Cognitive predictors of grief trajectories in the first months of loss: A latent growth mixture model.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The identification of modifiable cognitive antecedents of trajectories of grief is of clinical and theoretical interest. METHOD: The study gathered 3-wave data on 275 bereaved adults in the first 12-18 months postloss (T1 = 0-6 months, T2 = 6-12 months, T3 = 12-18 months). Participants completed measures of grief severity, cognitive factors (loss-related memory characteristics, negative appraisals, unhelpful coping strategies, and grief resilience), as well as measures of interpersonal individual differences (attachment and dependency). Latent growth mixture modeling was used to identify classes of grief trajectories. Predictors of class membership were identified using multinomial logistic regression and multigroup structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Four latent classes were identified: 3 high grief classes (Stable, Low Adaptation, and High Adaptation) and a low grief class (Low Grief). When considered separately, variance in all four cognitive factors predicted membership of the high grief classes. When considered together, membership of the high grief classes was predicted by higher mean scores on memory characteristics. More negative appraisals predicted low or no adaptation from high grief severity. Losing a child also predicted membership to the stable class. Fast adaptation of high grief was predicted by a pattern of high memory characteristics but low engagement with unhelpful coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS: The findings have implications for clinical practice and point to early cognitive predictors of adaptation patterns in grief. Findings are consistent with cognitive models highlighting the importance of characteristics of memory, negative appraisals, and unhelpful coping strategies in the adaptation to highly negative life events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Maladaptive cognitive appraisals, including rumination, mediate longer-term prolonged grief symptomatology.
“Further, longitudinal studies indicate that maladaptive cognitive appraisals, including rumination, mediate longerterm prolonged grief symptomatology 88,116 .”
From Emerging experience with selected new categories in the <scp>ICD</scp>‐11: complex <scp>PTSD</scp>, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [88]
The Discussion (page not supplied) reports that negative appraisals and unhelpful coping strategies predict slow adaptation to loss, and the Measures section includes rumination among those coping strategies. The study concerns the first six months after loss; its Discussion says the cross-sectional analysis limits causal conclusions, so it does not establish mediation of longer-term prolonged grief symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLongitudinal studies using latent growth mixture modelling have noted a group with high grief symptoms that do not improve over time.
“Longitudinal studies assessing bereaved people at multiple time points, and using latent growth mixture modelling to map the different trajectories of grief symptoms over time, have noted the presence of a group with high grief symptoms that do not improve over time 88-90 .”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling
Tabri, N., & Elliott, C. M. (2012) · Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology · doi:10.15353/cgjsc.v1i1.3787 · Cited by 39,065 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 36,049 · see citing works
Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance
Chen, F. F. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701301834 · Cited by 12,217 · see citing works
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701575396 · Cited by 11,415 · see citing works
A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0 · Cited by 6,147 · see citing works
Self-citationTesting the number of components in a normal mixture
Lo, Y. (2001) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/88.3.767 · Cited by 4,640 · see citing works
An Introduction to Latent Class Growth Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling
Jung, T., & Wickrama, K. A. S. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x · Cited by 3,228 · see citing works
The Performance of RMSEA in Models With Small Degrees of Freedom
Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2015) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124114543236 · Cited by 2,841 · see citing works
THE DUAL PROCESS MODEL OF COPING WITH BEREAVEMENT: RATIONALE AND DESCRIPTION
Schut, M. S. (1999) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/074811899201046 · Cited by 2,560 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Several theoretical models (Boelen, van den Hout, & van den Bout, 2006; Maccallum & Bryant, 2013; Shear et al., 2007; Stroebe & Schut, 1999) implicate cognitive processes in the development and maintenance of PGD, in particular negative appraisals of the loss or its consequences (e.g., about the…”
BackgroundA checklist for testing measurement invariance
van de Schoot, R., Lugtig, P., & Hox, J. (2012) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2012.686740 · Cited by 2,064 · see citing works
Prolonged grief disorder: psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11
Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., Marwit, S. J., Wortman, C., Neimeyer, R. A., et al. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121 · Cited by 1,863 · see citing works
Health outcomes of bereavement.
Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61816-9 · Cited by 1,746 · see citing works
The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): development and validation
Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303 · Cited by 1,727 · see citing works
Self-citationInventory of complicated grief: a scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss.
Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P. K., Reynolds, C. F., Bierhals, A. J., Newsom, J. T., Fasiczka, A., Frank, E., Doman, J., & Miller, M. (1995) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02757-2 · Cited by 1,582 · see citing works
Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118356258 · Cited by 1,373 · see citing works
Structural Equation Modeling: Applications Using Mplus
Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012) · Cited by 1,326 · see citing works
Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B. S., & Vogel, D. L. (2007) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890701268041 · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works
Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss
Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J., Carr, D., & Nesse, R. M. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1150 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
Resilience to loss and chronic grief: a prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss.
Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J., Carr, D., & Nesse, R. M. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1150 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.1.22 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
The GRoLTS-Checklist: Guidelines for Reporting on Latent Trajectory Studies
van de Schoot, R., Sijbrandij, M., Winter, S. D., Depaoli, S., & Vermunt, J. K. (2017) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2016.1247646 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Traumatic grief as a risk factor for mental and physical morbidity
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.5.616 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Statistical and Substantive Checking in Growth Mixture Modeling: Comment on Bauer and Curran (2003).
Muthén, B. (2003) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.8.3.369 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Halligan, S. L., Michael, T., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.3.419 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Self-citationA Cognitive-Behavioral Conceptualization of Complicated Grief.
Boelen, P. A., van den Hout, M. A., & van den Bout, J. (2006) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006.00013.x · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Bowlby, J. (1961) · PubMed · Cited by 482 · see citing works
A Comparison of Adult Bereavement in the Death of a Spouse, Child, and Parent
Sanders, C. (1980) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/x565-hw49-chr0-fyb4 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Determining the Number of Latent Classes in Single- and Multiphase Growth Mixture Models
Kim, S. Y. (2014) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2014.882690 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Higher-Order Growth Curves and Mixture Modeling with Mplus
Wickrama, K. A. S., Lee, T. K., O’Neal, C. W., & Lorenz, F. O. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315642741 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
The prediction of bereavement outcome: Development of an integrative risk factor framework
Stroebe, M., Folkman, S., Hansson, R. O., & Schut, H. A. W. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.012 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Maciejewski, P. K., Maercker, A., Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20348 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
An attachment-based model of complicated grief including the role of avoidance
Shear, K., Monk, T., Houck, P., Melhem, N., Frank, E., Reynolds, C., & Sillowash, R. (2007) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-007-0745-z · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., & Bonanno, G. A. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.022 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
A Cognitive Attachment Model of prolonged grief: Integrating attachments, memory, and identity
Maccallum, F., & Bryant, R. A. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.001 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Risk factors in bereavement outcome: A methodological and empirical review.
Stroebe, W., & Schut, H. A. W. (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10436-015 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Prolonged grief disorder for ICD-11: the primacy of clinical utility and international applicability
Killikelly, C., & Maercker, A. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1476441 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Stepping Off the Hedonic Treadmill
Mancini, A. D., Bonanno, G. A., & Clark, A. E. (2011) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000047 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Negative cognitions and avoidance in emotional problems after bereavement: A prospective study
Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., & van den Hout, M. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.006 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Trajectories of grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress in disaster‐bereaved people
Lenferink, L. I. M., Nickerson, A., Keijser, J., Smid, G. E., & Boelen, P. A. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22850 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Looking beyond the mean in grief trajectories: A prospective, population-based cohort study
Nielsen, M. K., Carlsen, A. H., Neergaard, M. A., Bidstrup, P. E., & Guldin, M.-B. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.007 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Adaptive and maladaptive rumination after loss: A three-wave longitudinal study.
Eisma, M., Schut, H., Stroebe, M., Boelen, P., van den Bout, J., & Stroebe, W. (2015) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12067 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Grief Cognitions Questionnaire (GCQ)
Boelen, P. A., & Lensvelt‐Mulders, G. (2005) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-005-2409-5 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The impact of losing a child on the clinical presentation of complicated grief
Zetumer, S. D., Young, I. T., Shear, M. K., Skritskaya, N. A., Lebowitz, B. D., Simon, N. M., Reynolds, C. F., Mauro, C., & Zisook, S. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.021 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cognitive–behavioral variables mediate the impact of violent loss on post-loss psychopathology.
Boelen, P. A., de Keijser, J., & Smid, G. E. (2014) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000018 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., & van den Hout, M. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00259-0 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale
Eisma, M. C., Stroebe, M., Schut, H. A. W., van den Bout, J., Boelen, P. A., & Stroebe, W. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9377-y · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Traumatic Grief: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Jacobs, S. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Construct Validity of the Relationship Profile Test: A Self-Report Measure of Dependency-Detachment
Bornstein, R. F., Languirand, M. A., Geiselman, K. J., Creighton, J. A., West, M. A., Gallagher, H. A., & Eisenhart, E. A. (2003) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8001_15 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Currier, J. M., Irish, J. E. F., Neimeyer, R. A., & Foster, J. D. (2015) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2014.975869 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Predictors of Prolonged Grief, Resilience, and Recovery Among Bereaved Spouses
Mancini, A. D., Sinan, B., & Bonanno, G. A. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22224 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Bonanno, G. A., Boerner, K., & Wortman, C. B. (2008) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14498-014 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Prolonged grief disorder: clinical utility of ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines
Mauro, C., Reynolds, C. F., Maercker, A. R. A., Skritskaya, N. A., Simon, N. M., Zisook, S., Lebowitz, B. D., Cozza, S. J., & Shear, M. K. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001563 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Trajectories of prolonged grief one to six years after a natural disaster
Sveen, J., Johannesson, K. B., Cernvall, M., & Arnberg, F. K. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209757 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Impaired autobiographical memory in complicated grief
Maccallum, F., & Bryant, R. A. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Does attachment avoidance help people cope with loss? the moderating effects of relationship quality
Mancini, A. D., Robinaugh, D. J., Shear, K. M., & Bonanno, G. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20601 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Robinaugh, D. J., & McNally, R. J. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613476027 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Prolonged grief and attachment security: A latent class analysis
Maccallum, F., & Bryant, R. A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.038 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Anxious and depressive avoidance behavior in post-loss psychopathology: a longitudinal study
Boelen, P. A., & Eisma, M. C. (2015) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1004054 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…research has found grief-related appraisals and coping strategies to be important in the prediction of PGD (Boelen, de Keijser, & Smid, 2015; Boelen & Eisma, 2015; Boelen, van den Bout, & van den Hout, 2003a) but few studies have investigated a number of cognitive predictors for their…”
BackgroundIntrusive images in grief: an exploratory study
Boelen, P. A., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2008) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.568 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., & van den Hout, M. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181d619e4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The role of threatening misinterpretations and avoidance in emotional problems after loss
Boelen, P. A., & van den Hout, M. A. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465807004079 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Smith, K. V., Thew, G. R., & Graham, B. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1506231 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationDisambiguating Dependency and Attachment Among Conjugally Bereaved Adults
Denckla, C. A., Bornstein, R. F., Mancini, A. D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2014) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2014.949148 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Response to Maarten C. Eisma and Lonneke I. M. Lenferink
Killikelly, C., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1536288 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Golden A.-M. J. (2013). Autobiographical memory processes in complicated grief In Stroebe M., Schut H., & van den Bout J. (Eds.), Complicated grief: Scientific foundations for health care professionals (pp. 176– 189). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
- Smith K. V., & Ehlers A. (2019). The Oxford Grief Study cognitive measures explotatory and confirmatory factor analyses and psychometric validation. Manuscript in preparation.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prigerson, H. G., Boelen, P. A., Xu, J., Smith, K. V., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2021) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20823 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Self-citationReed, G. M., First, M. B., Billieux, J., Cloitre, M., Briken, P., Achab, S., Brewin, C. R., King, D. L., Kraus, S. W., & Bryant, R. A. (2022) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20960 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Are there gender differences in prolonged grief trajectories? A registry-sampled cohort study
Lundorff, M., Bonanno, G. A., Johannsen, M., & O'Connor, M. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.030 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Bereavement Issues and Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Global Perspective
Hilberdink, C. E., Ghainder, K., Dubanchet, A., Hinton, D. E., Djelantik, A. A. A. M. J., Hall, B. J., & Bui, É. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.28 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Comparison of six proposed diagnostic criteria sets for disturbed grief
Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112786 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Urban-rural disparities in the healthy ageing trajectory in China: a population-based study
Li, H., Zeng, Y., Gan, L., Tuersun, Y., Yang, J., Liu, J., & Chen, J. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13757-x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
How thinking hurts: Rumination, worry, and avoidance processes in adjustment to bereavement
Eisma, M., de Lang, T. A., & Boelen, P. (2020) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2440 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Killikelly, C., Smith, K. V., Zhou, N., Prigerson, H. G., O'Connor, M., Kokou‐Kpolou, C. K., Boelen, P. A., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00354-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing Schema Modes for Case Conceptualization in Schema Therapy: An Applied Clinical Approach
Edwards, D. J. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763670 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Depression, Anxiety and Post-traumatic Growth Among Bereaved Adults: A Latent Class Analysis
Li, J., Sun, Y., Maccallum, F., & Chow, A. Y. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575311 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Lundorff, M., Johannsen, M., & O'Connor, M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.116 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Development of character strengths across the deployment cycle among U.S. Army soldiers
Chopik, W. J., Kelley, W. L., Vie, L. L., Oh, J., Bonett, D. G., Lucas, R. E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12564 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Duffy, M., & Wild, J. (2023) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000674 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
How the bereaved behave: a cross-cultural study of emotional display behaviours and rules
Zhou, N., Smith, K. V., Stelzer, E., Maercker, A. R. A., Xi, J., & Killikelly, C. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2219046 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationBaños, R. M., Garcés-Iniesta, J. J., Miragall, M., Herrero, R., Vara, M. D., & Soria‐Olivas, E. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00469-z · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Comorbid Prolonged Grief, PTSD, and Depression Trajectories for Bereaved Family Surrogates
Wen, F., Prigerson, H. G., Chou, W., Huang, C.-C., Hu, T., Chiang, M.-C., Chuang, L., & Tang, S. T. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.42675 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Schoonover, K. L., Prokop, L., & Lapid, M. I. (2022) · Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.1177/08258597211062762 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Smith, K. V., & Ehlers, A. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721003123 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationPociūnaitė-Ott, J., van Dijk, I., Reitsma, L., Nordström, E.-E. L., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2281183 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
From loss to disorder: The influence of maladaptive coping on prolonged grief
Smith, K. V., Wild, J., & Ehlers, A. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116060 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationShan, Y., Liu, X., Chen, W., Chen, R., Jin, L., Sun, H., & Lu, H. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15421 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zhou, N., Wei, Y., Killikelly, C., Xu, X. Y., Stelzer, E., Maercker, A. R. A., Xi, J., & Smith, K. V. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2220633 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationLenferink, L. I. M., Terbrack, E., van Eersel, J. H. W., Zuidersma, M., Franzen, M., & Riese, H. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06987-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Schwartz, B., Rubel, J. A., Deisenhofer, A., & Lutz, W. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221129098 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Maccallum, F., Breen, L. J., Phillips, J. L., Agar, M. R., Hosie, A., Tieman, J., DiGiacomo, M. L., Luckett, T., Philip, J. A. M., Ivynian, S. E., et al. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723003227 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Vang, M. L., Prigerson, H. G., Elklit, A., Komischke-Konnerup, K. B., & O’Connor, M. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114937 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Singer, J., Daum, C., Evans, A. E., Schneider, S., Vugrin, M., & Loggers, E. T. (2023) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163231172242 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Eum, K., & Doh, Y. Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1154976 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Xu, X. Y., Wen, J., Qian, W., Zhou, N., & Jiang, W. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2418767 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Smith, K. V., Wild, J., & Ehlers, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.814171 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationEgan, S. J., Munro, C., Pauley-Gadd, S. B., O’Brien, A., Callaghan, T., Payne, N., Raghav, S., MYERS, B. J., Hall, C., Wilson, H., et al. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100771 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationKeser, E., & Boelen, P. A. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03078-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Impact of Likelihoods on Class Enumeration in Bayesian Growth Mixture Modeling
Tong, X., Kim, S., & Ke, Z. (2022) · Springer proceedings in mathematics & statistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04572-1_9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jo, A., Lee, D. H., Kim, Y. J., & Prigerson, H. G. (2024) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228241279881 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reitsma, L., Mooren, T. T. M., Mouthaan, J., van Hoof, M., Groen, S., van Dijk, I., Lotzin, A., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3054 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Onset of a conceptual outline map to get a hold on the jungle of cluster analysis
Mechelen, I. V., Hennig, C. M., & Kiers, H. A. L. (2024) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.1547 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Grieving Together: Dyadic Trajectories and Reciprocal Relations in Parental Grief After Child Loss
Büyükcan-Tetik, A., Albuquerque, S., Stroebe, M., Schut, H. A. W., & Eisma, M. C. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1530-353520220000019005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Huang, J., Jiang, W., Yu, X., Tang, S., Tang, R., Liu, X., Qian, W., Jiang, L., Fu, Z., & Wang, J. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2523080 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ghai, S., Eshetu, A., Corbett, A., Ballard, C. G., Aarsland, D., Hampshire, A., O’Nions, E., Mandy, W., Stott, J. C. H., Stewart, G. R., et al. (2025) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnaf096 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Smith, K. V., Skjerdingstad, N., Ebrahimi, O. V., Maccallum, F., & Ehlers, A. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725101669 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationHu, P., Qian, W., Xi, C., Liu, N., Wen, J., & Xu, X. Y. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2563195 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Trajectories of grief-related psychopathology: A decade after the MH17 plane disaster
Nijborg, L. C. J., Westerhof, G. J., Pociūnaitė-Ott, J., Kunst, M. J. J., de Keijser, J., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103036 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yao, D., Li, J., Ning, J., Long, M., Gai, Y., & Li, M. (2024) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2024.2324292 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Experiences of Social Disconnection in a Bereaved Community Sample from Ontario, Canada
Nolan, E., Redican, E., Hyland, P., Duffy, M., Karatzias, T., & Shevlin, M. E. (2025) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2025.2465392 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Smith, K. V., Thew, G. R., Carr, S. C., Congrave, P. R., Rudge, S., & Thompson, E. H. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2545144 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationWen, J., Shi, G., Xu, X. Y., Eberle, D. J., Qian, W., Wang, J., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2545660 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shi, S., Yao, J., Fu, C.-M., Liu, X., Wang, M., Jiao, Y., & Yu, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1747612 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Exploring Gender Differences in Adult Siblings’ Recollections on Perinatal Loss
Bornemisza, A. Y., Jávor, R., & Erdős, M. B. (2023) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221131369 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tu, Z., Tian, F., Zhai, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, C., & Tian, J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06401-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Trajectories of Prolonged Grief Disorder Severity after Loss during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Reitsma, L., Mooren, T. T. M., Mouthaan, J., Pociūnaitė-Ott, J., van Hoof, M., Groen, S., Lotzin, A., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2025) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2025.2490909 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psychological distress among postural tachycardia syndrome patients in the Fennell Crisis phase
Pederson, C. L., Gorman-Ezell, K., & Brookings, J. B. (2020) · Fatigue Biomedicine Health & Behavior · doi:10.1080/21641846.2020.1783065 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lenferink et al. 2023. Fluctuations of prolonged grief disorder reactions. PreprintPreprint
Lenferink, L. I. M., Terbrack, E., van Eersel, J. H. W., Zuidersma, M., Franzen, M., & Riese, H. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/93ahq · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Diagnostic Spectrum of Trauma-Related Disorders
Bryant, R. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97802-0_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tu, Z.-H., Tian, F., He, J., Wang, C., Tian, J., & Shen, X. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05389-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fourie, I. (2024) · Information Research · doi:10.47989/ir292828 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Xu, X., Qian, W., Wen, J., Tang, S., & Wang, J. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121985 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Boelen, P. A., Baş, S., Bolaséll, L. T., Bryant, R. A., Soysal, G. C., Eisma, M. C., Goodfellow, B., de Keijser, J., Kersting, A., Keser, E., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2652128 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Trajectories of grief following bereavement: a systematic review
Eisma, M. C., van Rhee, L., Gast, J. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2026) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2026.2705416 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Latent class analysis of grief‐related beliefs among recently bereaved adults
Xu, X. Y., Zou, X., Tang, R., Jiao, K., Qian, W., Shen, X., Wang, J., & Skritskaya, N. A. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12916 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Factors of prolonged-grief-disorder symptom trajectories for ICU bereaved family surrogates
Wen, F., Prigerson, H. G., Chuang, L., Hu, T., Huang, C.-C., Chou, W., & Tang, S. T. (2024) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-024-05160-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Examination of Depression Among Older Adults: The Role of Working Memory and Sleep
Brush, D. (2021) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Plocha, A., Modrak, S. R., Hoopes, M. M., Priest, A., & Donahoe, A. J. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221133585
Reitsma, L., Mooren, T. T. M., Mouthaan, J., Pociūnaitė-Ott, J., van Hoof, M., Groen, S., Lotzin, A., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hkjfq
Crooks, J., Warren, R., & Hudson, B. F. (2024) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/spcare-2024-005074
Missler, M. A., Laan, G. V. D., & Boelen, P. A. (2025) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2025.07.003
Li, H., Zeng, Y., Gan, L., Tuersun, Y., Yang, J., Liu, J., & Chen, J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20367106
Internet Cognitive Therapy for Prolonged Grief Disorder (iCT-PG): a developmental case series
Smith, K. V., Wild, J., Stonciute, S., & Ehlers, A. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2627050
Self-citationStratifying cognitive performance severity in higher education using a two level clustering approachPreprint
Putri, N. K. S., Yuhana, U. L., Siahaan, D. O., & Istiani, I. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9110337/v1
Chu, H., Gao, Q., & Chen, L. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72443
Keser, E., Atak, G., & Boelen, P. A. (2026) · Journal of loss & trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2026.2666415
Psychometric properties of the Turkish Form of the Experienced Unrealness Scale
Keser, E., Karaçalık, İ. B., Türkistan, B., & Öztaylan, B. N. (2026) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438.1860070
Tarmey, L., Iles, J. E., & Poole, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1867729
Skoglund, J., Nyblom, S., af Segerstad, Y. H., Enstedt, D., & Benkel, I. (2026) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/10499091261496853
- Authors
- Smith, K. V., & Ehlers, A.
- Affiliations
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Kirsten V.
- Ehlers, Anke
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 93-105
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC6939605
- OpenAlex
- W2970240210
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 7.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (AE:200796)
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- grief trajectories, bereavement, cognitive predictors, negative appraisals, attachment, dependency, loss of a child
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Bereavement, Cognition, Family, Female, Grief, Humans, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Resilience, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
