discovery of Novel Aromatic Urea-Imidazole Salt Derivatives for Cancer Therapy via Targeting ERK1/2
Wang, M., Yang, S., Li, X., Zheng, Y., Bai, Y., Luo, W., Zhu, G., Chang, J., & Zhu, B. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01434 · Cited by 5
ERK activation by Rab2B in the early secretory pathway impacts the ERGIC-Golgi interface
Tisdale, E. J., & Artalejo, C. R. (2025) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2025.111710 · Cited by 4
Targeting MAPK Signaling: Loureirins A and B from Dracaena Loureiri Inhibit Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Invasion in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines
Huang, X., Arjsri, P., Srisawad, K., Umsumarng, S., Yodkeeree, S., & Dejkriengkraikul, P. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15030396 · Cited by 4
“Intracellular signaling pathways, particularly the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, play a pivotal role in regulating EMT, migration, and invasion [17–19].”
The small GTP-binding Ras-like protein DIRAS2 promotes cell proliferation in oral leukoplakia via the RAF/MEK/MAPK pathway
Li, J., Tian, Z., Li, W., Wang, M., Tang, X., & Zhang, M. (2025) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2025.103037 · Cited by 4
Poricoic Acid A, an Active Ingredient Extracted From Poria cocos, Inhibits Lung Cancer Cell Growth by Suppressing MEK / ERK Signaling Pathway
Sun, X., Jiang, H., Ren, S., Xia, J., Gu, J., Sun, X., Huang, Y., Zhu, Z., Chen, M., Liao, Z., et al. (2025) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.70080 · Cited by 4
AR/ERK co-targeting triggers ferroptosis via FOXC2 in triple-negative breast cancer
Zhao, Y., Xu, C., Liu, Y., Zhu, Y., Fan, L., Gao, F., Liang, X., Shi, Y., Chen, Y., & Guan, X. (2025) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-025-3044-4 · Cited by 4
“Dysregulation of the ERK cascade is closely associated with oncogenesis (Dhillon et al., 2007; Samatar and Poulikakos, 2014; Ullah et al., 2022).”
Signaling pathways and advances in targeted therapy for adenomyosis
Li, Y., Zhang, H., Ding, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., & Qin, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2025.1685525 · Cited by 4
The BRAF V600E/MEK/ERK/METTL3 positive feedback loop regulates autophagy and promotes stemness and invasiveness in glioblastoma via m6A modification
Xie, Y., Li, Y., Tang, M., Li, Z. Z., Hu, W., Qiu, X., Wang, C., Zou, Y., Lu, J. J., Yuan, Z., et al. (2025) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-025-03623-0 · Cited by 5
“Additionally, although high-grade gliomas harboring the BRAF V600E mutation show a therapeutic response to BRAF inhibitors [57–59], clinical challenges such as acquired resistance and toxicity remain significant concerns [9, 60–62].”
MAPK Signaling and the Tumor Microenvironment: Drivers of Cancer Development and Resistance
Owida, H. A., Mohammad, S. I., Patel, P. N., Roopashree, R., Vasudevan, A., Arora, V., Nayak, P. P., Shukla, S. K., Hjazi, A. M., & Hsu, C.-Y. (2026) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1177/10445498261417426 · Cited by 4
“As Ullah et al. (2022) point out, mutations in upstream regulatory genes, such as RAS or mutant BRAF, lead to constitutive MAPK activity, causing cancer cells to override physiological barriers to growth and adapt to therapeutic stress.”
Integrative multi-omics and machine learning reveals the spatial niche distribution and role of CYP27A1+TAMs in immunotherapy response in non-small cell lung cancer
Liu, Q., Liu, X., Zhang, H., Jiang, Y., Shi, Y., Mu, Q., Jing, Y., & Sun, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1782545 · Cited by 4
“Tumor-enriched niches highly express pathways such as MAPK, EGFR, PI3K, and estrogen signaling, re ﬂ ecting the active growth, proliferation, and invasive state of tumor cells (37 – 40).”
Cross-Talking Pathways of Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma-1 (RAF-1) in Alzheimer’s Disease
Hong, H., Yu, L., Cong, W., Kang, K., Gao, Y., Guan, Q., Meng, X., Zhang, H., & Zhou, Z. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03765-2 · Cited by 4
“RAF kinase family, located at the upstream of MAPK pathway, has been extensively investigated in cancers through RAS/ RAF/MEK/ERK signaling [42].”
Silencing of secreted phosphoprotein 1 attenuates sciatic nerve injury‐induced neuropathic pain: Regulating extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and neuroinflammatory signaling pathways
Xie, H., Lu, F., Li, X., Wang, E., Mo, J., & Liang, W. (2024) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.1132 · Cited by 4
“20 23 After nerve injury, ERK phosphorylation levels are increased in neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and large dorsal root ganglia neurons.”
Background
Curcumin and Methotrexate: A Promising Combination for Osteosarcoma Treatment via Hedgehog Pathway Inhibition
Giliberti, G., Marrapodi, M. M., Feo, G. D., Pota, E., Martino, M. D., Pinto, D. D., Rossi, F., & Paola, A. D. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252011300 · Cited by 4
“…pERK protein expression levels—two proteins involved in cell proliferation and whose expression is very increased in several types of cancers [37,38]. drugs on pAKT and pERK protein expression levels—two proteins involved in cell proliferation and whose expression is very increased in several…”
BackgroundInfluential
Recent insights into the roles and therapeutic potentials of GLS1 in inflammatory diseases
Sheng, J.-X., Liu, Y.-J., Yu, J., Wang, R., Chen, R.-Y., Shi, J., Yang, G., & Chen, J. (2025) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2025.101292 · Cited by 5
“Raf-MEK-ERK plays a crucial role in various biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, survival, and cell cycle regulation [57,58].”
Baicalin Relieves Glaesserella parasuis-Triggered Immunosuppression Through Polarization via MIF/CD74 Signaling Pathway in Piglets
Fu, S., Dong, Q., Fu, Y., Luo, R., Li, J., Sun, Y., Liu, S., Qiu, Y., Guo, L., & Hu, J. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15050640 · Cited by 4
“The RAF-MEK-ERK pathway is a characterized MAPK signaling pathway that participates in cell proliferation and survival [64].”
The chemical and biological properties of natural resorcylic acid lactones
Gao, Y., Li, W., & Ruan, H. (2025) · Natural Product Reports · doi:10.1039/d5np00033e · Cited by 6
Inhibitory effect of Curcumin on a cervical cancer cell line via the RAS/RAF signaling pathway.
Ödemır, İ., Zaman, F., Baş, D. D., Sarı, U., Öztürk, Ş., & Tuncer, M. C. (2025) · PubMed · doi:10.14670/hh-18-797 · Cited by 4
Imaging the Raf–MEK–ERK Signaling Cascade in Living Cells
Shin, Y.-C., Cho, M., Hwang, J. M., Myung, K., Kweon, H., Seong, H.-A., Lee, Z.-W., & Lee, K. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms251910587 · Cited by 4
“The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is initiated upon receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and Ras activation [3].”
Background
MiRS-HF: A Novel Deep Learning Predictor for Cancer Classification and miRNA Expression Patterns
Ni, J., Yan, D., Lu, S., Xie, Z., Liu, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2024.3476672 · Cited by 5
“During cancer cell proliferation, genetic mutations [16], abnormal cell signaling pathways [17], and other factors often lead to the formation of tumors with diverse typologies [18], [19].”
Mechanisms of Xuefu Zhuyu Tang in the Treatment of Diabetic Erectile Dysfunction in Rats Through the Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Function by CaSR/PLC/PKC and MEK/ERK/RSK Pathways
Li, X., Zhang, M., Feng, J., Wang, J., Wang, K., Ju, B., Wang, X., & Pang, G. (2024) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883241277423 · Cited by 4
“Recently, it was discovered that the MEK/ERK pathway is closely associated with diabetic complications, such as diabetic cataracts (Chen et al., 2014; Ullah et al., 2022).”
Background
A potent dual inhibitor targeting COX-2 and HDAC of acute myeloid leukemia cells
Qin, X., Wang, X., Yang, C., Wang, F., Fang, T., Gu, D., Guo, Q., Meng, Q., Liu, W., & Lu, Y. (2024) · Molecular Diversity · doi:10.1007/s11030-024-11000-w · Cited by 4
“Additionally, the ERK signaling pathway mainly controls the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase of the cell cycle, and inhibition of the ERK pathway was shown to induce G1 phase arrest [49], which is consistent with the results of this study.”
Sulfur dioxide increases testosterone biosynthesis by activating ERK1/2 pathway and disrupting autophagy in Leydig cells
Li, X., Shi, Y., Liu, S., Feng, Z., Xiao, H., Li, R., Li, Z., Zhang, X., Han, Y., Wang, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.137001 · Cited by 4
A novel therapeutic strategy for leukopenia: Miltefosine activates the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway to promote neutrophil differentiation
Li, Q., He, S., Li, Z., Liu, S., Mei, X., Xiao, Q., Qiao, G., Luo, J., Shen, H., Zeng, J., et al. (2024) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.151239 · Cited by 4
Development and pan-cancer validation of an epigenetics-based random survival forest model for prognosis prediction and drug response in OS
Yin, C., Chi, K., Chen, Z., Zhuang, S., Ye, Y., Zhang, B., & Cai, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1529525 · Cited by 4
“…regulatory factors through Hsp90 inhibition (Talaei et al., 2019), while Sorafenib, as a multi-target inhibitor, might affect epigenetic modi ﬁ cation processes by interfering with RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways (Abdelgalil et al., 2019; Ullah et al., 2022; Manning and Toker, 2017).”
Integrated Computational and Experimental Insights Into MEK1/2 Inhibitors: Structural Validation, Docking, ADMET, Molecular Dynamics, and Anticancer Evaluation
Pal, R., Matada, G. S. P., & Teli, G. (2025) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.202402907 · Cited by 4
“MEK1/2, also known as the gatekeepers of ERK1/2 [21, 23].”
The exploration of the effect and mechanism of Shengxian decoction inhibiting acute high-altitude myocardial injury
Chen, Z., Zhong, L., Liu, M., Ding, P., Jia, N., Chen, Q., Liu, J., Wang, Y., & Tang, J. (2025) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156896 · Cited by 4
A novel 4-(1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-ylthio)pyrimidine derivative inhibits cell proliferation by suppressing the MEK/ERK signaling pathway in colorectal cancer
Li, W., Yang, Z., Ding, L., Wang, Y., Zhao, X., Chu, J. J., Ji, Q., Yao, M., & Wang, J. (2023) · Acta Pharmaceutica · doi:10.2478/acph-2023-0025 · Cited by 4
Machine learning based on biological context facilitates the identification of microvascular invasion in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Xu, S., Wan, M., Ye, C., Chen, R., Li, Q., Zhang, X., & Ruan, J. (2024) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgae052 · Cited by 4
Repurposing bosentan as an anticancer agent: EGFR/ERK/c‐Jun modulation inhibits NSCLC tumor growth
Khalaf, M. M., Malak, M. N., Alsahli, T. G., Althobaiti, M. M., Hamzawy, M. A., & Abdel‐Fattah, M. M. (2025) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.13052 · Cited by 3
“Aside from the pivotal role of ERK in cell growth, proliferation, and migration, it has a crucial influence in inhibiting apoptosis meeting the hallmarks of cancer through different mechanisms [11].”
Microbially produced imidazole propionate impairs prostate cancer progression through PDZK1
Jin, S., Zhou, Y., Lv, J., Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, M., & Feng, N. (2025) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-025-01073-0 · Cited by 3
Allosteric site engagement and cooperativity mechanism by PHI1 for BRAFV600E kinase inhibition
Xu, X., Luo, S., Wang, Q., Zhang, E., Liu, J., & Duan, L. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140475 · Cited by 3
Mechanistic Exploration of Shugan Jianpi Formula for Treating Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Under Chronic Stress: A Network Pharmacology-Guided Experimental Study
Liu, F., Li, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Tian, X., Zhang, D., Zhang, N., Yan, T., Shi, S., Wu, J., et al. (2025) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s518123 · Cited by 3
Recent Advances in FLT3-Based Dual Inhibitors: A Promising Strategy for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Yuan, H., Che, J., & Liu, T. (2025) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0109298673382296250520095501 · Cited by 3
Ring-finger protein RNF126 promotes prostate cancer progression via regulation of MBNL1
Jiang, X. M., Li, J., Zhang, J., Zhao, Y., He, G., & Yao, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-04629-6 · Cited by 3
“Indeed, the above two pathways are classical pathways associated with cell proliferation and migration in a various of tumors 26,27 .”
RNF207 promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma through KCNQ1 mediated activation of ERK/MEK signaling pathway
Liu, W., Xia, K., Tong, K., Huang, X., Wei, Z., Wei, Z., & Guo, W. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.115482 · Cited by 3
Plastic poisoning the next generation: omics-anchored partial-adverse outcome pathway affords a glimpse into how gestational polystyrene nano-plastics exposure compromises adult male offspring reproduction.
Zhang, R.-X., Wang, H., Zhao, M., Zhang, Y., Xue, J., Luo, X., Xie, J., Zhang, R.-Y., Yang, X., Ge, W.-L., et al. (2026) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110126 · Cited by 3
Withanolides as molecular inhibitors in oral squamous cell carcinoma: unveiling anticancer mechanisms and therapeutic targets
Malakar, V. K., Sankhla, B., Malakar, C. C., Runthala, A., Mali, P., Sundaragiri, K. S., Viola, R. E., & Poddar, N. K. (2026) · Phytochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11101-026-10240-y · Cited by 3
“Raf regulates the stimulation of MEK1/2, which subsequently stimulates the downstream ERK1/ ERK2 signalling pathways (Ullah et al. 2022).”
A critical review of RAF inhibitors in BRAF-mutated glioma treatment
Khoury, J., Wehbe, S., Attieh, F., Boutros, M., Kesrouani, C., & Kourié, H. R. (2024) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.1080/14622416.2024.2355859 · Cited by 3
Hotspot Exon 15 Mutations in BRAF Are Uncommon in Feline Tumours
Kuroki, K., Hoang, C. T., Rogic, A., Rindt, H., Simenson, A., Noall, L. G., Bryan, J. N., Johnson, G. C., & Chu, S. (2024) · Veterinary and Comparative Oncology · doi:10.1111/vco.12997 · Cited by 3
Reciprocal regulation of MMP-28 and EGFR is required for sustaining proliferative signaling in PDAC
Hong, Z., Huang, X., Xia, L., Liang, T., & Bai, X. (2025) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-025-03323-9 · Cited by 3
“The ERK pathway, also known as MAPK pathway, mainly regulates tumor growth and metastasis through downstream transcription factors [32].”
Genetically druggable targets for MAPK-activated colorectal cancer by a two-sample mendelian randomization analysis
Zhou, Y., Ding, Y., Xu, B., Fei, H., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82567-5 · Cited by 3
KRAS mutations in colorectal cancer: impacts on tumor microenvironment and therapeutic implications
Emami, A., Sharif, P. M., & Rezaei, N. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1080/14728222.2025.2500426 · Cited by 3
“This phosphorylation regulates various fundamental physiological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, multiplication, migration, apoptosis, motility, and angiogenesis, by modulating gene expression states [38,39].”
Erianin inhibits the proliferation and stemness of pancreatic cancer cells by interacting with MEK1/2
Zhu, Y., Zhou, S., Yang, F.-Q., Zhang, H., Luo, J., Xie, F., Liu, D., Lei, Y., & Deng, L. (2025) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117046 · Cited by 3
Targeting MDM2, RAS, and PCNA for cancer targeted therapy: pan-cancer approaches vs. cancer-specific strategies
Wang, W., Alley, A., Sun, N., Tadesse, M., Wang, X., & Zhang, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1663766 · Cited by 3
“Activated ERK translocates to the nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of genes involved in oncogenic signaling (Ullah et al., 2022).”
Advances in SEMA3F regulation of clinically high-incidence cancers
Wang, C., Song, D., Huang, Q., & Liu, Q. (2023) · Cancer Biomarkers · doi:10.3233/cbm-230085 · Cited by 3
“The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling axis, a signaling modality of the MAPK pathway, regu-134 lates physiological processes such as cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation [91,92].”
CD271 promotes proliferation and migration in bladder cancer
Myoen, S., Mochizuki, M., Shibuya‐Takahashi, R., Fujimori, H., Shindo, N., Yamaguchi, K., Yasuda, J., Abe, J., Imai, T., Sato, I., et al. (2023) · Genes to Cells · doi:10.1111/gtc.13087 · Cited by 3
“ERK is a well-known MAP kinase (Ullah et al., 2022), and ERK inhibitors decrease bladder cancer proliferation (Kumar et al., 2009).”
Background
Inactivation of the TGF-β1/ALK5 axis enhances club cell function and alleviates lung tissue damage to ameliorate COPD progression through the MEK/ERK signaling pathway
Tian, J., Ouyang, H., Wu, J., Wen, L., Li, X., Yang, F., & Hao, Y. (2024) · General Physiology and Biophysics · doi:10.4149/gpb_2023034 · Cited by 3
The effect of STAT1, miR-99b, and MAP2K1 in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) mouse model and hepatocyte
Du, H., Yu, H., Zhou, M., Quan, H., Hou, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2024) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.205579 · Cited by 3
“MAP2K1, also known as MEK1, belongs to the mitogen-extracellular activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) family and is widely involved in cell survival and proliferation [26, 27].”
Background
SNRPB2 in the pan-cancer landscape: A bioinformatics exploration and validation in hepatocellular carcinoma
Li, B., Liu, J., Huang, L., Cai, J., Guo, L., Xu, L., Xu, Q., Liu, J., Huang, J., Hu, W., et al. (2024) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111445 · Cited by 4
Estrogen receptor activates SRC and ERK1/2 and promotes tumorigenesis in human testicular embryonic carcinoma cells NT2/D1
Macheroni, C., Souza, D. S., Porto, C. S., & Vicente, C. M. (2024) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114282 · Cited by 3
Navigating the complexity of BRAF mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: current insights and future prospects
Ibrahim, S., Shenoy, S., Kateel, R., Hegde, S., Parida, A., & Samantaray, L. (2024) · Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.5826/mrm.2024.992 · Cited by 3
“It is a crucial component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway [10–13].”
NSE protein detection in a microfluidic channel integrated an electrochemical biosensor
Nhu, C. T., Quang, L. D., Jen, C., Duc, T. C., Bui, T. T., & Ngoc, T. V. (2024) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/ad9f69 · Cited by 3
Biodegradable Mg-1%Ca alloy inhibits the growth of cervical cancer
Ouyang, Y., Cao, L., Zhao, Q., Wang, Y., & Lin, C. (2025) · Biomedical Materials · doi:10.1088/1748-605x/adb2cc · Cited by 3
“It is currently known to be comprised of three sub-pathways: ERK [37], JNK [38], and p38 [39].”
Special issue: Targeting cellular signaling pathways for cancer therapy
Wang, P. Z., & Wei, W. (2021) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.001 · Cited by 3
Discovery of a Pimaradiene that Decreases Viability of MDA‐MB‐468 Cells Through Inhibition of EGFR Signaling Pathway
Wang, N., Li, Q., Liu, Z., Cao, J., Huang, J., Ma, L., & Huang, G. (2024) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.202400288 · Cited by 2
Regorafenib enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma through MAPK signaling pathway suppression
Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Ren, Y., Huang, L., Xu, W., Wang, H., & Lu, Q. (2024) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104319 · Cited by 2
MicroRNA-98 as a novel diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in cancer patients
Akhlaghipour, I., & Moghbeli, M. (2024) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-024-01270-z · Cited by 3
Preclinical Evaluation of a Radiolabeled Pan-RAF Inhibitor for RAF-Specific PET/CT Imaging
Zhang, W., Gao, S., Wang, L., Ge, X., Wu, X., Liu, J., & Lu, J. (2024) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00649 · Cited by 2
The role and mechanism of NRG1/ErbB4 in inducing the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes
Li, X., Zhang, H., Li, W., Tuo, H., He, B., & Jiang, H. F. (2024) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-024-04224-z · Cited by 2
“One such pathway is the RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade, which plays a critical role in cell proliferation and survival [36].”
Background
Exploring the Role of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition During Colorectal Cancer Peritoneal Metastasis: Update on Their Mechanisms
Long, C., Li, X., Liu, J., Mo, X., Zhong, H., Tang, W., & Yu, J. (2025) · Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.70166 · Cited by 2
The Influence of a Rat Model of Depression and Gastric Ulcer on the Pharmacokinetics of Encorafenib
Gajula, S. N. R., Munjal, V., Talari, S., Rahman, Z., Dandekar, M. P., & Sonti, R. (2025) · Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition · doi:10.1002/bdd.70006 · Cited by 2
“Dysregulation in these pathways can result in uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation, thus leading to various types of cancer (Ullah et al. 2022).”
CircNOX4 promotes proliferation and resistance by regulating the hsa-miR-6884-5p/YWHAG Axis and ERK signaling pathway in cholangiocarcinoma
Yan, Z., Du, L.-X., Han, Y., Li, K., Sheng, G., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Deng, J., Liu, Z., et al. (2025) · Functional & Integrative Genomics · doi:10.1007/s10142-025-01668-0 · Cited by 2
“This pathway is crucial for regulating cell growth, differentia - tion, and survival, and it plays a key role in the progression and drug resistance of various types of cancer (Ullah et al. 2022).”
Fluorinated small molecule derivatives in cancer immunotherapy: emerging frontiers and therapeutic potential
Leong, K. F., Chen, Z., & Coghi, P. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1622091 · Cited by 2
Multi-omics profiling of metastatic colorectal cancer reveals the transcriptional network of focal adhesion and immune suppression and the role of p-RPS6
Jiang, Y., Li, Z., Zheng, F., Jia, W., Guo, Z., Xu, Z., Huang, C., Li, Z., Wang, C., Liu, K., et al. (2025) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-025-03924-6 · Cited by 2
Cucurbitacin B in cancer: A comprehensive review of its targets and molecular mechanisms
Mi, L., He, T., Lei, D., Lei, D., Su, A., Wei, T., Li, Z., & Wu, W. (2025) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117240 · Cited by 5
Neutrophil-Related Genes Predict Prognosis and Contribute to Immunosuppression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Zhang, D., Li, Y., Liu, T., Liu, X., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Blood and Lymphatic Cancer Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/blctt.s529074 · Cited by 3
“40,41 As a critical constituent of the MAPK pathway, BRAF has been detected as driver mutation in several tumor types, including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC).”
Kuwanon A Targeted YWHAB in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Inhibit the Raf/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway
Xu, J., Chang, H., Wang, Y., Du, Y., Zhong, L., & Cui, H. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14191487 · Cited by 2
“The phosphorylation signaling cascade of the classical MAPK pathway, including Raf/MEK/ERK, is significantly inhibited [12,19].”
Inhibition of the RAC/PAK Signaling Axis Enhances the Potency of MAPK Cascade Inhibitors Against Uveal Melanoma
Maslov, A. A., Trageser, N. H., Kichina, J. V., Elamir, H., Gardner, E., Teaman, F., Vishwanath, V., Dugas, S. M., Heid, J., Maslov, A. Y., et al. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15101425 · Cited by 2
“Activation of the MAPK cascade is the major driver of cell proliferation in various cancers [66,71], and its effective suppression is often characterized by the reduced ability of cells to enter the DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle [70].”
Identification and external validation of a prognostic signature based on MAPK-related genes to evaluate survival prognosis and treatment efficacy in lung adenocarcinoma
Hu, Z., Zhou, Y., Xie, L., Zhang, W., & Rao, H. (2025) · Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10238-025-01925-3 · Cited by 2
“These pathways are typically activated by distinct extracellular cues, leading to a stepwise activation of MAPK kinases that mediate the transmission of extracellular and intracellular signals to regulate multiple cell behaviors [5].”
LDB2 is a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and inhibits bladder cancer metastasis by activating p38 MAPK/ERK1/2/JNK signaling pathway
Li, Y., Zhao, B., Gao, W., Wu, Y., Tian, T., Zhao, S., Zhang, J., Li, R., He, S., Gong, Y., et al. (2025) · Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10238-025-01854-1 · Cited by 2
A cigarette compound-induced tumor microenvironment promotes sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma via the 14-3-3η-modified tumor-associated proteome
Jin, M. L., Du, X., Dong, N., Feng, Z., Sun, Y., Song, S., Zhang, H., Li, M., Duan, S., Lü, M., et al. (2025) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000003851 · Cited by 2

Authors: Ullah, R., Yin, Q., Snell, A. H., & Wan, L.
Affiliations: Moffitt Cancer Center (US)
Corresponding author: Wan, Lixin
ORCID: Yin, Qing
Snell, Aidan H.
Wan, Lixin
Venue: Seminars in Cancer Biology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2022-10
Volume: 85
Pages: 123-154
ISSN: 1044-579X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.010
OpenAlex: W3160873367
Cited by: 553
References: 506
Citations by year: 2026: 123 · 2025: 164 · 2024: 173 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 19
FWCI: 7.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Seminars in Cancer Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Melanoma Research Alliance
Florida Department of Health
American Cancer Society
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Keywords: Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, MAPK signaling, BRAF V600E mutation, Raf isoforms, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, Ras activation, receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, tumor evolution, cancer therapy, small molecule inhibitors, signaling crosstalk, oncogenic mutations
MeSH terms: Humans, Neoplasms, Signal Transduction, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in cancer evolution and treatment

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks