Technology-based cognitive behavioral therapy interventions
Abstract
Technology-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has enabled more people to access effective, affordable mental health care. This study provides an overview of the most common types of technology-delivered CBT, including Internet-delivered, smartphone app, and telehealth CBT, as well as their evidence for the treatment of a range of mental health conditions. We discuss gaps in the existing evidence and future directions in the field for the use of technology CBT interventions.
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Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) help to overcome several barriers to accessing treatment (eg, waiting lists, high out-of-pocket costs, and lack of access to skilled mental health practitioners).
“Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) help to overcome several barriers to accessing treatment (eg, waiting lists, high out-of-pocket costs, and lack of access to skilled mental health practitioners) [314].”
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Baka, A., van der Zweerde, T., Lancee, J., Bosmans, J. E., & van Straten, A. (2021) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2021.1901708 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Wade, T. D., Kay, E., de Valle, M. K., Egan, S. J., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Shafran, R. (2019) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12193 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Watfern, C., Heck, C., Rule, C., Baldwin, P. A., & Boydell, K. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/12958 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Luu, J., Millard, M., Newby, J. M., Haskelberg, H., Hobbs, M. J., & Mahoney, A. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100561 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Mahoney, A., Li, I., Grierson, A. B., Millard, M., Haskelberg, H., & Mason, E. C. (2021) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2021.1979884 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationRozental, A., Shafran, R., Wade, T. D., Kothari, R., Egan, S. J., Ekberg, L., Wiss, M., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9823 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Jain, N., Stech, E., Grierson, A. B., Sharrock, M. J., Li, I., Mahoney, A. E. J., & Newby, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102473 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationJoubert, A., Grierson, A., Li, I., Sharrock, M., Moulds, M. L., Werner-Seidler, A., Stech, E., Mahoney, A. E. J., & Newby, J. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104378 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationStech, E. P., Grierson, A. B., Chen, A. Z., Sharrock, M. J., Mahoney, A., & Newby, J. M. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100315 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, Y., Bai, Z., Wu, W., Fan, Z., Wu, C., Li, L., & Li, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.711652 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cost-effectiveness of a randomized trial to treat depression among Latinos.
Kafali, N., Cook, B. L., CANINO, G. J., & Alegria, M. M. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ching, H., Chua, J. Y. X., Chua, J. S., & Shorey, S. (2023) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12673 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sousa, M. M., Moreira, P. S., Costa, A. D., Soriano‐Mas, C., & Morgado, P. F. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1037/cps0000133 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 114 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Upton, E., Venkatesha, V., Joubert, A., Mahoney, A. E. J., Moulds, M. L., Werner-Seidler, A., & Newby, J. M. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10593-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationSilverman, A. L., Ferguson, I., Bullis, J. R., Bajwa, H., Mei, S., & Beard, C. (2025) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2025.100106 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Miller, R. K., O'Moore, K., Kikas, K., Matheson, J.-A. T., Whitton, A. E., Baldwin, P., Li, S., Black, M., Kampel, L., Cockayne, N., et al. (2025) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/68789 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Moreover, safety concerns about DMHIs are linked to low acceptability and a reduced likelihood that health professionals will incorporate these products into routine practice [14,26,27].”
Self-citationKikas, K., O'Moore, K., Miller, R. K., Matheson, J.-A. T., Li, S., Varghese, K., Baldwin, P., Cockayne, N., Whitton, A. E., & Newby, J. M. (2025) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/69499 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThiblin, E., Lundgren, J., Bergqvist, M., Huynh, T. N. T., Reuther, C., Rösler, S., Woodford, J., & von Essén, L. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06897-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Li, X., Wu, X., Zhou, C., Xie, J., Du, Q., Cui, L., Chen, C., & Zhang, M. (2026) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.70406 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Miller, R. K., O’Moore, K., Kikas, K., Matheson, J.-A. T., Whitton, A. E., Baldwin, P. A., Li, S. H., Black, M., Kampel, L., Cockayne, N. L., et al. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.68789 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Behavioral Therapy Using XR Technology
Hiyoshi, F., Yoshida, K., & Kito, S. (2024) · リハビリテーション医学 : 日本リハビリテーション医学会誌 · doi:10.2490/jjrmc.61.828
张, 婷. (2025) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2025.159498
Liu, Y., Sun, Y., & Chen, N. (2026) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/69622
Kim, M. H., Choi, S., Moon, Y.-K., & Chung, K. (2026) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2026.100984
- Authors
- Newby, J. M., Upton, E., Mason, E., & Black, M.
- Affiliations
- Black Dog Institute (AU)
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Newby, Jill M.
- Venue
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-06
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 399-417
- ISSN
- 0193-953X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4393109996
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 0.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- mobile application, access to mental health care, evidence-based treatment, mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Mental Disorders, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Telemedicine, Internet, Mobile Applications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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