Psychological predispositions and network structure: The relationship between individual predispositions, structural holes and network closure

“In these studies, the node’s personal characteristics influence its motivation to take certain network positions or to shape the network to achieve desired outcomes (e.g., Sasovova, et al. 2011; Kalish and Robins 2006; Obstfeld 2005).”

“In human business structures, a few studies have examined how the personality of high centrality individuals who bridge across separate groups influences the resulting flow of ideas and corporate efficiency (e.g., Kalish and Robins 2006; Burt et al. 1998).”

“But extraverts prefer to bring their different social contacts together (Kalish and Robins 2006).”

“features, network structure, and personality has been studied in [173–176].”

“However, relatively less is known about individual differences as potential causes of the different patterns of social networks (see Kalish & Robins, 2006; Klein, Lim, Saltz, & Mayer, 2004; Mehra et al., 2001, for exceptions).”

“Other personality variables have been explored (e.g., Kalish & Robins, 2006), but a meta-analysis found that personality had a fairly small impact on being a broker (Fang, Landis, Zhang, Anderson, Shaw, & Kilduff, 2015).”

“For example, as mentioned before, Kalish and Robins (2006) found that personality affects the way in which people structure their networks, so it is likely that personality moderates the successful integration in a host society.”

“This study used a dichotomous measure of self-monitoring rather than the recommended (Gangestad & Snyder, 1991) continuous measure (Kalish & Robins, 2006, p. 70).”

“[14] Y. Kalish and G. Robins, ‘‘Psychological predispositions and network structure: The relationship between individual predispositions, structural holes and network closure,’’ Social Netw., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 56–84, 2006.”

“…1992) and personality attributes (e.g., self-monitoring, political skills), which have been deemed to be quite relevant in the creation of an individual’s social network (Blickle, Meurs et al., 2008; Blickle, Schneider, Perrewé, Blass, & Ferris, 2008; Blickle & Witzki, 2008; Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“Linking personality to social networks is considered as a promisng way to incorporate individual (or differential) psychology into network account of individual experience and outcomes, such as ellbeing (Burt et al., 1998; Kalish and Robins, 2006; Totterdell t al., 2008).”

“Kalish and Robins (2006) approached this question by decomposing social networks into different types of threeperson configurations via a triad census (see Wasserman & Faust, 1994, for more information).”

“…relative to the degree of interconnectivity and cohesiveness of complex networks (ANGELUSZ and TARDOS, 2006; BOSCHMA and TER WAL, 2007; HUISMAN and VAN WISSEN, 30 Maryann Feldman and Ted D. Zoller SocialC apitalC onnections in R egionalE ntrepreneurialE conom ies 31 2004; KALISH and ROBINS, 2006).”

“Triads {WWW, SSS, WNW, WSW, SNS, SNW, SWS, SWW, SSW}* [24]”

“Personality characteristics are also shown associated with network characteristics (Kalish & Robins, 2006), offering the potential for personality traits to confound associations seen between network characteristics and loneliness in the current analysis.”

“…r t h a T l n 1 t s c c i t p i e t c o a r p e m c b 3 i w t b c p t m b a to each other (referred to here as “perceived brokerage potential”).4 (See Kalish and Robins (2006) for a discussion of the advantages of evaluating structural holes using triad-level measures instead of summary measures.)”

“Kalish and Robins (2006) find effects for both extraversion and emotional stability on the structure and closeness of networks.”

“Examples of applications in this field include studying social capital features such as brokerage and closure [137], discovering social roles [42], seeing the effect of individual psychological differences on network structure [76] or characterizing communication [181] and social networks [28].”

“Another approach, and the one we have chosen to adopt or this investigation, involves identifying characteristics of indiiduals that map more directly onto the formation of social etworks, such as people’s desire and tendency to make connec- w p b F Fig.”

“Kalish and Robins 2006), for example, found that psychological predispositions are n important determinant of the formation of personal networks. n general, actors striving to bridge structural holes tend to be indiidualistic, neurotic, and control-minded, while actors striving for etwork closure…”

“Secondly, we expand the social network literature (Kalish and Robins, 2006), by identifying that one intensifying individual-level attribute, namely JSLGO, enhances access to resources acquired via networking and thus perceived employability.”

“We expect further work to continue that have linked a wider array of individual characteristics such as group orientation, extraversion, and neuroticism to network structure including centrality draws on studies (such as Kalish and Robins (2006) and Klein, Lim, Saltz, and Mayer (2004)).”

“(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.05.007 and Kuper, 2011; Clifton, 2014; Lamkin et al., 2014) as well as the structure of the networks (e.g., Emery, 2012; Flynn et al., 2010; Kalish and Robins, 2006; Kalish, 2008; Selfhout et al., 2010).”

“…demographics such as gender, tenure, location, education, and stable personality characteristics such as extraversion (Klein, Lim, Saltz, & Mayer, 2004), neuroticism (Kalish & Robins, 2006), self-monitoring (Mehra, Kilduff, & Brass, 2001), and charisma (Balkundi, Kilduff, & Harrison, 2011).”

“Not surprisingly, these studies find significant relationships between personality dispositions and social network structure (for a review, see Kalish and Robins 2006).”

“People who share a group membership are perceived to be trustworthy (Brewer, 1979; Yamagishi & Kiyonari, 2000); trusting behaviour is directed towards members of one’s ingroup more than outgroups (Tanis & Postmes, 2005).”

“This notion has received some support by research showing that people who are low on selfefficacy and see themselves as vulnerable to external forces, tend to inhabit networks in which all individuals are connected to each other (Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“Although outside the entrepreneurship context, emerging literature indicates that individual characteristics influence how people construct and use social networks in organizational settings (e.g., Burt et al., 1998; Kalish and Robins, 2006; Klein et al., 2004; Mehra et al., 2001; Totterdell et al., 2008).”

“…and global social structures (Johnsen 1998), transitivity indices (Frank and Harary 1982), triad based role equivalence (Burt 1990), and structural effects in many exponential random graph models (Kalish and Robins 2006; Robins and Pattison 2005; Robins et al. forthcoming; Snijders et al. 2006).”

“Kalish and Robins (2006) attempted a more systematic study of these various”

“Thus, predisposing factors, needs, and emotional state (anxiety, depression) can mold an individual’s social network in which vulnerable people seek small, densely-but-weakly-linked networks in an attempt to maximize relative trust and minimize social vulnerability (Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“Although personality characteristics have occasionally been linked to network position (a.o. Burt et al., 1998; Kalish and Robins, 2006; Klein et al., 2004; Oh and Kilduff, 2008; Burt et al., 2000), motivation has not been investigated in more detail recently (with Foss et al., 2009 as a notable…”

“In humans, stable personality descriptors such as degree of extroversion and neuroticism appear to affect the size and quality of an individual’s social network (Asendorpf & Wilpers 1998; Kalish & Robins 2006; Roberts et al. 2008).”

“These are therefore best understood in a relative way, to compare, for example, the egocentric friendship networks of individuals with differing levels of extroversion (Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“Individuals may even have a tendency to organize their discussion networks to avoid this dissent (Kalish and Robins 2006), and individual personality differences can alter the impact of social networks (Hibbing et al.”

“We analyze an ensemble of several hundred personal networks of migrants using a recently introduced classification method.”

“The Big Five have additionally been found to shape social network structure (i.e., indegree and brokerage) and thereby help individuals occupy more advantageous network positions (Burt, Jannotta, and Mahoney 1998; Fang et al. 2015; Kalish and Robins 2006).”

“In Cornwell / Network Bridging Potential in Later Life 133 contrast, others contend that economic motivations and an “entrepreneurial personality” are largely responsible for bridging (Burt, Jannotta, & Mahoney, 1998; Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“People with certain personality types, such as extroverts and individualists, are also more likely to make friends from different groups (Burt et al. 1998; Kalish and Robins 2006).”

“In line with this proposition, researchers in recent years have started to integrate psychological individual differences with traditional social networks methodology, yielding intriguing findings (e.g., Kalish & Robins, 2006; Orchard, Fullwood, Galbraith, & Morris, 2014).”

“Nevertheless, the structure of a network seems to be rather stable even when there is a high turnover in alters, because the way people structure their networks is also affected by their personality (Kalish and Robins, 2006).”

“Our findings add an important element to the research of what drives transfer of new, innovative knowledge (Ibarra, 1993; Kalish and Robins, 2006; Teigland and Wasko, 2009; Tsai, 2001; Whelan et al., 2011).”

“…—characteristics, attitudes, perceptions, personality traits, emotions, behaviors, and values—that influence how they “structure their ties,” that is, select other actors with whom to connect (or from whom to disconnect; Emirbayer, 1997; Kalish & Robins, 2006; Klein, Lim, Saltz, & Mayer, 2004).”

“This result confirmed previous research which found that PFC plays a crucial role in the integration of different aspects of cognition, memory and emotional regulation by managing the cognitive control over emotional stimuli and emotional behavior (Knight et al., 1999; Hariri et al., 2000; Miller and Cohen, 2001; Kali…”

“This would explain why openness and extraversion have previously been negatively associated with transitivity [28], [30], [31].”

“Social networks may be viewed as a product of individuals’ psychological predispositions (Kalish and Robins 2006), strategic or entrepreneurial actions (Burt et al. 1998; Kadushin 2002), and cultural worldviews or consumption patterns (Lizardo 2006).”

“, [55]), as will be done in our analysis.”

“The Big Five have been shown to influence network structure and perception (Casciaro, 1998; Emery, 2012; Kalish and Robins, 2006; Klein et al., 2004), and are therefore appropriate for our purposes.”

“Indeed, research indicates that psychological and even neurobiological factors may have an impact on the capacity and inclination of individuals to create and maintain relations with others, and, accordingly, may influence the development and structure of networks (see Kalish and Robins 2006; Kosfeld et al. 2005).”

“Accordingly, brokers in covert networks have an even greater motivation to be secretive (and such a position may indeed suit more neurotic individuals– Kalish and Robins 2006 ).”

“…results are consistent with previous studies that indicated extroverted individuals have a higher probability of receiving social support (Demir & Weitekamp, 2007; Kalish & Robins, 2006; Krause, 2006; Long & Martin, 2000; Pollet et al., 2011; Swickert et al., 2002; Van der Horst & Coff e, 2012).”

“Kalish and Robins ( 2006 ) have shown that high-extraversion individuals have larger numbers of social support alternatives.”

“Some authors focus on personality as an antecedent of social capital rather than as a moderator (Kalish and Robbins 2006; Kim and Kim 2007; Klein et al. 2004; Mehra, Kilduff, and Brass 2001; Oh and Kilduff 2008; Sasovova et al. 2010).”

“Indeed, previous research has suggested that personality differences can lead individuals to structure their personal networks differently, with people with individualistic tendency and high levels of neuroticism preferring networks with structural holes (Kalish & Robins, 2006).”

“Neurotic individuals carry negative views for others [40], which may affect a small social support network and, rather in a very loose form [56], they try to find trust, reliability, and social support from their networks [14].”

“In this way, networks ‘‘close,’’ not because of depressive symptoms or other factors but because of the way that the structure of the friendship network creates opportunities for relationships.”

“…aspects of memory, and emotional regulation by orienting the cognitive control over emotional stimuli and more generally over emotional behavior (Balconi & Ferrari, 2012; Hariri, Bookheimer, & Mazziotta, 2000; Kalish & Robins, 2006; Knight, Staines, Swick, & Chao, 1999; Miller & Cohen, 2001).”

“Below, we first explore individual-level characteristics, specifically the psychological traits and mobility behavior within the cohort, noting that both these aspects have been found to relate strongly to social behavior [6, 7].”

“It is also possible that people who tend to take the perspectives of others are more likely to form relationships with diverse groups, predisposing them to being information brokers (Kalish and Robins, 2006; Burt et al. , 2013).”

“Finally, it is known that people scoring high in neuroticism have a larger number of weak ties [42] and perceive that they tend to have less social support [97, 98], in line with our observation that they dispose of an unstable ego-network.”

“Similarly, people who have an internal (as opposed to external) locus of control—seeing themselves as active agents who have the power to shape their environments—are more likely to have networks that comprise structural holes (Kalish and Robins, 2006).”

“Consistent with previous research (e.g., Kalish & Robins, 2006; Mehra et al., 2001), we computed in-degree centrality scores for each participant within his or her own group to allow for comparisons across different groups (Borgatti, Everett, & Freeman, 2002; Sparrowe et al., 2001).”

“This top-down control of PFC on the amygdala allows for a cognitive modulation of emotional processes by frontal brain structures (Hariri et al., 2000; Kalish and Robins, 2006).”

“Personality was shown to vary with the presence of structural holes (Burt, Jannotta, & Mahoney, 1998) and with network closure (Kalish & Robins, 2006), two closely related topics (closure is the elimination of holes).”