Psychological predispositions and network structure: The relationship between individual predispositions, structural holes and network closure

“Manipulating actor value is necessary to control for individual characteristics that confound one’s value as an exchange partner with the tendency to occupy distinct network positions (e.g., personality traits; Kalish and Robins 2006).”

“Individuals for whom their personal identity is more important than their social identity are more likely to maintain diverse social networks (Kalish and Robins, 2006), i.e. large stocks of bridging social capital.”

“Therefore each subject was submitted to visual (72) or visual/auditory (72) condition for a total of 144 stimuli.”

“As such, we combine individual psychology with social networks, a move that parallels recent developments in SNA (Kalish and Robins 2006).”

“Using the technique of Kalish and Robins (2006) and following traditional network methodology (Wasserman & Faust, 1994), participants were asked to nominate up to six names of significant people in their lives in six different categories of social settings (e.g., friends, family, colleagues).”

“…as psychological processes, social network research has only considered the influence of observable individual attributes, such as gender, rather than investigating individual psychological characteristics (Kalish & Robins, 2006; Mehra, Kilduff, & Brass, 2001; Totterdell, Holman, & Hukin, 2008).”

“Specifically a top-down control of PFC on the amygdala allows for a cognitive modulation of emotional processes by frontal brain structures (Hariri et al. 2000; Kalish and Robins 2006).”

“Due to their sociable personality, they prefer large shared support networks and find opportunities for communication [97, 98].”

“…PFC could be crucial for mechanisms underlying the regulation of emotion, such as the inhibition of emotional information or the regulation of specific control monitoring on interference effects (Hariri et al., 2000; Kalish & Robins, 2006; MacNamara, Ferri, & Hajcak, 2011; Sandrini et al., 2003).”

“The existing literature on the origins of long ties has characterized the personality of individuals with long ties to be entrepreneurial, risk-taking, and thriving on change (28, 29, 48).”

“Finally, we see in the literature concerning social networks (Klein et al., 2004; Kalish and Robins, 2006) and about coopetition (Chen et al.”

“There has been little work describing how individual differences affect social structures, and only a few studies investigating the association between personality and network positions (e.g., Burt, 2012; Gloor et al., 2011; Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“Social networks research has provided ample evidence that individuals’ attitudes and other personal characteristics influence the shape of their social networks as well as the position they assume in the overall web of relationships [11-13].”

“Future research should investigate personal characteristics such as traits and predispositions of individuals who are nominated but do not return nominations, and of those who are nominated by nominees (Kalish & Robins, 2006; Klein, Lim, Saltz, & Mayer, 2004).”

“Also, studies on the size of offline peer networks have indicated that extraversion is the most relevant trait in this domain (Kalish & Robins, 2006; Pollet, Roberts, & Dunbar, 2011; Roberts, Wilson, Fedurek, & Dunbar, 2008; Russell, Booth, Reed, & Laughlin, 1997).”

“A fundamental problem with this formulation of the personality prediction task (and the related behavior prediction task) is that traits are stable and enduring properties but people do not always behave the same way: an extravert might, on occasions, be less talkative or attempt less to attract…”

“Previous studies have found that people who believe to be in control of the events in their lives, a personality feature that tends to be relatively stable throughout life, are more likely to bridge structural holes (Kalish and Robins 2006).”

“…personality) and achieved characteristics (e.g., education, employment, income, mobility patterns, trauma symptomatology) (e.g., Bastani, 2007; Van Tubergen et al., 2016; Vanbrabant et al., 2012; Min et al., 2014; Kalish and Robins, 2006; Maya-Jariego and Holgado, 2015; Luken and Tranmer, 2010).”

“Neuroticism, for example, has been argued to be both a cause and an effect of direct brokerage among strong but not weak ties (Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“This makes the case for the influence of individuals' characteristics on social networking (Burt et al, 1998; Kalish and Robins, 2006; Klein et al, 2004; Mehra et al, 2001).”

“, 1986; Kendler, 1997), and smaller social networks (Kalish and Robins, 2006).”

“This result confirmed previous research which found that PFC plays a crucial role in the integration of different aspects of cognition, memory, and emotional regulation by managing the cognitive control over emotional stimuli and emotional behavior (Balconi and Ferrari 2012; Hariri et al. 2000; Kalish and Robins 2006;…”

“Individuals who value their personal identity more than their social identity are more likely to maintain diverse social networks (Kalish and Robins, 2006), i.e., a large stock of bridging social capital.”

“…which then fosters resilience, it is likely that extraverted employees with high resilience will exhibit greater well-being (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010), productivity (Minbashian, Bright, & Bird, 2009), and relational satisfaction compared to introverted employees (Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“In an earlier piece of work on the effects of personality differences, including big five personality traits on network structures, the authors examined egocentric networks of strong and weak ties of 125 students using a new triad census method (Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“…of different aspects of cognition, memory, and emotional regulation by managing the cognitive control over emotional stimuli and emotional behavior (Balconi & Ferrari, 2012; Hariri, Bookheimer, & Mazziotta, 2000; Kalish & Robins, 2006; Knight, Staines, Swick, & Chao, 1999; Miller & Cohen, 2001).”

“Conversely, individuals high in neuroticism tend to occupy more peripheral positions (Kalish and Robins, 2006; Klein et al., 2004).”

“In Section 3.1, we briefly reviewed other work (Kalish & Robins, 2006; Faust, 2007) that showed redundancy due to correlations in motif counts.”

“…emotional processes by frontal brain structures, and the PFC could be crucial for mechanisms underlying the regulation of emotion, such as the inhibition of emotional information or the regulation of specific control monitoring on interference effects (Hariri et al., 2000; Kalish and Robins, 2006).”

“…the majority of studies have been based on the broad “Big Five” traits, in some studies, narrower trait-like constructs from social psychology, that capture values and beliefs of an individual, have also been used, e.g. locus of control, self-monitoring, self-efficacy (Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“Furthermore, for the CNS dataset, we are able to show that both quantities correlate with the individual personality trait of extraversion, 64 which tend to be manifested in outgoing, talkative and energetic behavior 65 (see Supplementary Figure 29; Pearson correlation ρ = 0 .”

“In contrast, people high in neuroticism are somewhat less sociable and report fewer positive social relationships and lower levels of social support (Kalish & Robins, 2006; Russell et al., 1997).”

“…2004; Anonymous, 2010), expertise location (Faraj & Sproull, 2000), power (Burkhardt & Brass, 1990), interdependence (Pee et al., 2010), personality (Burt, Jannotta, & Mahoney, 1998; Johnson et al., 2003; Klein et al., 2004; Kalish & Robins, 2006), and demographic homophily (Klein et al., 2004).”

“The distribution of the proportion of all types of triads expresses the personal network structures (Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“Inspired by the definitions of weak ties and strong ties in [32] and [33], we further classify people’s social ties into four categories, i.”

“Then, the definition of strong and weak ties was established as follows: following [23, 24], from the weight ed adjacency matrix, we used as a threshold the 59th percentile of the link weights cumulative distribution; then, links weig hted higher than or equal to the threshold were considered as stro ng ties, while li…”

“to characterizing personality types [49]–[51] and studying alternative methods of team formations [52]–[55].”

“This interpretation is consistent with prior evidence linking Extraversion to greater civic engagement (Omoto et al., 2010) and increased social network complexity (Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“Oh & Kilduff, 2008; Sasovova et al., 2010), although other studies (Janicki & Larrick, 2005; Kalish & Robins, 2006) did not present consistent results tying high self-monitors to social structures.”

“Kalish and Robins [23], for example, found an effect of both neuroticism and extraversion on the quality of an individual’s social network: extraverts are more energetic, outgoing, and sociable than introverts.”

“Therefore, the meso level is a level that usually goes beyond the micro-level of an individual student and extends beyond dyadic relationships and localized network structures (e.g., triads) (Robins, 2006).”

“En el mismo orden de ideas, Kalish y Robins (2006) hicieron el vínculo entre las características de conjunto (cierre y agujeros estructurales) de las redes egocéntricas y ciertas predisposiciones psicológicas de los sujetos de su encuesta.”

“…(e.g.: Obermeier and Vlegels, 2010; Jung andHorta, 2013); to examine the effect of individual psychological differences on network structures (e.g.: Kalish and Robins, 2006); or to understand how interdisciplinary teams are formed, what makes them work, and what inhibits them (e.g.: Pisapia et…”

“The literature on knowledge networks suggests that individual characteristics, such as demographics, values, personal traits and psychological differences, have an impact on the formation of network structures (Klein et al. 2004; Kalish and Robins 2006).”

“In another study, it was shown that extraversion is positively associated with closed triads of strong ties and neuroticism with closed triads of weak ties [22].”

“has discussed the two different structure of network, structure holes and network closures in his work of psychological predisposition and network structure [6].”

“People navigate in their social world in different ways, and stable individual differences are likely to play an important role in the type of social relations one seeks and maintains (Jackson and Poulsen, 2005; Kalish and Robins, 2006).”

“10 In particular, three facets of the Five Factor Model stood out as homophilous in both contexts: Openness to experience, Extraversion, and Agreeableness. were more similar in terms of Conscientiousness, Agreeable-ness, and Openness to experience compared to users who were not connected.”

“…application has become interdisciplinary and has motivated the adoption of new methods in numerous scientific areas, like psychology (Brass, 2011; Kalish & Robins, 2006; Vachon, 1982), human behavior (Li & Chen, 2014) or social media & emotions (Kivran-Swaine & Naaman, 2011; Lin & Qiu, 2012;…”

“However, empirical work shows that the positions people occupy in social structures correlate with individual traits and behaviors (Burt et al., 1998; Kalish & Robins, 2006; Brañas-Garza et al., 2010; Kovářı́k et al., 2012; Kovářı́k & van der Leij, 2015; McPherson et al., 2001).”

“Supporting this logic, Kalish and Robbins (2006) report that individuals scoring high on extraversion tend toward personal networks that are rich in overlapping ties—a pattern that reflects increased tie strength.”

“For instance, it has been shown that the structure of personal networks correlates with psychological indicators (Kalish and Robins 2006).”