High intensity interval training and molecular adaptive response of skeletal muscle
Open accessAbstract
Increased cardiovascular fitness, V ˙ O 2max , is associated with enhanced endurance capacity and a decreased rate of mortality. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is one of the best methods to increase V ˙ O 2max and endurance capacity for top athletes and for the general public as well. Because of the high intensity of this type of training, the adaptive response is not restricted to Type I fibers, as found for moderate intensity exercise of long duration. Even with a short exercise duration, HIIT can induce activation of AMPK, PGC-1α, SIRT1 and ROS pathway as well as by the modulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis, leading to enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, and angiogenesis. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the adaptive response of HIIT.
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HIIT significantly promotes lipolysis, making it effective for reducing body fat and improving metabolic health.
“High-intensity interval training (HIIT) significantly promotes lipolysis, making it an effective strategy for reducing body fat and improving metabolic health.”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [79]
After HIIT, EPOC maintains elevated metabolic rates and fat oxidation for several hours even at rest.
“After HIIT, the body experiences an increase in excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), which maintains elevated metabolic rates and fat oxidation levels for several hours, even in a resting state.”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [79]
During HIIT, catecholamine release binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on adipocytes, stimulating lipolytic enzymes like HSL.
“During HIIT, the intense bouts of activity trigger catecholamine release (epinephrine and norepinephrine), which binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on adipocytes, stimulating lipolytic enzymes like hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) [78,79].”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [79]
HIIT creates a metabolic environment that maximizes fat oxidation, particularly after exercise.
“The intermittent nature of HIIT—short bursts of intense work followed by recovery periods—creates a metabolic environment that maximizes fat oxidation, particularly after exercise.”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [79]
HIIT is associated with increased levels of adiponectin, further supporting its role in enhancing fat metabolism.
“Additionally, HIIT has been associated with increased levels of adiponectin, an adipokine that regulates glucose levels and fatty acid breakdown, further supporting the role of HIIT in enhancing fat metabolism.”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [79]
HIIT increases mitochondrial density and function within muscle cells, enhancing capacity to use free fatty acids, especially in individuals with previously low aerobic capacity.
“HIIT has been shown to increase mitochondrial density and function within muscle cells, enhancing the muscles’ capacity to use free fatty acids for energy, especially in individuals with previously low aerobic capacity.”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [79]
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References 123 · Cited by 95
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [69]Scarpulla R.C. Vega R.B. Kelly D.P. Transcriptional integration of mitochondrial biogenesis Trends Endocrinol Metab 23 9 2012 459 466 10.1016/j.tem.2012.06.006 22817841 PMC3580164 · DOI · Paper page
- Authors
- Torma, F., Gombos, Z., Jokai, M., Takeda, M., Mimura, T., & Radak, Z.
- Affiliations
- Hungarian University of Sports Science (HU)
- Doshisha University (JP)
- Osaka Sangyo University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Radak, Zsolt
- Venue
- Sports Medicine and Health Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24-32
- ISSN
- 2666-3376 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9219277
- OpenAlex
- W2975350562
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sports Medicine and Health Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- high-intensity interval training, skeletal muscle, exercise adaptation, mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, AMPK, PGC-1α, SIRT1, reactive oxygen species, calcium homeostasis, VO2max, endurance capacity, oxidative stress
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