Cited by 138Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthDeath, Funerary Practices, and MourningPalliative Care and End-of-Life Issues

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Looking beyond the mean in grief trajectories: A prospective, population-based cohort study

Open access

Nielsen, Mette Kjærgaard, Carlsen, Anders Helles, Neergaard, Mette Asbjoern, Bidstrup, Pernille Envold, Guldin, Mai-Britt·2019·Social Science & Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.007

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Most individuals adjust to the loss of a close person, but some experience adverse grief that challenges everyday life. No previous study has examined the development of grief symptoms in trajectories over time. We aimed to investigate trajectories of grief symptoms in bereaved partners and non-partners of severely ill patients starting before death until three years after death of the patient. METHOD: We conducted a prospective population-based cohort study including 1138 partners and 597 non-partners of terminally ill patients. Participants completed the Prolonged Grief-13 scale pre-loss, six months post-loss, and three years post-loss. On this basis, we developed semi-parametric group-based trajectory models. Multinomial logistic regression models estimated, odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between selected characteristics: age, gender, educational level, the patient's survival time, and types of grief trajectories. RESULTS: We identified five specific grief trajectories for partners and four for non-partners. Low grief was identified in 34% of partners and 45% of non-partners, moderate/decreasing grief in 30% of partners and 31% of non-partners, high/decreasing grief in 20% of partners and 16% of non-partners, and high grief in 7% of partners and 8% of non-partners. In addition, a late grief trajectory was identified in 10% of partners. Low education compared to high education was associated with adverse grief trajectories (OR = 0.19 (95% CI = 0.80, 0.43) for partners following a high grief trajectory). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to systematically describe specific trajectories of grief based on grief symptoms. The majority had a low or decreasing grief trajectory, whereas minor groups of partners and non-partners had a high grief trajectory, and a group of partners had a late grief trajectory. A consistent vulnerability factor was low education. Bereaved individuals may benefit from information on possible patterns of grief development, including adverse grief trajectories.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.007

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health
Marmot, M. G., Friel, S., Bell, R., Houweling, T. A. J., & Taylor, S. A. J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61690-6 · Cited by 8,473
The Danish Civil Registration System
Pedersen, C. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494810387965 · Cited by 4,713 · cited 1×
“The date of the patient's death was obtained from the Danish Civil Registration System (Pedersen, 2011), and the patient's survival time was measured as the time (days) from the registration of drug reimbursement to death.”
Method
Integrating Person‐Centered and Variable‐Centered Analyses: Growth Mixture Modeling With Latent Trajectory Classes
Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. K. (2000) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02070.x · Cited by 3,161 · cited 1×
“Grief trajectories based on PG sum scores at T0, T1, and T2 were estimated using a semi-parametric group-based trajectory model (GBTM) for repeated measurements (Muthen and Muthen, 2000; Nagin, 2014).”
Method
Group-Based Trajectory Modeling in Clinical Research
Nagin, D. S., & Odgers, C. L. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131413 · Cited by 2,749
Prolonged grief disorder: psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11
Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., Marwit, S. J., Wortman, C., Neimeyer, R. A., et al. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121 · Cited by 1,863
Health outcomes of bereavement.
Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61816-9 · Cited by 1,746 · cited 2×
“Yet, several factors may interact in a complex interplay and affect grief reactions in relatives (Stroebe et al., 2007; Stroebe et al., 2006).”
Background
Family caregiver burden: results of a longitudinal study of breast cancer patients and their principal caregivers
Grunfeld, E. (2004) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.1031205 · Cited by 963
Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss
Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J., Carr, D., & Nesse, R. M. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1150 · Cited by 836
Group-Based Trajectory Modeling: An Overview
Nagin, D. S. (2014) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000360229 · Cited by 700 · cited 3×
“PG sum scores were modelled using the censored normal distribution (Nagin, 2014, Nagin and Odgers, 2010).”
BackgroundMethod
Socioeconomic position and major mental disorders
Muntaner, C. (2004) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxh001 · Cited by 631

Show all 36 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Guldin, M.B., Nielsen, M.K., Carlsen, A.H., Jensen, A.B., Prigerson, H.G., Vedsted, P., (n.d.).Translation, adaptation and validation of a Danish version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PG-13). Manuscript under review.

Sorted by citations

Prolonged Grief Disorder: Course, Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment
Szuhany, K. L., Malgaroli, M., Miron, C. D., & Simon, N. M. (2021) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20200052 · Cited by 203
Emerging experience with selected new categories in the ICD‐11: complex PTSD, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder
Reed, G. M., First, M. B., Billieux, J., Cloitre, M., Briken, P., Achab, S., Brewin, C. R., King, D. L., Kraus, S. W., & Bryant, R. A. (2022) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20960 · Cited by 182
Valid measurement of DSM-5 persistent complex bereavement disorder and DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 prolonged grief disorder: The Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report Plus (TGI-SR+)
Lenferink, L. I. M., Eisma, M. C., Smid, G. E., de Keijser, J., & Boelen, P. A. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152281 · Cited by 172
“The majority of bereaved people is able to adjust to life without the deceased and does not need professional support during this adaptation process [1 – 3].”
Risk factors for prolonged grief symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Buur, C., Zachariae, R. H., Komischke-Konnerup, K. B., Marello, M. M., Schierff, L. H., & O’Connor, M. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102375 · Cited by 176
Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder.
Rosner, R., Comtesse, H., Vogel, A., & Doering, B. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.058 · Cited by 149
Trajectories of grief: Comparing symptoms from the DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 diagnoses
Bonanno, G. A., & Malgaroli, M. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22902 · Cited by 112
Are there gender differences in prolonged grief trajectories? A registry-sampled cohort study
Lundorff, M., Bonanno, G. A., Johannsen, M., & O'Connor, M. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.030 · Cited by 103
Pre-loss grief and preparedness for death among caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients: A systematic review
Treml, J., Schmidt, V., Nagl, M., & Kersting, A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114240 · Cited by 100
Comparison of six proposed diagnostic criteria sets for disturbed grief
Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112786 · Cited by 83
Prolonged grief disorder in DSM-5-TR: Early predictors and longitudinal measurement invariance
Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211025728 · Cited by 88
“Only a minority, though, develops persistent symptoms, yielding sufficient distress and disability to warrant a diagnosis of disordered grief (Bonanno and Malgaroli, 2020; Lenferink et al., 2020; Nielsen et al., 2019).”
Background
Cognitive predictors of grief trajectories in the first months of loss: A latent growth mixture model.
Smith, K. V., & Ehlers, A. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000438 · Cited by 73
The importance of harmonising diagnostic criteria sets for pathological grief
Lenferink, L. I. M., Boelen, P. A., Smid, G. E., & Paap, M. C. S. (2019) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.240 · Cited by 72
Self-guided online treatment of disturbed grief, posttraumatic stress, and depression in adults bereaved during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial
Reitsma, L., Boelen, P. A., de Keijser, J., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104286 · Cited by 64
“the loss into their lives and do not need professional help during the grieving process (Bonanno & Malgaroli, 2020; Lenferink et al., 2020a; Nielsen et al., 2019).”
Background
Prolonged grief disorder in section II of DSM-5: a commentary
Boelen, P. A., Eisma, M. C., Smid, G. E., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1771008 · Cited by 60
“Second, the 12 months timing criterion should, in our view, be reconsidered taking into account evidence that elevated PGD symptoms in the first few months strongly predict persistent disabling grief beyond this period (Boelen & Lenferink, 2019), that people following chronic grief trajectories mostly show signs of el…”
Background
Predictors of Prolonged Grief Disorder in a German Representative Population Sample: Unexpectedness of Bereavement Contributes to Grief Severity and Prolonged Grief Disorder
Doering, B. K., Barke, A., Vogel, A., Comteße, H., & Rosner, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.853698 · Cited by 58
The course of symptoms in the first 27 months following bereavement: A latent trajectory analysis of prolonged grief, posttraumatic stress, and depression
Djelantik, A. A. A. M. J., Robinaugh, D. J., & Boelen, P. A. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114472 · Cited by 57
Grief Before and After Bereavement in the Elderly: An Approach to Care
Lechner‐Meichsner, F., O'Connor, M., Skritskaya, N. A., & Shear, M. K. (2020) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.12.010 · Cited by 60
Psychosocial factors affecting the bereavement experience of relatives of palliative-stage cancer patients: a systematic review
Hasdenteufel, M., & Quintard, B. (2022) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-022-01096-y · Cited by 52
“These trends, however, must be considered with caution [14].”
Background
Validation of the prolonged grief scale (PG-13) and investigation of the prevalence and risk factors of prolonged grief disorder in Turkish bereaved samples
Ișıklı, S., Keser, E., Prigerson, H. G., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1745955 · Cited by 51
Prolonged grief during and beyond the pandemic: factors associated with levels of grief in a four time-point longitudinal survey of people bereaved in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic
Harrop, E., Medeiros, R., Goss, S., Longo, M., Byrne, A., FARNELL, D. J. J., Seddon, K., Penny, A., Machin, L., Sivell, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1215881 · Cited by 55
“As in previous research, and our baseline analysis (23), lower levels of education were associated with worse grief outcomes (PGD symptoms and grief vulnerability) (6, 30, 32–34 ).”
Result
An examination and proposed definitions of family members’ grief prior to the death of individuals with a life-limiting illness: A systematic review
Singer, J., Roberts, K. E., McLean, E., Fadalla, C., Coats, T., Rogers, M., Wilson, M. K., Godwin, K., & Lichtenthal, W. G. (2022) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163221074540 · Cited by 54
The Traumatic Grief Inventory-Clinician Administered: A psychometric evaluation of a new interview for ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR prolonged grief disorder severity and probable caseness
Lenferink, L. I. M., Franzen, M., ten Klooster, P. M., Knaevelsrud, C., Boelen, P. A., & Heeke, C. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.006 · Cited by 44
DSM-5-TR prolonged grief disorder and DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder are related, yet distinct: confirmatory factor analyses in traumatically bereaved people
Lenferink, L. I. M., van den Munckhof, M. J. A., de Keijser, J., & Boelen, P. A. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.2000131 · Cited by 46
Using the Delphi technique to achieve consensus on bereavement care in palliative care in Europe: An EAPC White Paper
Keegan, O., Murphy, I., Benkel, I., Limonero, J. T., Relf, M., & Guldin, M. (2021) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163211043000 · Cited by 43
Self-citation
Disorganized attachment and prolonged grief
Sekowski, M. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23325 · Cited by 46
What are the long-term effects of child loss on parental health? Social integration as mediator
Zhao, X., Hu, H., Zhou, Y., & Bai, Y. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152182 · Cited by 30
Small business in a time of crisis: A five stage model of business grief
Stephens, S., McLaughlin, C. G., & McLaughlin, K. (2021) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00282 · Cited by 30
Is it acceptable and feasible to measure prolonged grief disorder symptoms in daily life using experience sampling methodology?
Lenferink, L. I. M., van Eersel, J. H. W., & Franzen, M. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152351 · Cited by 29
Exploring Functional Impairment in Light of Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Prospective, Population-Based Cohort Study
Nielsen, M. K., Christensen, K. S., Neergaard, M. A., Bidstrup, P. E., & Guldin, M.-B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.537674 · Cited by 30
“Maladaptive emotional symptoms of grief have been investigated without including functional impairment; these studies have revealed subgroups of people with different patterns of grief symptoms (8, 9).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Anticipatory grief prevalence among caregivers of persons with a life-threatening illness: A meta-analysis
Kustanti, C. Y., Chu, H., Kang, X. L., Pien, L., Chen, R., Tsai, H., & Chou, K. (2022) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003338 · Cited by 35
Supporting bereavement and complicated grief in primary care: a realist review
Pearce, C., Wong, G., Kuhn, I. L., & Barclay, S. I. G. (2021) · BJGP Open · doi:10.3399/bjgpo.2021.0008 · Cited by 31
“However, a minority of bereaved people develop complicated or prolonged grief symptoms, experiencing disruption in daily functioning.(1,2)”
Background
Duelo complicado: Una revisión sistemática de la prevalencia, diagnóstico, factores de riesgo y de protección en población adulta de España.
Parro-Jiménez, E., Morán, N., Gesteira, C., Sanz, J., & García‐Vera, M. P. (2021) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.443271 · Cited by 37
“Esto contradice los resultados de estudios anteriores, como el metaanálisis de Heeke et al. (2017) que reporta una asociación positiva entre el TDP y el género femenino, resultado que se ha replicado en investigaciones recientes (Nielsen et al., 2019).”
Background
Sadness and Worry in Older Adults
Lutz, J., & Orden, K. A. V. (2020) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2020.05.001 · Cited by 33
Poor physical and mental health predicts prolonged grief disorder: A prospective, population-based cohort study on caregivers of patients at the end of life
Lenger, M. K., Neergaard, M. A., Guldin, M., & Nielsen, M. K. (2020) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216320948007 · Cited by 29
“Although data for the current analysis was collected 5 years ago, we consider the study highly relevant as it is still ongoing, 46 and the setting, including the Danish healthcare system, has not changed significantly.”
Self-citation
Latent classes of prolonged grief and other indicators of mental health in bereaved adults: A systematic review
Heeke, C., Franzen, M., Knaevelsrud, C., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100654 · Cited by 28
A Latent Class Analysis on Symptoms of Prolonged Grief, Post-Traumatic Stress, and Depression Following the Loss of a Loved One
Heeke, C., Franzen, M., Hofmann, H., Knaevelsrud, C., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.878773 · Cited by 26
Grief Impairment Scale: A biopsychosocial measure of grief-related functional impairment
Lee, S. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2022.2113605 · Cited by 27
“Although most of the bereaved are resilient, returning to adaptive functioning within a few weeks or months of the loss (Galatzer-Levy & Bonanno, 2012), a substantial minority of people experience a prolonged and disabling course of grief (Nielsen et al., 2019).”
Background
Latent trajectories of DSM-5-TR-based Prolonged Grief Disorder: findings from a data pooling project MARBLES
Pociūnaitė-Ott, J., van Dijk, I., Reitsma, L., Nordström, E.-E. L., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2281183 · Cited by 24
“Based on prior studies (e.g. Lundor ﬀ et al., 2020; Nielsen et al., 2019), we expected that being female, being younger in age, having a lower educational level, having a closer relationship to the deceased (i.e. experiencing the loss of a partner or child), and encountering an unnatural loss,…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Grief trajectories after loss in pregnancy and during the neonatal period
Mørk, S., Hvidtjørn, D., Möller, S., Henriksen, T. B., O’Connor, M., & Bonanno, G. A. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.052 · Cited by 25
“The gender of the bereaved has also been discussed as a possible predictor of grief pattern, but results have been conflicting and gender has rarely been explored within dyads e.g., partners from the same household (Lenferink et al., 2020; Lundorff et al., 2020; Nielsen et al., 2019).”
BackgroundResult
Do early symptoms of prolonged grief disorder lead to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression? A longitudinal register-based study of the two first years of bereavement.
Komischke-Konnerup, K. B., Vang, M. L., Lundorff, M., Elklit, A., & O’Connor, M. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000859 · Cited by 26
Worden’s Task-Based Model for Treating Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder During the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
Khosravi, M. (2020) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2020.5502 · Cited by 21
“Recent trajectory studies [4], [5], [6] have challenged the traditional “grief work” view of emotion during bereavement [7], [8].”
Background
Procesos de la comprensión, memoria y aprendizaje de textos
de Juan, M. R. E. (2000) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 19
Conflicted or close: Which relationships to the deceased are associated with loss‐related psychopathology?
Sekowski, M. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12344 · Cited by 19
Fluctuations of prolonged grief disorder reactions in the daily life of bereaved people: an experience sampling study
Lenferink, L. I. M., Terbrack, E., van Eersel, J. H. W., Zuidersma, M., Franzen, M., & Riese, H. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06987-2 · Cited by 19
“Thus, our findings offer additional support for the notion that the vast majority adapt well to loss (Bonanno & Malgaroli, 2020; Lenferink et al., 2020; Nielsen et al., 2019; Sveen et al., 2018 ).”
Lived experience and the dual process model of coping with bereavement: A participatory research study
Larsen, L. H., Hybholt, L., & O’Connor, M. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2355244 · Cited by 23
“The intensity of the grief symptoms typically declines over the first 6 months following bereavement (Lundorff et al., 2019; Nielsen et al., 2019) without requiring specialized professional intervention (Bonanno & Kaltman, 2001; Prigerson et al., 2009).”
Influential
A scoping research literature review to map the evidence on grief triggers
Wilson, D. M., Underwood, L., & Errasti‐Ibarrondo, B. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114109 · Cited by 18
The death of an adult child and trajectories of parental depressive symptoms: A gender-based longitudinal analysis
Park, S., & Kim, J. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116544 · Cited by 18
Preloss Psychosocial Resources Predict Depressive Symptom Trajectories Among Terminally Ill Cancer Patients' Caregivers in Their First Two Years of Bereavement
Kuo, S., Wen, F., Chen, J., Chou, W., Shen, W., & Tang, S. T. (2019) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.04.003 · Cited by 18
Predictors of Family Caregivers’ Depressive- and Prolonged-Grief-Disorder-Symptom Trajectories
Wen, F., Chou, W., Prigerson, H. G., Shen, W., Hsu, M. H., & Tang, S. T. (2021) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.12.025 · Cited by 14
Depression among incarcerated persons following the death of a loved one: Does social support mitigate grief?
Fahmy, C., Testa, A. M., Woodward, K. P., & Jackson, D. B. (2023) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2023.2188620 · Cited by 15
“On average, 40% of bereaved individuals have reported major depressive symptoms within one month following a loss, including sadness, lethargy, and social withdrawal and isolation (Nielsen et al., 2019; Sekowski & Prigerson, 2022).”
Background
Distinctiveness of prolonged‐grief‐disorder‐ and depressive‐symptom trajectories in the first 2 years of bereavement for family caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients
Wen, F., Chou, W., Shen, W., & Tang, S. T. (2020) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5441 · Cited by 13
“PGD symptoms in that study were measured only 6 months and 3 years post-loss.(19) Therefore, it is difficult to know whether high PGD symptoms started before 6 months post-loss for the late-grief trajectory and when high PGD symptoms were resolved post-loss to judge whether bereaved individuals in those groups are com…”
Background
Looking back and moving forward: dimensions of coping flexibility divergently predict long-term bereavement outcomes
Huang, S. H., Birk, J. L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2022) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2022.2099545 · Cited by 16
Associations of Caregiver-Oncologist Discordance in Prognostic Understanding With Caregiver-Reported Therapeutic Alliance and Anxiety
Loh, K. P., Xu, H., Epstein, R. M., Mohile, S. G., Prigerson, H. G., Plumb, S., Ladwig, S., Kadambi, S. G., Wong, M. L., McHugh, C. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.02.005 · Cited by 13
Psychotropic medication among children who experience parental death to cancer
Høeg, B. L., Christensen, J., Banko, L., Frederiksen, K., Appel, C., Dalton, S. O., Dyregrov, A., Guldin, M., Jørgensen, S. E., Lytje, M., et al. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01846-y · Cited by 12
“Our results indicate that the first six months post-death is a vulnerable period, consistent with studies showing that grief and distress are highest in the period right after the death and gradually abates in most people [44, 45].”
Self-citation
The Norwegian traumatic grief inventory-self report plus (TGI-SR+): a psychometric evaluation in traumatically bereaved people
Lenferink, L. I. M., Johnsen, I., Kristensen, P., Lie, N. K., & Sveen, J. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2391248 · Cited by 11
“In fact, the most common response after loss is characterized by relatively low stable grief reactions (Nielsen et al., 2019; Pociunaite et al., 2023).”
Background
Prevalence and correlates of positive and negative psychological effects of bereavement due to COVID-19: A systematic review
Reitsma, L., Killikelly, C., Müller, H., Larsen, L. H., Nijborg, L. C. J., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.078 · Cited by 12
Machine yearning: How advances in computational methods lead to new insights about reactions to loss
Malgaroli, M., Maccallum, F., & Bonanno, G. A. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.05.003 · Cited by 11
Понад рік війни та втрат: відродження з попелу горя для творення нового життя
Хаустова, Е. А., & І.В., Л. (2023) · Український медичний часопис · doi:10.32471/umj.1680-3051.153.239914 · Cited by 13
The association between one’s social life and symptoms of prolonged grief following a traumatic loss: an ecological momentary assessment study
Specker, P., Pociūnaitė-Ott, J., Rosenblum, A. L., Marcolini, S., Waschnig, P., Magoon, C., Joseph, A.-L. C., Nijborg, L. C. J., Pan, X., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2515705 · Cited by 8
“While everyone responds to loss in different ways, the severity and intensity of common grief symptoms tend to decrease over time for most people (Nielsen et al., 2019).”
Neural Correlates of Deceased-Related Attention during Acute Grief in Suicide-Related Bereavement
Michel, C. A., Mann, J. J., & Schneck, N. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.085 · Cited by 8
Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers
Nielsen, M. K., Christensen, K. S., Neergaard, M. A., Bidstrup, P. E., & Guldin, M. (2020) · BJGP Open · doi:10.3399/bjgpopen20x101063 · Cited by 8
“Statistical analyses In a prior study, five specific grief trajectories were identified based on grief symptoms on the PG-13 scale at T0, T1, and T2.(15) Stata Plugin traj was used for estimating group- based trajectory models(27) in Stata (version 14).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Psychometric Evaluation of the Traumatic Grief Inventory‐Self Report Plus (TGI‐SR+) in Chinese Bereaved People
Tang, S., Chen, Z., Boelen, P. A., Eisma, M. C., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3066 · Cited by 7
Exploring reactivity effects of self-monitoring prolonged grief reactions in daily life: A randomized waitlist-controlled trial using experience sampling methodology
Franzen, M., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100877 · Cited by 9
“…demonstrates that prolonged grief, PTSD, and depression symptoms experienced within the first six months after a loss are robust predictors of prolonged grief, PTSD, and depression levels in the future (e.g., Boelen and Lenferink, 2020; Bonanno and Malgaroli, 2020; Nielsen et al., 2019).”
Older Bereaved Individuals’ Experiences of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Complicated Grief Reactions: A Qualitative Multistage Focus Group Approach
Buur, C., Mackrill, T., Hybholt, L., Nissen, E. R., & O’Connor, M. (2024) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2024.06.002 · Cited by 8
Validity of the TGI-SR+ in Francophone populations: Insights from Quebec and Belgium
Cherblanc, J., Côté, I., Boever, C., & Zech, E. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2420882 · Cited by 7
“While most individuals gradually readjust to life within the first year after a loss, a minority develop Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) (Eisma et al., 2020; Lenferink et al., 2022; Nielsen et al., 2019; Pociunaite et al., 2023).”
Predictive factors for differential changes in grief symptoms following group bereavement intervention for Chinese widowed older adults
Xiu, D., Chow, A. Y. M., & Tang, S. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2425 · Cited by 7
Psychometric Properties of the Korean Version of the Revised Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale for Bereaved Adults
Jo, A., Lee, D. H., Kim, Y. J., & Prigerson, H. G. (2024) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228241279881 · Cited by 6
“Most bereaved people adjust to their loss over time; however, a small group of people have signi ﬁ cant dif ﬁ culty adjusting to the death (Nielsen et al., 2019).”
When does disruption of meaning in bereavement become debilitating? Screening for deleterious outcomes with the ISLES-SF
Lee, S. A., Neimeyer, R. A., Ng, C., Veglahn, L., & Tucci, A. S. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2364495 · Cited by 6
“Nonetheless, most individuals adapt to loss, while a small, but significant number experience debilitating and protracted levels of grief (Nielsen et al., 2019).”
A Latent Class Analysis on Indicators of Early Prolonged Grief Disorder and Well‐Being Among Dutch Adults Bereaved During the First Year of the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Reitsma, L., Mooren, T. T. M., Mouthaan, J., van Hoof, M., Groen, S., van Dijk, I., Lotzin, A., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3054 · Cited by 7
Latent classes of acute grief reactions in the shadow of collective trauma and its predictors in bereaved adults
Hamama‐Raz, Y., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Levin, Y. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116331 · Cited by 7
Grief trajectories and long-term health effects in bereaved relatives: a prospective, population-based cohort study with ten-year follow-up
Nielsen, M. K., Christensen, K. S., Neergaard, M. A., Bidstrup, P. E., & Guldin, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1619730 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Prevalence and correlates of positive and negative psychological effects of bereavement due to COVID-19: A living systematic review
Reitsma, L., Killikelly, C., Müller, H., Larsen, L. H., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.130397.1 · Cited by 6
Loss of a Child during a Pandemic. A Mixed Method Study of Parents’ Experiences of Interference with Rituals and Grief
Dyregrov, A., Kristensen, P., Fjærestad, A., Johnsen, I., Gjestad, R., & Hauken, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2023.2226799 · Cited by 6
“The association between lower educational levels and grief has been previously observed both before the pandemic (Milic et al., 2017; Nielsen et al., 2019) and during the pandemic (Selman et al., 2022).”
Background
I will keep your memory! Reasons for remembering lost loved ones
Pociūnaitė-Ott, J., & Wolf, T. (2023) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4132 · Cited by 6
Profiles of fluctuating prolonged grief disorder reactions using experience sampling data
Marcolini, S., Pociūnaitė-Ott, J., ten Klooster, P. M., Franzen, M., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.10.017 · Cited by 5
How Does Bereavement Affect the Health-Related Quality of Life of Household Members Who Do and Do Not Provide Unpaid Care? Difference-in-Differences Analyses Using the UK Household Longitudinal Survey
Pennington, B., Alava, M. H., & Strong, M. (2024) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-024-01452-1 · Cited by 5
“Whilst previous longitudinal studies have explored the relationship between bereavement and measures of grief [12–14] and depression [15], there is a lack of evidence studying the relationship between bereavement and HRQoL, as measured by utility instruments for use in economic evaluation.”
Effects of a sister's death in childbirth on reproductive behaviors: Difference-in-difference analyses using sisterhood mortality data from Indonesia
Finnegan, A. C. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112795 · Cited by 5
Grieving Together: Dyadic Trajectories and Reciprocal Relations in Parental Grief After Child Loss
Büyükcan-Tetik, A., Albuquerque, S., Stroebe, M., Schut, H. A. W., & Eisma, M. C. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1530-353520220000019005 · Cited by 5
Attentional Bias during Acute Grief Predicts Clinical Outcome in Suicide-Related Bereavement
Michel, C. A., Galfalvy, H., Mann, J. J., & Schneck, N. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.009 · Cited by 6
Validity and Reliability Study of the Prolonged Grief Disorder- Caregiver Turkish Form
Önal, G., Keser, E., & Tüzün, Z. (2023) · Turkish Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5080/u27035 · Cited by 4
Grief and Temporality
Hughes, E. (2024) · Contributions to phenomenology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66264-5_7 · Cited by 4
The Effects of Exposure to Factors Related to Death in Mental Health
Bolaséll, L. T., Oliveira, V. C. D. C., & Kristensen, C. H. (2021) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2021.1959854 · Cited by 4
“For most people, this normal reaction decreases over time (Nielsen et al., 2019).”
Background
Humor: A Grief Trigger and Also a Way to Manage or Live With Your Grief
Wilson, D. M., Knox, M., BANAMWANA, G., Brown, C. A., & Errasti‐Ibarrondo, B. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221075276 · Cited by 4
“episodes or grief waves will still occur with grief triggers (Breen & O ’ Connor, 2007; 2011; Nielsen et al., 2019; Wilson et al., 2018; 2020).”
Background
Questioning risk and vulnerability in end-of-life research
Kellehear, A., & Leget, C. J. W. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development · doi:10.1080/29949769.2025.2555001 · Cited by 3
“Moreover, multiple studies have shown that only a minority of an estimated 7–10% of people who are grieving show a high level of grief symptoms (e.g. Nielsen et al., 2019).”
The nature of grief: implications for the neurobiology of emotion
Ratcliffe, M., & Velasco, P. F. (2024) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niae041 · Cited by 6
Are ‘time’ and ‘culture’ useful and necessary diagnostic requirements for ICD-11 Prolonged Grief Disorder? A Cross-national study
Redican, E., Shevlin, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., & Hyland, P. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2468822 · Cited by 2
“Focusing on those studies that tracked grief symptoms from either shortly before (Nielsen et al., 2019) or immediately after bereavement (Bonanno & Malgaroli, 2020; Djelantik et al., 2022; Lundorff et al., 2020; Nam, 2015), there is consistent evidence that (1) most people (upwards of 70”
Trajectories of grief-related psychopathology: A decade after the MH17 plane disaster
Nijborg, L. C. J., Westerhof, G. J., Pociūnaitė-Ott, J., Kunst, M. J. J., de Keijser, J., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103036 · Cited by 4
Harnessing relational savoring to mitigate grief: evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention for bereaved older adults
Basic, A., & Bryant, F. B. (2025) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2025.2582001 · Cited by 4
“We measured time since widowhood as a covariate for our data analyses because there is evidence that the intensity of grief changes over time (Nielsen et al., 2019).”
Meaning Integration and Grief Trajectories Within in the First Two Years Among Chinese: Latent Growth Modeling
Yao, D., Li, J., Ning, J., Long, M., Gai, Y., & Li, M. (2024) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2024.2324292 · Cited by 2
“…are either bereaved as a result of specific causes of death (i.e., violent death or cancer) (Kristensen et al., 2020; Lenferink et al., 2020; Nielsen et al., 2019; Sveen et al., 2018) or have a specific relationship with the deceased (e.g., bereaved spouses) (Bonanno & Malgaroli, 2020;…”
Influential
Experiences of Social Disconnection in a Bereaved Community Sample from Ontario, Canada
Nolan, E., Redican, E., Hyland, P., Duffy, M., Karatzias, T., & Shevlin, M. E. (2025) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2025.2465392 · Cited by 2
Expressive Writing for Grief: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Yao, D., Xu, S., Liu, J., Gai, Y., & Li, J. (2025) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315251371566 · Cited by 3
“…that depressive symptoms emerging in the initial months after loss are among the strongest predictors of long-term adverse outcomes, including grief, PTSD, and depression (Boelen & Lenferink, 2020; Bonanno & Malgaroli, 2020; Kristensen et al., 2020); Nielsen et al., 2019; Sveen et al., 2018).”
Beyond goodbye: daily emotion regulation sensed from deceased loved ones
Stelzer, E., Flores, M. A., Butler, E., Greenberg, J., Mehl, M. R., Sbarra, D. A., & O'Connor, M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100972 · Cited by 2
Grief experiences of fathers who have lost a child: A systematic review
Akkaya, G., Nevruz, H., Usta, E., & İnözü, M. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2591324 · Cited by 2
Feasibility, acceptability and potential effects of internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for prolonged grief
Berglund, F., Eklund, R., Boelen, P. A., Hven, E., Ciardella, L., Rugfelt, Y., Kaldo, V., Bragesjö, M., & Sveen, J. (2026) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2026.100963 · Cited by 2
“For most bereaved, grief reactions remain low or gradually decrease over time (Nielsen et al., 2019).”
Understanding laypersons’ perceptions of pathological grief and their support recommendations in a German sample
Hanauer, C., Telaar, B., Barke, A., Rosner, R., & Doering, B. K. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100784 · Cited by 2
Meaning-Centred Coping Predicted Lower Depressive Symptoms among Caregivers with Complicated Grief
Sung, W. C., Mustafar, F., & Zulkifly, M. F. M. (2024) · Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.21315/mjms2024.31.5.19 · Cited by 2
“These include lack of social support and feelings of guilt in the face of the inevitable loss of a loved one (10).”
Background
Trajectories of Prolonged Grief Disorder Severity after Loss during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Reitsma, L., Mooren, T. T. M., Mouthaan, J., Pociūnaitė-Ott, J., van Hoof, M., Groen, S., Lotzin, A., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2025) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2025.2490909 · Cited by 2
“…& Malgaroli, 2020; Djelantik et al., 2022; Kristensen et al., 2020; Mørk et al., 2023; Sveen et al., 2018), followed by four (Lundorff et al., 2020; Nielsen et al., 2019; Pociunaite et al., 2023; Smith & Ehlers, 2020), five (Bonanno & Malgaroli, 2020; Nielsen et al., 2019), or two trajectories…”
Influential
Unguided online treatment of disturbed grief, posttraumatic stress, and depression in adults bereaved during the COVID-19 pandemic: a randomized controlled trialPreprint
Reitsma, L., Boelen, P. A., de Keijser, J., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8xb5h · Cited by 2
Lenferink et al. 2023. Fluctuations of prolonged grief disorder reactions. PreprintPreprint
Lenferink, L. I. M., Terbrack, E., van Eersel, J. H. W., Zuidersma, M., Franzen, M., & Riese, H. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/93ahq · Cited by 2
The provision of bereavement care by general practitioners: data from a sentinel network
Renckens, S. C., Pasman, H. R. W., Veldhuijzen, N. J., & Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D. (2024) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-024-02625-9 · Cited by 1
“While many people are able to cope with bereavement with minimal support, some experience prolonged and intense grief, known as prolonged grief disorder, necessitating additional support [5].”
Background

Authors: Nielsen, M. K., Carlsen, A. H., Neergaard, M. A., Bidstrup, P. E., & Guldin, M.-B.
Affiliations: Aarhus University (DK)
Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
Danish Cancer Society (DK)
Corresponding author: Nielsen, Mette Kjærgaard
ORCID: Nielsen, Mette Kjærgaard
Carlsen, Anders Helles
Neergaard, Mette Asbjoern
Bidstrup, Pernille Envold
Guldin, Mai-Britt
Venue: Social Science & Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-07
Volume: 232
Pages: 460-469
ISSN: 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.007
OpenAlex: W2896464374
Cited by: 138
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 4
FWCI: 10.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: Kræftens Bekæmpelse (R160-A10389-16-S3)
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF17OC0024410)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
Keywords: prolonged grief disorder, bereavement, grief trajectories, terminal illness, educational attainment, bereavement support
MeSH terms: Aged, Bereavement, Educational Status, Family, Female, Grief, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Prospective Studies, Spouses

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Looking beyond the mean in grief trajectories: A prospective, population-based cohort study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks