On the origin of cancer cells

Warburg, Otto

doi:10.1126/science.123.3191.309

Cited by 13,425Cancer Genomics and DiagnosticsCancer Cells and MetastasisCancer-related Molecular Pathways

On the origin of cancer cells

Warburg, Otto·1956·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.123.3191.309

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This global metabolic shift is coupled with elevated intracellular oxidative stress that induces liver damage and increased biosynthetic intermediates that support rapid cell division, a pattern reminiscent of cancer cells.
“This is also coupled with elevated intracellular oxidative stress that induces liver damage and increased biosynthetic intermediates that support rapid cell division (Figures 1E–F, 2A–B, S1C, S2 and S4–5), a pattern of metabolic adaptation closely reminiscent of that well-characterized for most types of cancer cells (Warburg, 1956).”
From Circadian Homeostasis of Liver Metabolism Suppresses Hepatocarcinogenesis (2016) · cites this paper as Warburg, 1956
Metabolic reprogramming known as the Warburg effect in cancer cells is mediated by HIF-1.
“This metabolic reprogramming is known as the Warburg effect in cancer cells and is mediated by HIF‐1.”
From Hypoxia signaling in cancer: Implications for therapeutic interventions (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
Cancer cells rely on aerobic glycolysis as their primary energy resource (the Warburg effect).
“Unlike normal cells, which derive most of their energy from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, cancer cells rely on aerobic glycolysis as their primary energy resource. This process is recognized as the “Warburg effect”21–23.”
From RETRACTED ARTICLE: Fasting inhibits aerobic glycolysis and proliferation in colorectal cancer via the Fdft1-mediated AKT/mTOR/HIF1α pathway suppression (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
Warburg observed that carcinoma slices from rats and humans consumed much more glucose and secreted much more lactate than normal tissue, even when presented with enough oxygen to metabolize glucose completely to CO2.
“Warburg observed that carcinoma slices from rats and humans consumed much more glucose and secreted much more lactate than normal tissue, even when presented with enough oxygen to metabolize glucose completely to CO2.”
From Cellular Metabolism and Disease: What Do Metabolic Outliers Teach Us? (2012) · cites this paper as Warburg, 1956

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Authors: Warburg, O.
Affiliations: Max Planck Society (DE)
Corresponding author: Warburg, Otto
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 1956-02-24
Volume: 123
Issue: 3191
Pages: 309-314
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.123.3191.309
OpenAlex: W2072451938
Cited by: 13,425
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 448 · 2025: 678 · 2024: 718 · 2023: 762 · 2022: 862 · 2021: 938 · 2020: 883 · 2019: 774 · 2018: 712 · 2017: 720 · 2016: 700 · 2015: 751 · 2014: 655 · 2013: 610 · 2012: 547
FWCI: 46.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
Keywords: cancer cells, tumor origin, carcinogenesis, tumor cell of origin
MeSH terms: Humans, Neoplasms

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