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Efficacy of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia— a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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Zachariae, Robert, Lyby, Marlene S., Ritterband, Lee M., O'Toole, Mia S.·2016·Sleep Medicine Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.10.004

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Abstract

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) has been shown efficacious, but the challenge remains to make it available and accessible in order to meet population needs. Delivering CBT-I over the internet (eCBT-I) may be one method to overcome this challenge. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of eCBT-I and the moderating influence of various study characteristics. Two researchers independently searched key electronic databases (1991 to June 2015), selected eligible publications, extracted data, and evaluated methodological quality. Eleven randomized controlled trials examining a total of 1460 participants were included. Results showed that eCBT-I improved insomnia severity, sleep efficiency, subjective sleep quality, wake after sleep onset, sleep onset latency, total sleep time, and number of nocturnal awakenings at post-treatment, with effect sizes (Hedges's g) ranging from 0.21 to 1.09. The effects were comparable to those found for face-to-face CBT-I, and were generally maintained at 4-48 wk follow-up. Moderator analyses showed that longer treatment duration and higher degree of personal clinical support were associated with larger effect sizes, and that larger study dropout in the intervention group was associated with smaller effect sizes. In conclusion, internet-delivered CBT-I appears efficacious and can be considered a viable option in the treatment of insomnia.

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“Although a number of reviews have examined the efficacy of such tools [59, 60], information on the uptake and effectiveness of such tools within an older adult population remains limited.”
Does the guided online cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia “i-Sleep youth” improve sleep of adolescents and young adults with insomnia after childhood cancer? (MICADO-study): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Peersmann, S. H. M., van Straten, A., Kaspers, G. J. L., Thano, A., van den Bergh, E., Grootenhuis, M. A., & van Litsenburg, R. R. L. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05263-z · Cited by 11
“iCBT-I might provide an answer to the paucity in access to insomnia care and shows similar effect sizes compared to face-to-face CBT-I in adults (34).”
BackgroundResult
Internet-delivered CBT intervention (Space for Sleep) for insomnia in a routine care setting: Results from an open pilot study
Wogan, R., Enrique, Á., Adegoke, A., Earley, C., Sollesse, S., Gale, S., Chellingsworth, M., & Richards, D. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100443 · Cited by 11
“One way to increase access to evidence-based treatments for insomnia is to offer CBT-I through the internet, as has been done with interventions for the treatment of emotional disorders including depression and anxiety (Richards et al., 2020; Wright et al., 2019; Zachariae et al., 2016).”
Background
Treating comorbid insomnia in patients enrolled in therapist-assisted transdiagnostic internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety and depression: A randomized controlled trial
Edmonds, M., Peynenburg, V. A., Kaldo, V., Jernelöv, S., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100729 · Cited by 10
“A recent meta-analysis found that both therapist-assisted and self-guided ICBT for insomnia produced medium effect sizes for improvements in insomnia (Simon et al., 2023), and that longer treatment duration and more therapist support were related to improved outcomes (Zachariae et al., 2016).”
Background
Short and long-term effects of unguided internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia in morning and evening persons: a post-hoc analysis
Lien, M., Bredeli, E., Sivertsen, B., Kallestad, H., Pallesen, S., Smith, O. R. F., Faaland, P. M., Ritterband, L. M., Thorndike, F. P., & Vedaa, Ø. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1647435 · Cited by 11
“Indeed, a recent meta-analysis concluded that the effects of both guided and unguided ICBTi on sleeprelated outcomes were comparable to that of inperson delivered CBTi (Zachariae et al. 2016).”
Result
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in the Digital Age
Kang, S., & Kim, Y. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_30 · Cited by 11
Protocol for Digital Real-world Evidence trial for Adults with insomnia treated via Mobile (DREAM): an open-label trial of a prescription digital therapeutic for treating patients with chronic insomnia
Thorndike, F. P., Berry, R. B., Gerwien, R. W., Braun, S., & Maricich, Y. A. (2021) · Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research · doi:10.2217/cer-2021-0004 · Cited by 13
Treating insomnia in patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders: A focused review.
Garland, S. N., Vargas, I., Grandner, M. A., & Perlis, M. L. (2018) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000141 · Cited by 12
Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy programme as an intervention for people diagnosed with adult-onset, focal, isolated, idiopathic cervical dystonia: A feasibility study protocol
Wadon, M. E., Winter, M., & Peall, K. J. (2020) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-020-00641-x · Cited by 9
Technology-based cognitive behavioral therapy interventions
Newby, J. M., Upton, E., Mason, E., & Black, M. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2024.02.004 · Cited by 11
Pre‐pandemic sleep reactivity prospectively predicts distress during the COVID ‐19 pandemic: The protective effect of insomnia treatment
Reffi, A. N., Drake, C. L., Kalmbach, D. A., Jovanovic, T., Norrholm, S. D., Roth, T., Casement, M. D., & Cheng, P. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13709 · Cited by 10
“Like its face-to-face counterpart, dCBT-I reliably improves insomnia (Zachariae et al., 2016), and accumulating evidence shows that ameliorating insomnia produces an “upward spiral” effect, whereby improved sleep begets broad, durable improvements across other health domains (Batterham et al.,…”
Background
Providing Brief Personalized Therapies for Insomnia Among Workers Using a Sleep Prompt App: Randomized Controlled Trial
Shimamoto, T., Furihata, R., Nakagami, Y., Tateyama, Y., Kobayashi, D., Kiyohara, K., & Iwami, T. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/36862 · Cited by 10
“In many previous studies, about 20% to 40% of the participants dropped out [11].”
Background
Effect of a prescription digital therapeutic for chronic insomnia on post-treatment insomnia severity, depression, and anxiety symptoms: results from the real-world DREAM study
Thorndike, F. P., Morin, C. M., Ojile, J. M., Edington, S., Gerwien, R. W., Ong, J. C., Wickwire, E. M., Ritterband, L. M., & Riney, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1450615 · Cited by 10
Sleep and Cancer
Vaughn, C. M., & Vaughn, B. V. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17060911 · Cited by 15
“CBT-I can be offered as an online or phone application in the form of cost-effective programs that have demonstrated benefits, especially to those patients with limited access [122–124].”
The effect of online cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in adolescents and young adults after childhood cancer: Results from a randomized controlled trial
van der Hoek, H., Peersmann, S. H. M., Maurice‐Stam, H., Kaspers, G. J. L., van den Bergh, E. M. M., Tissing, W. J. E., Kremer, L. C. M., Abbink, F. C. H., de Vries, A. C. H., Loonen, J. J., et al. (2025) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35796 · Cited by 10
Insomnia in the elderly: reported reasons and their associations with medication in general practice in Denmark
Hollsten, I., Foldbo, B. M., Andersen, M. K. K., & Nexøe, J. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/02813432.2020.1753382 · Cited by 10
“However, studies have shown promising results for Internet-delivered [30] and group based [31] CBT-I, which could be potential ways to make non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia more applicable in a clinical setting.”
Background
The Science of Behavior Change: The Road Ahead
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.046 · Cited by 13
A randomised controlled trial to test the efficacy of an m-health delivered physical activity and sleep intervention to improve sleep quality in middle-aged adults: The Refresh Study Protocol
Rayward, A. T., Murawski, B., Plotnikoff, R. C., Vandelanotte, C., Brown, W. J., Holliday, E. G., & Duncan, M. J. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2018.08.007 · Cited by 10
Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBTi): From randomized controlled trials to practice guidelines to implementation in clinical practice
Morin, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13017 · Cited by 11
Sleep Technology Intervention to Target Cardiometabolic Health (STITCH): a randomized controlled study of a behavioral sleep extension intervention compared to an education control to improve sleep duration, blood pressure, and cardiometabolic health among adults with elevated blood pressure/hypertension
Baron, K. G., Duffecy, J. L., Simonsen, S. E., Bress, A. P., Conroy, M. B., Greene, T., Allen, C. M., & Vallejo, S. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07658-6 · Cited by 9
“Despite the effectiveness of other behavioral sleep medicine treatments, such as cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) [41], there are limited interventions to extend sleep among individuals with short sleep duration.”
Background
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia Self-Management Mobile Apps: A Review of Efficacy and Quality
Rowan, A. B., Magnante, A. T., Urh, N., & Figueroa, L. M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-023-09992-y · Cited by 9
“Studies of dCBT-I interventions have focused primarily on Internet-based delivery methods (e.g., Seyffert et al., 2016; Soh et al., 2020; Werner-Seidler et al., 2018; Zachariae et al., 2016).”
Treatment effect heterogeneity of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia – A meta-analysis
Steinmetz, L., Simon, L., Baumeister, H., Spiegelhalder, K., & Terhorst, Y. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101966 · Cited by 11
Development of a Voice-Activated Virtual Assistant to Improve Insomnia Among Young Adult Cancer Survivors: Mixed Methods Feasibility and Acceptability Study
Groninger, H., Arem, H. E., Ayangma, L., Gong, L., Zhou, E. S., & Greenberg, D. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/64869 · Cited by 10
“Several meta-analyses and reviews indicate that electronic delivery of CBT-I is just as effective as traditional, face-to-face approaches [29,30].”
SleepNow – A combined cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and physical exercise intervention in men with metastatic prostate cancer: results from a feasibility randomized controlled trial
Høeg, B. L., Løppenthin, K. B., Savard, J., Johansen, C., Christensen, J. F., Svendsen, M. N., Holländer, N. H., & Bidstrup, P. E. (2025) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.2340/1651-226x.2025.42246 · Cited by 12
Assessment of an App-Based Sleep Program to Improve Sleep Outcomes in a Clinical Insomnia Population: Randomized Controlled Trial
Staiano, W., Callahan, C. E., Davis, M., Tanner, L., Coe, C. M., Kunkle, S., & Kirk, U. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/68665 · Cited by 11
“To improve accessibility, recent studies have explored delivering CBT-I interventions digitally, with results suggesting similar outcomes to in-person treatment [23-25].”
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)
Bennett, D. S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44447-1_3 · Cited by 9
Sleep Treatment Outcome Predictors (STOP) Pilot Study: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial examining predictors of change of insomnia symptoms and associated traits following cognitive–behavioural therapy for insomnia in an unselected sample
Denis, D., Eley, T. C., Rijsdijk, F. V., Zavos, H. M. S., Keers, R., Espie, C. A., Luik, A. I., Badini, I., Derveeuw, S., Romero, A., et al. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017177 · Cited by 9
Does flotation-rest (restricted environmental stimulation technique) have an effect on sleep?
Kjellgren, A., Norell‐Clarke, A., Jonsson, K., & Tillfors, M. (2019) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2019.101047 · Cited by 9
Autonomy-Supportive Interventions
Reeve, J., & Cheon, S. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.035 · Cited by 13
Weekly Self-Ratings of Treatment Involvement and Their Relation to Symptom Reduction in Internet Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
Kraepelien, M., Blom, K., Jernelöv, S., & Kaldo, V. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10151-y · Cited by 9
Treating depression with a smartphone-delivered self-help cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: study protocol for a parallel group randomized controlled trial
Hui, V. K., Wong, C. Y.-F., Ka-Yiu, E., Ho, F. Y., & Chan, C. S. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04778-1 · Cited by 9
Implementation Science and Translation in Behavior Change
Łuszczyńska, A., Łobczowska, K., & Horodyska, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.023 · Cited by 10
Investigating non-inferiority of internet-delivered versus face-to-face cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I): a randomised controlled trial (iSleep well)
Benz, F., Grolig, L., Hannibal, S., Buntrock, C., Cuijpers, P. J., Domschke, K., Ebert, D. D., Ell, J., Janneck, M., Jenkner, C., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08214-6 · Cited by 10
“Meta-analyses demonstrate moderate to large effect sizes for face-to-face CBT-I [20] and iCBT-I [21] compared to waitlist and non-active control groups with respect to sleep-related outcomes.”
Background
Efficacy of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for medicated adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A randomized controlled trial
Zhang, S., Pan, M.-R., Zhang, L., Li, H., Zhao, M., Dong, M., Si, F., Liu, L., Wang, Y., & Qian, Q.-J. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116352 · Cited by 13
Psychological Interventions for Sleep Problems Among Medical and Paramedical Students: A Systematic Review
Mariappan, V. A., & Mukhtar, F. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23781 · Cited by 8
The Effect of Digital Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia in People With Co‐Morbid Insomnia and Sleep Apnoea ( COMISA ): A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial
Sweetman, A., Richardson, C. E., Smith, A. B., & Reynolds, C. M. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70114 · Cited by 8
“To improve access to CBTi, therapist-delivered programs have been translated to self-guided digital programs (Soh et al. 2020; Zachariae et al. 2016).”
The Effects of Digital Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Chronic Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Schuffelen, J., Maurer, L., & Gieselmann, A. (2025) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000547436 · Cited by 8
“They are also comparable to ESs re-ported in meta-analyses evaluating dCBT-I effectiveness [42, 43, 93].”
Digital therapeutics for insomnia: an umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis
Li, C., Luo, Q., & Wu, H. Y. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01946-y · Cited by 12
Leitlinie „Insomnie bei Erwachsenen“ – Update 2025 (AWMF-Registernummer 063-003)
Spiegelhalder, K., Baum, E., Becker, M., Cornaro, C., Crönlein, T., Frase, L., Harth, V., Hertenstein, E., Johann, A. F., Mertel, I., et al. (2025) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-025-00530-6 · Cited by 12
RETRACTED: The Efficacy of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Patients With Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yang, L., Hao, S., Tu, D., Gu, X., Chai, C., Ding, H., Gu, B., & Yang, X. (2024) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/15347354241293449 · Cited by 9
“43 Zachariae et al 16 indicated that for insomnia severity, which was assessed at the follow-up, the beneficial effects of ICBT for insomnia were statistically significant with continued improvement, but the follow-up time was relatively short.”
Background
Retracted

Authors: Zachariae, R., Lyby, M. S., Ritterband, L. M., & O'Toole, M. S.
Affiliations: Aarhus University (DK)
University of Virginia (US)
Corresponding author: Zachariae, Robert
ORCID: Zachariae, Robert
Ritterband, Lee M.
Venue: Sleep Medicine Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-12
Volume: 30
Pages: 1-10
ISSN: 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.10.004
OpenAlex: W1863769327
Cited by: 704
References: 82
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 136 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 22
FWCI: 5.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
pure.au.dk
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Keywords: internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, insomnia, treatment efficacy, sleep efficiency, sleep quality, wake after sleep onset, sleep latency, nocturnal awakenings, treatment duration, follow-up maintenance, dropout
MeSH terms: Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Internet

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Efficacy of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia— a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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