The DOI matches its Crossref record; 224 of the 230 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
REM sleep dysregulation in depression: State of the art
Abstract
Disturbances of sleep are typical for most depressed patients and belong to the core symptoms of the disorder. Since the 1960s polysomnographic sleep research has demonstrated that besides disturbances of sleep continuity, depression is associated with altered sleep architecture, i.e., a decrease in slow wave sleep (SWS) production and disturbed rapid eye movement (REM) sleep regulation. Shortened REM latency (i.e., the interval between sleep onset and the occurrence of the first REM period), increased REM sleep duration and increased REM density (i.e., the frequency of rapid eye movements per REM period) have been considered as biological markers of depression which might predict relapse and recurrence. High risk studies including healthy relatives of patients with depression demonstrate that REM sleep alterations may precede the clinical expression of depression and may thus be useful in identifying subjects at high risk for the illness. Several models have been developed to explain REM sleep abnormalities in depression, like the cholinergic-aminergic imbalance model or chronobiologically inspired theories, which are reviewed in this overview. Moreover, REM sleep alterations have been recently considered not only as biological "scars" but as true endophenotypes of depression. This review discusses the genetic, neurochemical and neurobiological factors that have been implicated to play a role in the complex relationships between REM sleep and depression. We hypothesize on the one hand that REM sleep dysregulation in depression may be linked to a genetic predisposition/vulnerability to develop the illness; on the other hand it is conceivable that REM sleep disinhibition in itself is a part of a maladaptive stress reaction with increased allostatic load. We also discuss whether the REM sleep changes in depression may contribute themselves to the development of central symptoms of depression such as cognitive distortions including negative self-esteem and the overnight consolidation of negatively toned emotional memories.
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In the citing paper
“Actually, the role of REM sleep in the mood regulation is somehow controversial since several studies found that this stage has a depressant effect (Palagini et al., 2013).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Palagini et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Depressed subjects also show reductions in slow wave (stage 3/4) sleep, increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, including a shorter latency to REM initiation, a protraction of the REM sleep period, and increases in REM density (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Palagini et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Depressed subjects also show reductions in slow wave (stage 3/4) sleep, increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, including a shorter latency to REM initiation, a protraction of the REM sleep period, and increases in REM density (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Palagini et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Depressed subjects also show reductions in slow wave (stage 3/4) sleep, increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, including a shorter latency to REM initiation, a protraction of the REM sleep period, and increases in REM density (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Palagini et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Depressed subjects also show reductions in slow wave (stage 3/4) sleep, increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, including a shorter latency to REM initiation, a protraction of the REM sleep period, and increases in REM density (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Palagini et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Depressed subjects also show reductions in slow wave (stage 3/4) sleep, increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, including a shorter latency to REM initiation, a protraction of the REM sleep period, and increases in REM density (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Palagini et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“However, exogenously-induced inflammation using both endotoxin and IFN-α also led to a suppression of REM sleep (Mullington et al., 2000; Raison et al., 2010), which is the opposite of changes observed in depressed patients (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Palagini et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“and remediate one of the sleep problems influenced by inflammation (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001)”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Palagini et al., 2013
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“…with (limited) research utility, such as aberrant REM sleep patterns and decreased autonomic variability in patients with depression (Stein et al ., 2000; Palagini et al ., 2013) and reduced suppression of cortisol secretion by dexamethasone in those with melancholic depression (Carroll, 1981).”
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“Interestingly, a cholinergic agonist produced a faster induction of REM sleep only in MDD patients and in subjects at high risk for psychiatric disorders (Palagini et al., 2013).”
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“, the frequency of rapid eye movements per REM period) might predict relapse and recurrence (36).”
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“Notably, the significant increase in REM ratio from D14 to D35 correlates with clinical findings where an increase in REM sleep amounts and percent were reported in individuals with depression [54].”
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Lotfi, G., Eslami, M., Gholami, M., Vaseghi, S., & Yekta, B. G. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-04753-4 · Cited by 9
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“6,7 Likewise, anxiety and depression can disrupt sleep patterns, worsening insomnia and creating a vicious cycle.”
Ratna, D., Mondal, A. C., & Mallick, B. N. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109621 · Cited by 10
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“Polyamide-coated stainless steel electrodes were used to record the HPC local field potential (LFP).”
MethodInfluentialMediodorsal thalamus lesion increases paradoxical sleep in rats.
Somanath, S., Akhtar, N., & Mallick, H. N. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20190155 · Cited by 9
“A decrease in REM latency and increase in total REM sleep and REM density and REM sleep alterations are major polysomnographic features of depression 24 .”
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Predicting Symptom Improvement During Depression Treatment Using Sleep Sensory Data
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Effects of Vortioxetine on Sleep Architecture of Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder
Mlyncekova, Z., Hutka, P., Višňovcová, Z., Ferencová, N., Kovacova, V., Macejova, A., Tonhajzerová, I., & Ondrejka, I. (2023) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep5040042 · Cited by 9
“…of both disorders, it is crucial to understand the underlying pathophysiology (e.g., disrupted neuroplasticity and neurotransmitter dysbalance), especially in the vulnerable adolescent age period characterized by developmental changes and sensitivity to endogenous and exogenous factors [3,4].”
BackgroundREM sleep and mental disorders on the 70th anniversary of the discovery of REM sleep
Benca, R. M. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14364 · Cited by 8
“These theories and possible mechanisms for REM sleep abnormalities were reviewed in more detail by Palagini and colleagues (Palagini et al., 2013).”
Effects of a Workplace-Based Sleep Health Program on Sleep in Members of the German Armed Forces
Sauter, C., Kowalski, J. T., Stein, M., Röttger, S., & Danker‐Hopfe, H. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7666 · Cited by 8
“Stage R sleep alterations have been repeatedly described in depressed patients, 41 including a shortened stage R sleep latency.”
Pharmacological Modulation of Sleep Homeostasis in Rat: Novel Effects of an mGluR2/3 Antagonist
Hanley, N., Paulissen, J. B., Eastwood, B. J., Gilmour, G., Loomis, S., Wafford, K. A., & McCarthy, A. P. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz123 · Cited by 9
Hein, M., Lanquart, J., Loas, G., Hubain, P., & Linkowski, P. (2020) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00297-5 · Cited by 8
“However, these different alterations of REM sleep induce and maintain cognitive distortions playing a central role in the pathophysiology of major depression [80].”
BackgroundAlotaibi, M. A., Halaki, M., & Chow, C. M. (2015) · International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences · doi:10.14419/ijbas.v5i1.5456 · Cited by 8
“Depression, described as an experience of low self-esteem, lack of interest, fatigue, suicidal thoughts, parasomnia and lack of appetite [1], is often associated with prolong disability, mortality, morbidi-”
BackgroundUrbanavicius, J., Lagos, P., López, X., Torterolo, P., & Scorza, C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75765-0_11 · Cited by 8
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“A decrease in REM sleep latency, as well as an increase in REM sleep duration and the amount of eye movements in each REM sleep episode, have been considered biological markers of depression, which might predict its relapse and recurrence 48 .”
BackgroundTemporal ablation of the ciliary protein IFT88 alters normal brainwave patterns
Strobel, M. R., Zhou, Y., Qiu, L., Hofer, A. M., & Chen, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-83432-1 · Cited by 9
Jones, C. W., Larson, O., Basner, M., & Dinges, D. F. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae091 · Cited by 6
Niu, X., Utayde, M. F., Sanders, K. E. G., Cunningham, T. J., Zhang, G., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2024) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-024-01209-5 · Cited by 8
“Increased measures of REM sleep markers are frequently identified as important clinical markers for depressive disorders (Palagini et al., 2013; Pillai et al., 2011; Riemann et al., 2001) and might not be as evident in our generally healthy community sample.”
Harlev, D., Ravona‐Springer, R., Nuriel, Y., & Fruchter, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.572660 · Cited by 7
Park, J. H., Moon, J. H., Kim, H. J., Kong, M. H., Oh, B., Kim, S. Y., & Oh, Y. H. (2022) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-022-00415-3 · Cited by 9
“Sleep disturbance is an important symptom of depression, and it is known that depression is associated with altered sleep habits and patterns [27].”
BackgroundHomeostatic regulation of rapid eye movement sleep by the preoptic area of the hypothalamus
Maurer, J. J., Lin, A., Jin, X., Hong, J., Sathi, N., Cardis, R., Osorio-Forero, A., Lüthi, A., Weber, F., & Chung, S. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.92095 · Cited by 20
“REMs disturbances are observed in a variety of psychiatric disorders such as depression and PTSD and often precede their clinical onset ( Ross et al., 1989 ; Gottesmann and Gottesman, 2007 ; Germain, 2013 ; Palagini et al., 2013 ).”
BackgroundWong, S., Fabiano, N., Luu, B., Seo, C., Gupta, A., Kim, H. K., Shorr, R., Jones, B. D. M., Mak, M. S. B., & Husain, M. I. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.09.027 · Cited by 9
Mansukhani, M., Dhankikar, S., Kotagal, S., & Kolla, B. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (JCSM) · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9338 · Cited by 7
“1,15 Therefore, discontinuing these medications prior toMSLTinthepediatricpopulationisacomplexissueandempir-ical data are required to help support clinicians in the medical decision-making process.”
Geoffroy, P. A., Schroder, C. M., Bourgin, P., Maruani, J., Lejoyeux, M., d’Ortho, M., Couffignal, C., Philip, P., Arnulf, I., Royant‐Parola, S., et al. (2022) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2022.07.004 · Cited by 8
Therapeutic sleep deprivation for major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial
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Elomaa, A.-P., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H. T., NISKANEN, L. K., Honkalampi, K. M., Valkonen‐Korhonen, M., Herzig, K., Viinamäki, H. T., & Lehto, S. M. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.017 · Cited by 7
“Elevated PAI-1 and consecutive phase-shift inhibition may lead to shortened REM latency, a phenomenon associated with depressionrelated sleep disruption decades ago (Coble et al., 1976; Palagini et al., 2013; Pillai et al., 2011).”
BackgroundChanges in Motor Activity and the Sleep–Waking Cycle in an MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease in Mice
Manolov, A. I., Dolgikh, V. V., Ukraintseva, Y. V., Михайловна, З. И., Revishchin, A. V., Павлова, Г. В., Pronina, T. S., Ugryumov, M. V., Дорохов, В. Б., & Kovalzon, V. M. (2016) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-016-0259-0 · Cited by 7
Hein, M., Lanquart, J., Mungo, A., Hubain, P., & Loas, G. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112818 · Cited by 7
Beşirli, A. (2020) · Southern Clinics of Istanbul Eurasia · doi:10.14744/scie.2020.48403 · Cited by 7
“[8,9] Bidirectional relationships between sleep problems, depression and anxiety have been reported.[10,11] Depression and anxiety disorders often coincide, and accompany general medical diseases, which affect their course and treatment.”
BackgroundKwon, H., Yoon, H., Jung, D., Choi, S. H., Choi, J.-W., Lee, Y., Jeong, D., & Park, K. (2017) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2017.8037318 · Cited by 7
“The sleep modification in these results accords with previous studies [14, 15].”
Methods for REM Sleep Density Analysis: A Scoping Review
Kishi, T. T., Andersen, M. L., Luciano, Y. M., Kakazu, V. A., Tufik, S., & Pires, G. N. (2023) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep5040051 · Cited by 9
“REM-sleep dysregulation has previously been associated with depression and has been proposed as a potential endophenotype of depression [3,68,69].”
BackgroundClassics in Chemical Neuroscience: Deliriant Antihistaminic Drugs
Nerush, M. O., Shevyrin, V. A., Golushko, N. I., Moskalenko, A. M., Rosemberg, D. B., de Abreu, M. S., Yang, L., Galstyan, D. S., Lim, L. W., Demin, K. A., et al. (2024) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00505 · Cited by 6
Daccò, S., Grassi, M., Wolpe, Z., Bruner, M., Caldirola, D., Perna, G., & Defillo, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1449360 · Cited by 7
Inflammatory pain in mice induces light cycle-dependent effects on sleep architecture
Burek, D., Ibrahim, K. M., Hall, A. G., Sharma, A., Cucinello‐Ragland, J. A., Musiek, E. S., Morón, J. A., & Carlezon, W. A. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02152-w · Cited by 6
“Sleep dysregulation is a prominent feature of depression, and includes reduced latency to rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and increased REM duration, which are well-characterized biomarkers of MDD [11, 12].”
Medigue, I., Catoire, S., Peyron, C., Geoffroy, P. A., Bernabeu, T., Peter‐Derex, L., & Rolland, B. (2025) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106278 · Cited by 6
Kheirkhah, M., Duncan, W. C., Yuan, Q., Wang, P. R., Jamalabadi, H., Leistritz, L., Walter, M., Goldman, D. A., Zarate, C. A., & Hejazi, N. S. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02066-7 · Cited by 10
“At baseline, individuals with TRD had shorter RL, consistent with disturbed REM sleep in depression [10, 16, 42].”
Serotonin, Sleep and Depression: A Hypothesis
Kovalzon, V. M. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.96525 · Cited by 7
“Although similar disorders of REM sleep are observed not in all patients with depression, but only in 50–70% (according to various sources), and similar phenomena of REM sleep “disinhibition” can sometimes be observed in other neuropsychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, manic psychosis), nevertheless for “major” depres…”
BackgroundInfluentialEvaluation of Automated Hypnogram Analysis on Multi-Scored Polysomnographies
der Plas, D. V., Verbraecken, J. A., Willemen, M., Meert, W., & Davis, J. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2021.707589 · Cited by 6
Sertraline-Induced Sleep Paralysis: A Case Report
Sohi, M. K., Jain, L., Ang-Rabanes, M., & Mogallapu, R. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.49014 · Cited by 6
“…but in many cases, it may decrease sleep continuity and can be associated with a decrease in rapid eye movement (REM) latency (time between sleep onset and the first REM sleep period), an increase in REM sleep duration, and an increase in REM density along with decreased slow-wave sleep [3,4].”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Palagini, L., Baglioni, C., Ciapparelli, A., Gemignani, A., & Riemann, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pisa (IT)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Palagini, Laura
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 377-390
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022024201
- Cited by
- 513
- References
- 230
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- REM sleep, depression, REM latency, REM density, REM sleep duration, sleep architecture, slow-wave sleep, depression biomarkers, endophenotypes, chronobiology, genetic susceptibility, allostatic load, maladaptive stress response, emotional memory consolidation, cognitive distortions, recurrence prediction
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Brain, Depression, Humans, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep, REM, Stress, Psychological
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