The DOI matches its Crossref record; 115 of the 117 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Modelling aerosol transport and virus exposure with numerical simulations in relation to SARS-CoV-2 transmission by inhalation indoors
Open accessAbstract
We provide research findings on the physics of aerosol and droplet dispersion relevant to the hypothesized aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during the current pandemic. We utilize physics-based modeling at different levels of complexity, along with previous literature on coronaviruses, to investigate the possibility of airborne transmission. The previous literature, our 0D-3D simulations by various physics-based models, and theoretical calculations, indicate that the typical size range of speech and cough originated droplets (d⩽20μm) allows lingering in the air for O(1h) so that they could be inhaled. Consistent with the previous literature, numerical evidence on the rapid drying process of even large droplets, up to sizes O(100μm), into droplet nuclei/aerosols is provided. Based on the literature and the public media sources, we provide evidence that the individuals, who have been tested positive on COVID-19, could have been exposed to aerosols/droplet nuclei by inhaling them in significant numbers e.g. O(100). By 3D scale-resolving computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, we give various examples on the transport and dilution of aerosols (d⩽20μm) over distances O(10m) in generic environments. We study susceptible and infected individuals in generic public places by Monte-Carlo modelling. The developed model takes into account the locally varying aerosol concentration levels which the susceptible accumulate via inhalation. The introduced concept, ’exposure time’ to virus containing aerosols is proposed to complement the traditional ’safety distance’ thinking. We show that the exposure time to inhale O(100) aerosols could range from O(1s) to O(1min) or even to O(1h) depending on the situation. The Monte-Carlo simulations, along with the theory, provide clear quantitative insight to the exposure time in different public indoor environments.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 · Cited by 48,884
A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001017 · Cited by 28,244
Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1
van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J. L., Thornburg, N. J., Gerber, S. I., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2004973 · Cited by 9,951
Social force model for pedestrian dynamics.
Helbing, D., & Molnár, P. (1995) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.51.4282 · Cited by 7,299
Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x · Cited by 6,661
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus
Li, W., Moore, M. J., Vasilieva, N., Sui, J., Wong, S. K., Berne, M. A., Somasundaran, M., Sullivan, J. L., Luzuriaga, K., Greenough, T. C., et al. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02145 · Cited by 5,923
A tensorial approach to computational continuum mechanics using object-oriented techniques
Weller, H. G., Tabor, G., Jasak, H., & Fureby, C. (1998) · Computers in Physics · doi:10.1063/1.168744 · Cited by 5,406
SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients
Zou, L., Ruan, F., Huang, M.-X., Liang, L.-J., Huang, H., Hong, Z.-S., Yu, J.-X., Kang, M., Song, Y.-C., Xia, J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2001737 · Cited by 4,590
Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems
Bonabeau, E. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.082080899 · Cited by 4,500
Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany
Rothe, C., Schunk, M., Sothmann, P., Bretzel, G., Froeschl, G., Wallrauch, C., Zimmer, T., Thiel, V., Jänke, C., Guggemos, W., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2001468 · Cited by 4,211
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Macher, J., 1999. Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists).
- Seymour, M.J., Alani, A., Manning, A., Jiang, J., 2000. Airflow modelling to investigate the effectiveness of control methods intended to prevent the transmission of airborne organisms. In: Awbi, H.B. (Ed.), Air Distribution in Rooms, (ROOMVENT 2000), pp. 77–82.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 474
Salmenjoki, H., Korhonen, M., Puisto, A., Vuorinen, V., & Alava, M. J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260237 · Cited by 12
Self-citationMendez, S., Garcia, W., & Nicolas, A. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202205255 · Cited by 12
Fageha, M. K., & Alaidroos, A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142214966 · Cited by 13
A comprehensive review on mitigating the risk of airborne particles using add-on systems
Rikabi, I. J. A., Alsaad, H., Nejat, P., & Voelker, C. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110983 · Cited by 12
Data-Driven Control of COVID-19 in Buildings: A Reinforcement-Learning Approach
Hosseinloo, A. H., Nabi, S., Hosoi, A. E., & Dahleh, M. A. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tase.2023.3315549 · Cited by 12
Quantifying quanta: Determining emission rates from clinical data
Jones, B., Iddon, C. R., & Sherman, M. H. (2024) · Indoor Environments · doi:10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100025 · Cited by 13
Sleiti, A. K., Ahmed, S. F., & Ghani, S. A. (2020) · Journal of Energy Resources Technology · doi:10.1115/1.4048943 · Cited by 11
Tamaddon-Jahromi, H. R., SAZONOV, I. A., Jones, J. W., Coccarelli, A., Rolland, S. A., Chakshu, N. K., Thomas, H. R., & Nithiarasu, P. (2022) · International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow · doi:10.1108/hff-07-2021-0498 · Cited by 11
The effect of body position while coughing on the airborne transmission of pathogens
Amjadimanesh, H., Norouzi, M. H., Johnson, M. S., Sadrizadeh, S., & Abouali, O. (2022) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0086241 · Cited by 11
SARS‐CoV‐2 indoor environment contamination with epidemiological and experimental investigations
Oksanen, L., Virtanen, J. M. E., Sanmark, E., Rantanen, N., Venkat, V., Sofieva, S., Aaltonen, K., Kivistö, I., Svirskaitė, J., Pérez, A. D., et al. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13118 · Cited by 10
Self-citationCui, H., Xie, J., Zhu, M., Tian, X., & Wan, C. (2022) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2022.128284 · Cited by 11
Spatial Distribution of Exhalation Droplets in the Bus in Different Seasons
Duan, W., Mei, D., Li, J., Liu, Z., Jia, M., & Hou, S. (2021) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.200478 · Cited by 13
Airborne particle dispersion by high flow nasal oxygen: An experimental and CFD analysis
Crowley, C., Murphy, B. D., McCaul, C. L., Cahill, R. A., & Nolan, K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262547 · Cited by 11
Zhu, H., Liu, S., Li, X., Zhang, W., Osgood, N. D., & Jia, P. (2023) · Journal of Simulation · doi:10.1080/17477778.2023.2189027 · Cited by 12
A computational framework for transmission risk assessment of aerosolized particles in classrooms
Tan, K., Gao, B., Yang, C.-H., Johnson, E. L., Hsu, M., Passalacqua, A., Krishnamurthy, A., & Ganapathysubramanian, B. (2023) · Engineering With Computers · doi:10.1007/s00366-022-01773-9 · Cited by 10
Enhance Picking Viability in e-Commerce Warehouses under Pandemic
Guo, S., Singh, M., & Goodarzi, S. (2021) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2022.2101400 · Cited by 9
Karakoç, A., Miettinen, A., Sözümert, E., Evans, L. M., Yiğitler, H., Ceran, B. B., Taciroğlu, E., & Jäntti, R. (2022) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107154 · Cited by 10
Ahmed, T., Wendling, H. E., Mofakham, A. A., Ahmadi, G., Helenbrook, B. T., Ferro, A. R., Brown, D. M., & Erath, B. D. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12908 · Cited by 9
A CFD STUDY OF PARTICLE FLOWS (PM1, PM10, PM100) IN LOWVOLUME IMPACT SEPARATOR
Promtong, M. (2022) · International Journal of Geomate · doi:10.21660/2022.91.gxi310 · Cited by 10
Borgese, L., Tomasoni, G., Marciano, F., Zacco, A., Bilo, F., Stefana, E., Cocca, P., Rossi, D., Cirelli, P., Ciribini, A. L. C., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19127406 · Cited by 9
How effective are face coverings in reducing transmission of COVID-19?Preprint
Robinson, J. F., de Anda, I. R., Moore, F. J., Gregson, F. K. A., Reid, J. P., Husain, L., Sear, R. P., & Royall, C. P. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.20241992 · Cited by 10
Quantifying airborne transmission in ventilated settings: A review
Giri, A., García‐Sánchez, C., & Bluyssen, P. M. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112049 · Cited by 10
Predicting the spatio-temporal distribution of the droplets based on the machine learning algorithm
Yao, J., Wang, T., Dong, L., Shi, F., Zhu, Y., Li, H., Jia, X., Yang, B., Wang, Y., Liu, H., et al. (2025) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0250083 · Cited by 9
Xia, Z., Guan, H., Qi, Z., & Xu, P. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings13092350 · Cited by 9
Recent Research Progress on Black Carbon Emissions from Marine Diesel Engines
Wu, G., Umar, J. A., Li, T., Zhou, X. Y., Chen, C., Li, J., & Chen, B. (2023) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos15010022 · Cited by 9
Cao, Q., Kuehn, T. H., Kim, S. C., Ou, Q., Pei, C., & Pui, D. Y. H. (2021) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.210038 · Cited by 9
Wilson, J., Miller, S. L., & Mukherjee, D. (2021) · International journal of computational fluid dynamics · doi:10.1080/10618562.2021.1991328 · Cited by 10
Concept Design of a High-Voltage Electrostatic Sanitizer to Prevent Spread of COVID-19 Coronavirus
Behjat, V., Rezaei‐Zare, A., Fofana, I., & Jahromi, A. N. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14227808 · Cited by 9
Transport and dispersion of tracers simulating COVID‐19 aerosols in passenger aircraft
Hanna, S. R. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12974 · Cited by 8
Zhen, Q., Zhang, A., Huang, Q., Li, J., Du, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191711007 · Cited by 8
Obeid, S., WHITE, P. D., Rowe, J. A. R., Ilacqua, V. A., Rawat, M. S., Ferro, A. R., & Ahmadi, G. (2023) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-023-00546-w · Cited by 9
Experiments with Self-Organised Simulation of Movement of Infectious Aerosols in Buildings
Jankovic, L. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12125204 · Cited by 8
Airflow Characteristics in Aeromedical Aircraft: Considerations During COVID-19
de Wit, A., Coates, B., Cheesman, M., Hanlon, G. R., House, T. G., & Fisk, B. (2020) · Air Medical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.amj.2020.10.005 · Cited by 8
Gogoi, P., Singh, S. K., Pandey, A., Chattopadhyay, A., & Pattader, P. S. G. (2021) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.1c00851 · Cited by 8
Moore, J. W., Lau, Z., Kaouri, K., Dale, T. C., & Woolley, T. E. (2021) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid1040055 · Cited by 8
Payri, R., Gimeno, J., Martí-Aldaraví, P., & Marco-Gimeno, J. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108584 · Cited by 8
Bayram, A., & Korobenko, A. (2021) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118857 · Cited by 8
Ma, J., Qian, H., Liu, F., Sui, G., & Zheng, X. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12030353 · Cited by 8
Devi, S., Nagaraja, K. V., Thanuja, L., Reddy, M. V., & Ramakrishna, S. (2022) · Ain Shams Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.asej.2022.101766 · Cited by 8
A multiscale approach for the study of particle-laden flows using a continuous model
Idelsohn, S. R., Giménez, J. M., Löhner, R., & Oñate, E. (2022) · Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cma.2022.115174 · Cited by 8
Hossain, M., Chinenye-Kanu, N. M., Faisal, N. H., Prathuru, A. K., Asim, T., & Banik, S. (2022) · Aerosol Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s41810-022-00165-2 · Cited by 8
Bale, R., Li, C., Fukudome, H., Yumino, S., Akiyoshi, I. I. D. A., & Tsubokura, M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20540 · Cited by 8
Zhen, Q., Zhang, A., Bokel, R., Zheng, Y., Li, J., Du, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109328 · Cited by 8
Florez, F. L. E., Thibodeau, T., Oni, T. M., Floyd, E. L., KHAJOTIA, S. S., & Cai, C. (2021) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0056229 · Cited by 8
Aerosol generation during coughing: an observational study
Sanmark, E., Oksanen, L., Rantanen, N.-K., Lahelma, M., Anttila, V.-J., Lehtonen, L., Hyvärinen, A., & Geneid, A. (2022) · The Journal of Laryngology & Otology · doi:10.1017/s0022215122001165 · Cited by 8
School Operation for the 2021-2022 Academic Year in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Science, M. E., Thampi, N., Bitnun, A., Allen, U., Birken, C. S., Blackman, N., Cohen, E., Dubey, V., Dye, L., Gallagher‐Mackay, K., et al. (2021) · doi:10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.38.1.0 · Cited by 8
Aerosol Reduction of 2 Dental Extraoral Scavenger Devices In Vitro
Gheorghita, D., Szabó, F. K., Ajtai, T., Hodovány, S., Bozóki, Z., Braunitzer, G., & Antal, M. Á. (2022) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2022.05.007 · Cited by 7
Korhonen, M., Laitinen, A., Isitman, G. E., Jimenez, J. L., & Vuorinen, V. (2024) · Journal of Computational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jocs.2024.102265 · Cited by 9
Self-citationCheng, M., Kong, B., Song, C., Li, Y., & Shi, H. G. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14072948 · Cited by 7
Rahn, S., Köster, G., & Bungartz, H. (2024) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106524 · Cited by 7
van der Schans, M., Yu, J., de Vries, A., & Martin, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63472-3 · Cited by 7
Agarwal, R., & Banerjee, A. (2020) · doi:10.1145/3423459.3430754 · Cited by 7
Respiratory pandemic and indoor aeraulics of classrooms
Carlotti, P., Massoulié, B., Morez, A., Villaret, A., Jing, L., Vrignaud, T., & Pfister, A. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108756 · Cited by 9
Hairch, Y., Mghaiouini, R., Mortadi, A., Saifaoui, D., Salah, M., Graich, A., Chahid, A., Elmlouky, A., Monkade, M., & Bouari, A. E. (2022) · Aerosol Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s41810-022-00150-9 · Cited by 7
Bandara, S., Oishi, W., Kadoya, S.-S., & Sano, D. (2023) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114187 · Cited by 7
Managing passenger flows for seaborne transportation during COVID-19 pandemic
Niemelä, E., Spohr, J., Hellström, M., Långstedt, J., Tsvetkova, A., Sjöblom, J., Khan, F., Eriksson, J., & Wikström, K. (2021) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taab068 · Cited by 7
Design of a Device for Measuring the Parameters of the Microenvironment under Protective Face Masks
Sofronova, D., Sofronov, Y., & Angelova, R. A. (2021) · International Symposium on Environment-Friendly Energies and Applications (EFEA) · doi:10.1109/efea49713.2021.9406246 · Cited by 7
Furxhi, I., Kia, A. N., Shannon, D., Jannusch, T., Murphy, F., & Sheehan, B. (2021) · Array · doi:10.1016/j.array.2021.100075 · Cited by 7
Anandan, S., Fix, A. J., Freeman, A. J., Miller, L., Scheg, D. P., Morgan, X., Park, J. H., Horton, W. T., Blatchley, E. R., & Warsinger, D. M. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111593 · Cited by 6
Murga, A., Bale, R., Ito, K., & Tsubokura, M. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112149 · Cited by 6
Demonstration of a novel tracer gas method to investigate indoor air mixing and movement
Um, C. Y., Delp, W. W., Blacklock, R. C., & Singer, B. C. (2025) · Indoor Environments · doi:10.1016/j.indenv.2025.100081 · Cited by 6
Liu, Z., Cai, D., Hu, C., Jiang, L., Wang, Y., Hu, L., Rong, R., Li, S., Liu, J., & Feng, J. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139802 · Cited by 6
Banholzer, N., Middelkoop, K., Leukes, J., Weingartner, E., Schmutz, R., Zürcher, K., Egger, M., Wood, R., & Fenner, L. (2025) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012823 · Cited by 6
Reduced-order modeling of transport of infectious aerosols in ventilated rooms
Xiang, L., Lee, C. W., Zikanov, O. Y., Abuhegazy, M., & Poroseva, S. (2023) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0158941 · Cited by 6
Geng, C.-L., Zhu, X.-Y., & Chen, N. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-30832-x · Cited by 6
Numerical Evaluation of the Efficiency of an Indoor Air Cleaner under Different Heating Conditions
Sabanskis, A., Vidulejs, D. D., Teličko, J., Virbulis, J., & Jakovičs, A. (2023) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos14121706 · Cited by 6
Bahiuddin, I., Wibowo, S. B., Syairaji, M., Putra, J. T., Pandito, C. A., Maulana, A. F., Prastica, R. M. S., & Nazmi, N. (2021) · Fluids · doi:10.3390/fluids6020076 · Cited by 6
An Aerosol Containment and Filtration Tent for Intubation During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Brant-Zawadzki, G. M., Ockerse, P. M., Brunson, J. R., Smith, J. L., McRae, B. R., Annie, F., Ledyard, H. K., Adam, R., & Fassl, B. A. (2021) · Surgical Innovation · doi:10.1177/1553350621999976 · Cited by 6
A frontal air intake may improve the natural ventilation in urban buses
Pichardo-Orta, F. A., Patiño-Luna, O. A., & Vélez-Cordero, J. R. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25868-x · Cited by 8
Bayatian, M., Ashrafi, K., Amiri, Z., & Jafari, E. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-316076/v1 · Cited by 6
Lau, Z., Im, G., English, A., & Kaouri, K. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.12267 · Cited by 6
Armand, P., & Tâche, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84411-2 · Cited by 5
Mahmoud, M. M. A., Bahl, P., Aquino, A. F. V. D. A., MacIntyre, C. R., Green, D., Doolan, C. J., & de Silva, C. M. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113035 · Cited by 6
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Particle Transport From the Vocal Folds to the Oral Cavity
Vuorinen, V., Siddiqui, W., Laurila, E., Izbassarov, D., Korhonen, M., Sanmark, E., Geneid, A., Oksanen, L., & Matvejeff, A. T. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-24-00896 · Cited by 5
Self-citationMukherjee, D., & Wadhwa, G. (2022) · Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cma.2022.115485 · Cited by 5
Cui, Z., Cai, M., Xiao, Y., Zhu, Z., & Chen, G. (2022) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105706 · Cited by 5
Park, J., Park, S. J., Choi, H. S., & Hwang, J. (2025) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2025.107619 · Cited by 5
Aerodynamic Prediction of Time Duration to Becoming Infected with Coronavirus in a Public Place
Sarhan, A. R., Naser, P., & Naser, J. (2022) · Fluids · doi:10.3390/fluids7050176 · Cited by 6
Liu, L., Wang, H., Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., Zhuang, S., Wang, S., Silva, E. A., Lv, T., Chio, C. O., Wang, Y., et al. (2022) · npj Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s42949-022-00074-w · Cited by 5
Scungio, M., Parlani, G., & Falcucci, G. (2022) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012094 · Cited by 5
Generative design for COVID-19 and future pathogens using stochastic multi-agent simulation
Lee, B., Lau, D., Mogk, J. P. M., Lee, M., Bibliowicz, J., Goldstein, R., & Tessier, A. (2023) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2023.104661 · Cited by 5
Investigating factors in indoor transmission of respiratory disease through agent‐based modeling
Choi, M., & Hohl, A. (2023) · Transactions in GIS · doi:10.1111/tgis.13099 · Cited by 5
Zhang, H., Wang, T., Xu, L., Zhu, Y., Shi, F., Shi, F., & Zheng, Z. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110913 · Cited by 5
Disease Spread Control in Cruise Ships: Monitoring, Simulation, and Decision Making
Triantafyllou, G., Kalozoumis, P. G., Cholopoulou, E., & Iakovidis, D. K. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48831-3_8 · Cited by 5
Early detection of new pandemic waves. Control chart and a new surveillance index
Cildoz, M., Gastón, M., Frías-Paredes, L., García-Vicuña, D., Azcárate, C., & Mallor, F. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295242 · Cited by 5
Estimated relative potential for airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a day care centre
Kulmala, I. K., Taipale, A., Sanmark, E., Lastovets, N., Sormunen, P., Nuorti, P., Saari, S. E., Luoto, A., & Säämänen, A. J. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30724 · Cited by 6
Leuenberger, N. M., Yang, R., Münzel, L., Verzicco, R., Lohse, D., Bourouiba, L., & Jenny, P. (2024) · Flow · doi:10.1017/flo.2024.11 · Cited by 4
Zodo, G., Konka, H., Stevanović, S., & Schluter, J. U. (2025) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0246654 · Cited by 5
Effect of airway geometry and maximum number of generations on droplet generation during coughing
Kobayashi, N., Ohta, M., & Anzai, H. (2025) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0271958 · Cited by 5
A Context, Location and Preference-Aware System for Safe Pedestrian Mobility
Costa, C., Nixon, B. T., Bhattacharjee, S., Graybill, B., Zeinalipour-Yazti, D., Schneider, W., & Chrysanthis, P. K. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM) · doi:10.1109/mdm52706.2021.00042 · Cited by 5
Hussain, S. M., Goel, S., Kadapa, C., & Aristodemou, E. (2022) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.724 · Cited by 5
Hanna, F., Alameddine, I., Zaraket, H., Alkalamouni, H., & El‐Fadel, M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290124 · Cited by 5
Studying the spatial flow characteristics of droplets induced by ultrasonic tooth-cleaning machines
Zhang, F., Zhao, J., Yang, W., Yu, X., He, J., Shu, H., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0171481 · Cited by 5
Huang, Y., Wan, J., Han, S., & Li, Y. (2024) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-024-32239-8 · Cited by 4
Scungio, M., Parlani, G., Buonanno, G., & Stabile, L. (2024) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos15111316 · Cited by 4
Airborne pathogen monitoring and dispersion modelling on passenger ships: A review
Kumar, P., Hama, S. M. L., Cheung, H. Y. W., Hadjichristodoulou, C. S., Mouchtouri, V. Α., Anagnostopoulos, L., Kourentis, L., Wang, Z., Galea, E. R., Ewer, J., et al. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179571 · Cited by 3
Güleç, F., Atakan, B., & Dressler, F. (2022) · Nano Communication Networks · doi:10.1016/j.nancom.2022.100410 · Cited by 4
Issakhov, A., Омарова, П., & Borsikbayeva, A. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-18713-1 · Cited by 4
Tan, J. K. N., Law, A. W., Maan, A. K., & Cheung, S. H. (2023) · Building Services Engineering Research and Technology · doi:10.1177/01436244231204450 · Cited by 4
Puglia, M., Ottani, F., Morselli, N., Pedrazzi, S., Allesina, G., Muscio, A., Cossarizza, A., & Tartarini, P. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26076 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Vuorinen, V., Aarnio, M., Alava, M., Alopaeus, V., Atanasova, N., Auvinen, M., Balasubramanian, N., Bordbar, H., Erästö, P., Grande, R., Hayward, N., Hellsten, A., Hostikka, S., Hokkanen, J., Kaario, O., Karvinen, A., Kivistö, I., Korhonen, M., Kosonen, R., Kuusela, J., Lestinen, S., Laurila, E., Nieminen, H. J., Peltonen, P., Pokki, J., Puisto, A., Råback, P., Salmenjoki, H., Sironen, T., & Österberg, M.
- Affiliations
- Aalto University (FI)
- Finnish Meteorological Institute (FI)
- CSC - IT Center for Science (Finland) (FI)
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (FI)
- Mikkelin keskussairaala (FI)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Vuorinen, Ville
- ORCID
- Vuorinen, Ville
- Alava, Mikko
- Alopaeus, Ville
- Atanasova, Nina
- Auvinen, Mikko
- Bordbar, Hadi
- Erästö, Panu
- Grande, Rafael
- Hayward, Nick
- Hellsten, Antti
- Hostikka, Simo
- Kaario, Ossi
- Kivistö, Ilkka
- Korhonen, Marko
- Kosonen, Risto
- Lestinen, Sami
- Laurila, Erkki
- Nieminen, Heikki J.
- Peltonen, Petteri
- Pokki, Juho
- Puisto, Antti
- Råback, Peter
- Salmenjoki, Henri
- Sironen, Tarja
- Österberg, Monika
- Venue
- Safety Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 130
- Pages
- 104866
- ISSN
- 0925-7535 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7428778
- OpenAlex
- W3029277938
- Cited by
- 472
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 36
- FWCI
- 50.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Safety Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Academy of Finland (314487, 309570)
- Scientific Advisory Board for Defense (VN/627/2020-PLM-9)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Research and COVID-19
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, airborne transmission, aerosol transport, droplet dispersion, droplet nuclei, droplet drying, indoor transmission, exposure time, aerosol dilution, computational fluid dynamics, Monte Carlo simulation, COVID-19 pandemic, safety distance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
