Transcriptional integration of mitochondrial biogenesis
Open accessAbstract
Gene regulatory factors encoded by the nuclear genome are essential for mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Some of these factors act exclusively within the mitochondria to regulate the control of mitochondrial transcription, translation, and other functions. Others govern the expression of nuclear genes required for mitochondrial metabolism and organelle biogenesis. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1) family of transcriptional coactivators play a major role in transducing and integrating physiological signals governing metabolism, differentiation, and cell growth to the transcriptional machinery controlling mitochondrial functional capacity. Thus, the PGC-1 coactivators serve as a central component of the transcriptional regulatory circuitry that coordinately controls the energy-generating functions of mitochondria in accordance with the metabolic demands imposed by changing physiological conditions, senescence, and disease.
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PGC-1α is a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy substrate delivery and utilization, and the main coordinator of aerobic metabolism and energy homeostasis of cells.
“PGC-1α was discovered in 1998 and has been widely studied as a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy substrate delivery and utilization, as well as the main coordinator of the aerobic metabolism and energy homeostasis of cells [7,8,9].”
From Protective Effects of PGC-1α Activators on Ischemic Stroke in a Rat Model of Photochemically Induced Thrombosis (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
The section on PGC-1 coactivators says PGC-1α can drive virtually all aspects of mitochondrial biogenesis, including fatty-acid oxidation genes and respiratory capacity. But the paper does not establish that it regulates energy-substrate delivery or is the main coordinator of cellular aerobic metabolism and energy homeostasis; the metabolic-signaling section describes complementary roles for PGC-1α and PGC-1β. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMitochondrial biogenesis involves multiple transcription factors NRF1/2, PPARs, and ERRα that bind promoters and activate gene transcription.
“The process consists of multiple transcription factors that regulate the expression of nuclear genes responsible for encoding mitochondrial proteins, such as the nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2 (NRF1/2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and the estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα), which bind to promoters and activate gene transcription [47].”
From Exerkines and Sarcopenia: Unveiling the Mechanism Behind Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Homeostasis (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
A transcriptional circuit including PGC-1 family coactivators, ERRs and NRF is responsible for transcription of metabolic and mitochondrial genes in multiple tissues.
“A transcriptional circuit, including PGC-1 family coactivators, estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) and nuclear respiratory factor (NRF), is responsible for the transcription of metabolic and mitochondrial genes in multiple tissues, such as heart and skeletal muscle (Scarpulla et al., 2012).”
From Metabolic reprogramming during neuronal differentiation from aerobic glycolysis to neuronal oxidative phosphorylation (2016) · cites this paper as Scarpulla et al., 2012
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [50]Metodiev MD 2009 Methylation of 12S rRNA is necessary for in vivo stability of the small subunit of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome Cell metabolism 9 386 397 19356719
- [91]Scarpulla RC 2011 Nucleus-encoded regulators of mitochondrial function: Integration of respiratory chain expression, nutrient sensing and metabolic stress Biochim Biophys Acta PMC3306451 22080153
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- Authors
- Scarpulla, R. C., Vega, R. B., & Kelly, D. P.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kelly, Daniel P.
- Venue
- Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 459-466
- ISSN
- 1043-2760 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3580164
- OpenAlex
- W2121198137
- Cited by
- 798
- References
- 255
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 45
- FWCI
- 5.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL101189, R01HL058493)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01 GM32525-28, R01GM032525)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK045416)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial transcription, mitochondrial translation, energy metabolism, transcriptional regulation, cellular senescence, mitochondrial function
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Transcription, Genetic, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, Mitochondrial Turnover
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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