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Cited by 161Memory, History, Trauma, IdentityMemory, violence, and historyMemory, Trauma, and Commemoration

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Living in “survival mode:” Intergenerational transmission of trauma from the Holodomor genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine

Bezo, Brent, Maggi, Stefania·2015·Social Science & Medicine
DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.009
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Abstract

Qualitative methodology was used to investigate the intergenerational impact of the 1932-1933 Holodomor genocide on three generations in 15 Ukrainian families. Each family, residing in Ukraine, consisted of a first generation survivor, a second generation adult child and a third generation adult grandchild of the same line. The findings show that the Holodomor, a genocide that claimed millions of lives by forced starvation, still exerts substantial effects on generations born decades later. Specifically, thematic analysis of the 45 semi-structured, in-depth interviews, done between July and November 2010, revealed that a constellation of emotions, inner states and trauma-based coping strategies emerged in the survivors during the genocide period and were subsequently transmitted into the second and third generations. This constellation, summarized by participants as living in "survival mode," included horror, fear, mistrust, sadness, shame, anger, stress and anxiety, decreased self-worth, stockpiling of food, reverence for food, overemphasis on food and overeating, inability to discard unneeded items, an indifference toward others, social hostility and risky health behaviours. Since both the family and community-society were found to be involved in trauma transmission, the findings highlight the importance of multi-framework approaches for studying and healing collective trauma.

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Metadata

Authors
Bezo, B., & Maggi, S.
Affiliations
Carleton University (CA)
Corresponding author
Bezo, Brent
ORCID
Maggi, Stefania
Venue
Social Science & Medicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-06
Volume
134
Pages
87-94
ISSN
0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.009
OpenAlex
W2009553381
Cited by
161
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3
FWCI
28.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada's (doctoral fellowship) reference number: (752-2013-2539)
  • Ontario Graduate Scholarship Program
  • Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the University of Alberta
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Memory, History, Trauma, Identity
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Memory, violence, and history
  • Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration
Keywords
Holodomor, intergenerational trauma transmission, collective trauma, Ukrainian family, survival mode, food hoarding, overeating, health risk behaviors, guilt and shame
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Ukraine, Intergenerational Relations, Survivors, History, 20th Century, Young Adult, Genocide

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