Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infection of the respiratory tract that emerged in late 2019 1,2. Initial outbreaks in China involved 13.8% of cases with severe courses, and 6.1% of cases with critical courses 3. This severe presentation may result from the virus using a virus receptor that is expressed predominantly in the lung 2,4; the same receptor tropism is thought to have determined the pathogenicity-but also aided in the control-of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 5. However, there are reports of cases of COVID-19 in which the patient shows mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, which suggests the potential for pre- or oligosymptomatic transmission 6-8. There is an urgent need for information on virus replication, immunity and infectivity in specific sites of the body. Here we report a detailed virological analysis of nine cases of COVID-19 that provides proof of active virus replication in tissues of the upper respiratory tract. Pharyngeal virus shedding was very high during the first week of symptoms, with a peak at 7.11 × 10 8 RNA copies per throat swab on day 4. Infectious virus was readily isolated from samples derived from the throat or lung, but not from stool samples-in spite of high concentrations of virus RNA. Blood and urine samples never yielded virus. Active replication in the throat was confirmed by the presence of viral replicative RNA intermediates in the throat samples. We consistently detected sequence-distinct virus populations in throat and lung samples from one patient, proving independent replication. The shedding of viral RNA from sputum outlasted the end of symptoms. Seroconversion occurred after 7 days in 50% of patients (and by day 14 in all patients), but was not followed by a rapid decline in viral load. COVID-19 can present as a mild illness of the upper respiratory tract. The confirmation of active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract has implications for the containment of COVID-19.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Peak viral loads can vary more than 100,000-fold between cases.
“It appears that peak viral loads can vary >100,000-fold between cases (Magleby et al., 2020; Wölfel et al., 2020)”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Wölfel et al., 2020
Clinical reports indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with high rates of disturbances in smell and taste perception, including anosmia.
“Clinical reports suggest that infection with CoV-2 is associated with high rates of disturbances in smell and taste perception, including anosmia (8-13).”
From Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001017 · Cited by 28,244 · see citing works
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7 · Cited by 21,415 · see citing works
Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T. S., Herrler, G., Wu, N.-H., Nitsche, A., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 · Cited by 20,286 · see citing works
Self-citationGorbalenya, A. E., Baker, S. C., Baric, R. S., de Groot, R. J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A. A., Haagmans, B. L., Lauber, C., Leontovich, A. M., Neuman, B. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z · Cited by 8,436 · see citing works
Self-citationDetection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR
Corman, V. M., Landt, O., Kaiser, M., Molenkamp, R., Meijer, A., Chu, D. K. W., Bleicker, T., Brünink, S., Schneider, J. A., Schmidt, M. L., et al. (2020) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.3.2000045 · Cited by 7,266 · see citing works
Self-citationFirst case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States
Holshue, M. L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K. H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., Spitters, C., Ericson, K., Wilkerson, S., Tural, A., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001191 · Cited by 6,030 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients
Zou, L., Ruan, F., Huang, M.-X., Liang, L.-J., Huang, H., Hong, Z.-S., Yu, J.-X., Kang, M., Song, Y.-C., Xia, J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2001737 · Cited by 4,590 · see citing works
Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome
Drosten, C., Günther, S., Preiser, W., van der Werf, S., Brodt, H.-R., Becker, S., Rabenau, H., Panning, M., Kolesnikova, L., Fouchier, R. A. M., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa030747 · Cited by 4,574 · see citing works
Self-citationA Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Tg, K., Erdman, D. D., Cs, G., Zaki, Peret, T. C. T., Emery, S. L., Tong, S., Urbani, C., Comer, J. A., Lim, W., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa030781 · Cited by 4,345 · see citing works
Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany
Rothe, C., Schunk, M., Sothmann, P., Bretzel, G., Froeschl, G., Wallrauch, C., Zimmer, T., Thiel, V., Jänke, C., Guggemos, W., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2001468 · Cited by 4,143 · see citing works
Self-citationCoronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome
Peiris, M. J. S., Lai, S., Poon, L. L. M., Guan, Y., Yam, L., Lim, W., Nicholls, J. M., Yee, W., Yan, W., Cheung, M., et al. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13077-2 · Cited by 2,916 · see citing works
High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa
Xu, H., Zhong, L., Deng, J., Peng, J., Dan, H., Zeng, X., Li, T., & Chen, Q. (2020) · International Journal of Oral Science · doi:10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x · Cited by 2,838 · see citing works
Peiris, J., Chu, C., Cheng, V., Chan, K., Hung, I., Poon, L., Law, K., Tang, B., Hon, T., Chan, C., et al. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13412-5 · Cited by 2,375 · see citing works
Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Course of Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore
Young, B. E., Ong, S. W. X., Kalimuddin, S., Low, J. G. H., Tan, S. Y., Loh, J., Ng, O. T., Marimuthu, K., Ang, L. W., Mak, T. M., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3204 · Cited by 2,058 · see citing works
Belouzard, S., Chu, V. C., & Whittaker, G. R. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0809524106 · Cited by 1,073 · see citing works
Enteric involvement of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection
Leung, W. K., To, K., Chan, P. K. S., Chan, H. L., Wu, A. K. L., Lee, N. L. S., Yuen, K., & Sung, J. J. �. (2003) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(03)01215-0 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Returning Travelers from Wuhan, China
Hoehl, S., Rabenau, H. F., Berger, A., Kortenbusch, M., Cinatl, J. J., Bojková, D., Behrens, P., Böddinghaus, B., Götsch, U., Naujoks, F., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2001899 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Böhmer, M. M., Buchholz, U., Corman, V. M., Hoch, M., Katz, K., Marosevic, D., Böhm, S., Woudenberg, T., Ackermann, N., Konrad, R., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30314-5 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Self-citationBertram, S., Heurich, A., Lavender, H., Gierer, S., Danisch, S., Perin, P. M., Lucas, J. M., Nelson, P. S., Pöhlmann, S., & Soilleux, E. J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035876 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Transmission of MERS-Coronavirus in Household Contacts
Drosten, C., Meyer, B., Müller, M. A., Corman, V. M., Almasri, M. M., Hossain, R., Madani, H. H., Sieberg, A., Bosch, B., Lattwein, E., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1405858 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, J., Li, C., Zhao, G., Chu, H., Wang, D., Yan, H. H.-N., Poon, V. K., Wen, L., Wong, B. H., Zhao, X., et al. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao4966 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Self-citationCorman, V. M., Albarrak, A. M., Omrani, A. S., Albarrak, M. M., Farah, M. E., Almasri, M. M., Muth, D., Sieberg, A., Meyer, B., Assiri, A. M., et al. (2015) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/civ951 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Self-citationAssays for laboratory confirmation of novel human coronavirus (hCoV-EMC) infections
Corman, V. M., Müller, M. A., Costabel, U., Timm, J., Binger, T., Meyer, B., Kreher, P., Lattwein, E., Eschbach-Bludau, M., Nitsche, A., et al. (2012) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/ese.17.49.20334-en · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Self-citationLeung, G. M., Hedley, A. J., Ho, L., Chau, P., Wong, I. O. L., Thach, T., Ghani, A. C., Donnelly, C. A., Fraser, C., Riley, S., et al. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-9-200411020-00006 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Müller, M. A., Meyer, B., Corman, V. M., Almasri, M. M., Turkestani, A., Ritz, D., Sieberg, A., Aldabbagh, S., Bosch, B., Lattwein, E., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(15)70090-3 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citationPoon, L. L. M., Chan, K. H., Wong, O. K., Cheung, T., Ng, I. H. Y., Zheng, B., Seto, W., Yuen, K., Guan, Y., & Peiris, M. J. S. (2004) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.023663 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Chung, T. W., Sridhar, S., Zhang, J., Chan, K., Li, H., Wong, F. K.-C., Ng, M., Tsang, R. K., Lee, A. C.-Y., Fan, Z., et al. (2020) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa199 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Drosten, C., Chiu, L.-L., Panning, M., Leong, H. N., Preiser, W., Tam, J. S. L., Günther, S., Kramme, S., Emmerich, P., Ng, W. L., et al. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.42.5.2043-2047.2004 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationAsakawa, J., & Mohrenweiser, H. W. (1982) · Biochemical Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00484936 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Epidemiologie von SARS-CoV-2-Infektion und COVID-19
Salzberger, B., Buder, F., Lampl, B. M. J., Ehrenstein, B. P., Hitzenbichler, F., & Hanses, F. (2020) · Der Internist · doi:10.1007/s00108-020-00834-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Recreational waters – A potential transmission route for SARS-CoV-2 to humans?
Cahill, N., & Morris, D. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140122 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Outbreak of COVID-19 in Germany Resulting from a Single Travel-Associated Primary CasePreprint
Böhmer, M. M., Buchholz, U., Corman, V. M., Hoch, M., Katz, K., Marosevic, D. V., Böhm, S., Woudenberg, T., Ackermann, N., Konrad, R., et al. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3551335 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationPossible beneficial role of throat gargling in the coronavirus disease pandemic
Tsai, C., & Wu, P. (2020) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.055 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Wáng, Y. X. J. (2020) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims-2020-19 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19
The RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2021436 · Cited by 11,477 · see citing works
Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P., & Shi, Z.-L. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7 · Cited by 5,291 · see citing works
Wiersinga, W. J., Rhodes, A., Cheng, A. C., Peacock, S. J., & Prescott, H. C. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12839 · Cited by 4,609 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19
He, X., Lau, E. H. Y., Wu, P., Deng, X., Wang, J., Hao, X., Lau, Y. C., Wong, J. Y., Guan, Y., Tan, X., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5 · Cited by 4,242 · see citing works
Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19
Blanco-Melo, D., Nilsson-Payant, B. E., Liu, W.-C., Uhl, S., Hoagland, D., Møller, R., Jordan, T. X., Oishi, K., Panis, M., Sachs, D., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026 · Cited by 4,222 · see citing works
Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2
V’kovski, P., Kratzel, A., Steiner, S., Stalder, H., & Thiel, V. (2020) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6 · Cited by 3,175 · see citing works
Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19
Gupta, A., Madhavan, M. V., Sehgal, K., Nair, N., Mahajan, S., Sehrawat, T. S., Bikdeli, B., Ahluwalia, N., Ausiello, J. C., Wan, E. Y., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3 · Cited by 3,185 · see citing works
Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2
Shang, J., Wan, Y., Luo, C., Ye, G., Geng, Q., Auerbach, A., & Li, F. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2003138117 · Cited by 3,142 · see citing works
Ziegler, C. G. K., Allon, S. J., Nyquist, S. K., Mbano, I. M., Miao, V. N., Tzouanas, C. N., Cao, Y., Yousif, A. S., Bals, J., Hauser, B. M., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035 · Cited by 2,284 · see citing works
Prem, K., Liu, Y., Russell, T., Kucharski, A. J., Eggo, R. M., Davies, N. G. M., Flasche, S., Clifford, S., Pearson, C. A. B., Munday, J. D., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30073-6 · Cited by 2,087 · see citing works
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860 · see citing works
“It appears that peak viral loads can vary >100,000-fold between cases (Magleby et al., 2020; Wölfel et al., 2020), and duration of viral replication can vary greatly, with shedding of viral RNA in stool samples reported from 0 to 42 days (Wang et al.”
Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity
Cantuti-Castelvetri, L., Ojha, R., Pedro, L. D., Djannatian, M., Franz, J., Kuivanen, S., van der Meer, F., Kallio, K., Kaya, T., Anastasina, M., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd2985 · Cited by 1,925 · see citing works
Rydyznski Moderbacher, C., Ramirez, S. I., Dan, J. M., Grifoni, A., Hastie, K. M., Weiskopf, D., Belanger, S., Abbott, R. K., Kim, C., Choi, J., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.038 · Cited by 1,790 · see citing works
Neurological associations of COVID-19
Ellul, M. A., Benjamin, L., Singh, B., Lant, S., Michael, B. D., Easton, A., Kneen, R., Defres, S., Sejvar, J., & Solomon, T. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30221-0 · Cited by 2,156 · see citing works
Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19
Dhama, K., Sharun, K., Tiwari, R., Sircar, S., Bhat, S., Malik, Y. S., Singh, K. P., Chaicumpa, W., Bonilla‐Aldana, D. K., & Rodriguez-Morales, A. J. (2020) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00028-20 · Cited by 1,916 · see citing works
Ahmed, W., Angel, N. Z., Edson, J., Bibby, K. J., Bivins, A. W., O'Brien, J. W., Choi, P. M., Kitajima, M., Simpson, S. L., Li, J., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138764 · Cited by 1,811 · see citing works
REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with Covid-19
Weinreich, D. M., Sivapalasingam, S., Norton, T., Ali, S., Gao, H., Bhore, R., Musser, B. J., Soo, Y., Rofail, D., Im, J., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2035002 · Cited by 1,642 · see citing works
Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19
Sekine, T., Perez-Potti, A., Rivera-Ballesteros, O., Strålin, K., Gorin, J.-B., Olsson, A., Llewellyn-Lacey, S., Kamal, H., Bogdanovic, G., Muschiol, S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.017 · Cited by 1,788 · see citing works
Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Gaebler, C., Wang, Z., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Muecksch, F., Finkin, S., Tokuyama, M., Cho, A., Jankovic, M., Schaefer-Babajew, D., Oliveira, T. Y., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03207-w · Cited by 1,674 · see citing works
Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness
Plante, J. A., Liu, Y., Liu, J., Xia, H., Johnson, B. A., Lokugamage, K. G., Zhang, X., Muruato, A. E., Zou, J., Fontes-Garfias, C. R., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2895-3 · Cited by 1,558 · see citing works
Medema, G. J., Heijnen, L., Elsinga, G., Italiaander, R., & Brouwer, A. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00357 · Cited by 1,741 · see citing works
Severe COVID-19 Is Marked by a Dysregulated Myeloid Cell Compartment
Schulte-Schrepping, J., Reusch, N., Paclik, D., Baßler, K., Schlickeiser, S., Zhang, B., Krämer, B., Krammer, T., Brumhard, S., Bonaguro, L., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.001 · Cited by 1,461 · see citing works
Self-citationImmunology of COVID-19: Current State of the Science
Vabret, N., Britton, G. J., Gruber, C., Hegde, S., Kim, J., Kuksin, M., Levantovsky, R., Malle, L., Moreira, A., Park, M. D., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.002 · Cited by 1,623 · see citing works
Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization
Zuo, T., Zhang, F., Lui, G. C. Y., Yeoh, Y. K., Li, A. Y. L., Zhan, H., Wan, Y., Chung, A. C. K., Cheung, C. P., Chen, N., et al. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048 · Cited by 1,537 · see citing works
An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19
Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z., Tüfekçi, Z., Ždı́mal, V., van der Westhuizen, H., von Delft, A., Price, A. I., Fridman, L., Tang, L., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2014564118 · Cited by 1,530 · see citing works
Meinhardt, J., Radke, J., Dittmayer, C., Franz, J., Thomas, C., Mothes, R., Laue, M., Schneider, J., Brünink, S., Greuel, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5 · Cited by 1,458 · see citing works
Self-citationInterpreting Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2.
Sethuraman, N., Jeremiah, S. S., & Ryo, A. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8259 · Cited by 1,420 · see citing works
Escape from neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants
Weisblum, Y., Schmidt, F., Zhang, F., DaSilva, J., Poston, D., Lorenzi, J. C., Muecksch, F., Rutkowska, M., Hoffmann, H.-H., Michailidis, E., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.61312 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract
Hou, Y. J., Okuda, K., Edwards, C. E., Martinez, D. R., Asakura, T., Dinnon, K. H., Kato, T., Lee, R. E., Yount, B. L., Mascenik, T. M., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.042 · Cited by 1,488 · see citing works
Kucirka, L. M., Lauer, S. A., Laeyendecker, O. B., Boon, D., & Lessler, J. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-1495 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19
Braun, J., Loyal, L., Frentsch, M., Wendisch, D., Georg, P., Kurth, F., Hippenstiel, S., Dingeldey, M., Kruse, B., Fauchere, F., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2598-9 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
Self-citationPersistence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised Host
Choi, B., Choudhary, M. C., Regan, J., Sparks, J. A., Padera, R. F., Qiu, X., Solomon, I. H., Kuo, H.-H., Boucau, J., Bowman, K., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2031364 · Cited by 1,246 · see citing works
Çevik, M., Tate, M., Lloyd, O., Maraolo, A. E., Schafers, J., & Ho, A. Y. W. (2020) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30172-5 · Cited by 1,334 · see citing works
Yeoh, Y. K., Zuo, T., Lui, G. C.-Y., Zhang, F., Liu, Q., Li, A. Y. L., Chung, A. C., Cheung, C. P., Tso, E. Y. K., Fung, K. S., et al. (2021) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020 · Cited by 1,320 · see citing works
Gandhi, R. T., Lynch, J. B., & del Rı́o, C. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp2009249 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Kaminski, M. M., Abudayyeh, O. O., Gootenberg, J. S., Zhang, F., & Collins, J. J. (2021) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-021-00760-7 · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works
Markov, P. V., Ghafari, M., Beer, M., Lythgoe, K., Simmonds, P., Stilianakis, N. I., & Katzourakis, A. (2023) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-023-00878-2 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19: Current Issues and Challenges
Tang, Y., Schmitz, J. E., Persing, D. H., & Stratton, C. W. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00512-20 · Cited by 1,234 · see citing works
Menter, T., Haslbauer, J. D., Nienhold, R., Savic, S., Hopfer, H., Deigendesch, N., Frank, S., Turek, D., Willi, N., Pargger, H., et al. (2020) · Histopathology · doi:10.1111/his.14134 · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 screening
Larremore, D. B., Wilder, B., Lester, E., Shehata, S., Burke, J., Hay, J. A., Tambe, M., Mina, M., & Parker, R. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd5393 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Predicting infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from diagnostic samples
Bullard, J., Dust, K., Funk, D., Strong, J. E., Alexander, D., Garnett, L., Boodman, C., Bello, A., Hedley, A., Schiffman, Z., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa638 · Cited by 1,075 · see citing works
Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics
Petersen, E., Koopmans, M., Go, U. Y., Hamer, D. H., Petrosillo, N., Castelli, F., Storgaard, M., Khalili, S. A., & Simonsen, L. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30484-9 · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
Brann, D. H., Tsukahara, T., Weinreb, C., Lipovsek, M., Van den Berge, K., Gong, B., Chance, R., Macaulay, I. C., Chou, H.-J., Fletcher, R. B., et al. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc5801 · Cited by 1,198 · see citing works
Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people?
Mueller, A. L., McNamara, M. S., & Sinclair, D. A. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103344 · Cited by 1,128 · see citing works
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis
Harrison, A. G., Lin, T., & Wang, P. (2020) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004 · Cited by 1,177 · see citing works
Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens for Detection of SARS-CoV-2
Wyllie, A. L., Fournier, J. B., Casanovas‐Massana, A., Campbell, M., Tokuyama, M., Vijayakumar, P., Warren, J. L., Geng, B., Muenker, M. C., Moore, A. J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2016359 · Cited by 1,170 · see citing works
Chua, R. L., Lukassen, S., Trump, S., Hennig, B. P., Wendisch, D., Pott, F., Debnath, O., Thürmann, L., Kurth, F., Völker, M. T., et al. (2020) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0602-4 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Self-citationSARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area
Randazzo, W., Truchado, P., Cuevas‐Ferrando, E., Simón, P., Allende, A., & Sánchez, G. (2020) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.115942 · Cited by 1,123 · see citing works
Mao, R., Qiu, Y., He, J.-S., Tan, J.-Y., Li, X.-H., Liang, J., Shen, J., Zhu, L.-R., Chen, Y., Iacucci, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30126-6 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles’ Heel of Current Strategies to Control Covid-19
Gandhi, M., Yokoe, D. S., & Havlir, D. V. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2009758 · Cited by 1,093 · see citing works
Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity
Volz, E., Hill, V., McCrone, J. T., Price, A., Jorgensen, D., O’Toole, Á., Southgate, J., Johnson, R., Jackson, B., Nascimento, F. F., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.020 · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Bourgonje, A. R., Abdulle, A. E., Timens, W., Hillebrands, J., Navis, G. J., Gordijn, S. J., Bolling, M. C., Dijkstra, G. D. H., Voors, A. A., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.5471 · Cited by 1,119 · see citing works
Stadnytskyi, V., Bax, C. E., Bax, A., & Anfinrud, P. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2006874117 · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
Sheahan, T. P., Sims, A. M., Zhou, S., Graham, R. L., Pruijssers, A. J. P., Agostini, M. L., Leist, S. R., Schäfer, A., Dinnon, K. H., Stevens, L. J., et al. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
Correlates of Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 in Rhesus Macaques
McMahan, K., Yu, J., Mercado, N. B., Loos, C., Tostanoski, L. H., Chandrashekar, A., Liu, J., Peter, L., Atyeo, C., Zhu, A., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03041-6 · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates
Corbett, K. S., Flynn, B., Foulds, K. E., Francica, J. R., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Werner, A. P., Flach, B., O’Connell, S., Bock, K. W., Minai, M., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2024671 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals
Ni, L., Ye, F., Cheng, M., Yu, F., Deng, Y., Zhao, H. J., Peng, W., Ge, J., Gou, M., Li, X., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.023 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
Amplification-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 with CRISPR-Cas13a and mobile phone microscopy
Fozouni, P., Son, S., Derby, M. D. D. L., Knott, G. J., Gray, C. N., D’Ambrosio, M. V., Zhao, C., Switz, N. A., Kumar, G. R., Stephens, S. I., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.001 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
“Michael V. D’Ambrosio,5 Chunyu Zhao,9 Neil A. Switz,10 G. Renuka Kumar,1,4 Stephanie I. Stephens,1,4 Daniela Boehm,1,4 Chia-Lin Tsou,1,4 Jeffrey Shu,1,4 Abdul Bhuiya,5,6 Maxim Armstrong,11 Andrew R. Harris,5 Pei-Yi Chen,1,4 Jeannette M. Osterloh,1 Anke Meyer-Franke,1 Bastian Joehnk,12,24 Keith Walcott,12 Anita Sil,2,3…”
InfluentialDNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques
Yu, J., Tostanoski, L. H., Peter, L., Mercado, N. B., McMahan, K., Mahrokhian, S. H., Nkolola, J. P., Liu, J., Li, Z., Chandrashekar, A., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc6284 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Endothelial dysfunction and immunothrombosis as key pathogenic mechanisms in COVID-19
Bonaventura, A., Vecchié, A., Dagna, L., Martinod, K., Dixon, D. L., Tassell, B. W. V., Dentali, F., Montecucco, F., Maßberg, S., Levi, M. M., et al. (2021) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00536-9 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence in the human body and brain at autopsy
Stein, S. R., Ramelli, S. C., Grazioli, A., Chung, J., Singh, M., Yinda, C. K., Winkler, C. W., Sun, J., Dickey, J. M., Ylaya, K., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05542-y · Cited by 997 · see citing works
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques
van Doremalen, N., Lambe, T., Spencer, A., Belij-Rammerstorfer, S., Purushotham, J. N., Port, J. R., Avanzato, V. A., Bushmaker, T., Flaxman, A., Ulaszewska, M., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2608-y · Cited by 914 · see citing works
Singanayagam, A., Patel, M., Charlett, A., Lopez Bernal, J., Saliba, V., Ellis, J., Ladhani, S., Zambon, M., & Gopal, R. (2020) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.32.2001483 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes
Zang, R., Castro, M. F. G., McCune, B. T., Zeng, Q., Rothlauf, P. W., Sonnek, N. M., Liu, Z., Brulois, K. F., Wang, X., Greenberg, H. B., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3582 · Cited by 982 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers
Bar‐On, Y. M., Flamholz, A. I., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.57309 · Cited by 962 · see citing works
Koehler, P. A., Bassetti, M., Chakrabarti, A., Chen, S. C. ‐., Colombo, A. L., Hoenigl, M., Климко, Н. Н., Lass‐Flörl, C., Oladele, R. O., Vinh, D. C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30847-1 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
A systematic review of asymptomatic infections with COVID-19
Gao, Z., Xu, Y., Sun, C., Wang, X., Guo, Y., Qiu, S., & Ma, K. (2020) · Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.05.001 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis
Laing, A. G., Lorenc, A., del Molino del Barrio, I., Das, A., Fish, M., Monin, L., Muñoz-Ruiz, M., McKenzie, D. R., Hayday, T. S., Francos-Quijorna, I., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1038-6 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Beyerstedt, S., Casaro, E. B., & Rangel, É. B. (2021) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-020-04138-6 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
“In addition, detection of the viral RNA in rectal samples for days after nasopharyngeal swabs tested negative indicates viral shedding for days after IgG seroconversion [52, 53].”
BackgroundDetection of air and surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms of infected patients
Chia, P. Y., Coleman, K. K., Tan, Y. K., Ong, S. W. X., Gum, M., Lau, S. K., Lim, X. F., Lim, A. S., Sutjipto, S., Lee, P. H., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16670-2 · Cited by 932 · see citing works
Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes
Scully, E. P., Haverfield, J., Ursin, R. L., Tannenbaum, C., & Klein, S. L. (2020) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0348-8 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients
Isho, B., Abe, K. T., Zuo, M., Jamal, A. J., Rathod, B., Wang, J. H., Li, Z., Chao, G., Rojas, O. L., Bang, Y. M., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abe5511 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality
Fajnzylber, J. M., Regan, J., Coxen, K., Corry, H., Wong, C., Rosenthal, A., Worrall, D. P., Giguel, F. F., Trocha, A. K., Atyeo, C. G., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19057-5 · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans
Ng, K. W., Faulkner, N., Cornish, G. H., Rosa, A., Harvey, R., Hussain, S., Ulferts, R., Earl, C., Wrobel, A. G., Benton, D. J., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe1107 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Titers in Wastewater Are Higher than Expected from Clinically Confirmed Cases
Wu, F., Zhang, J., Xiao, A., Gu, X., Lee, W. L., Armas, F., Kauffman, K. M., Hanage, W. P., Matus, M. G., Ghaeli, N., et al. (2020) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00614-20 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Cheng, H., Jian, S.-W., Liu, D., Ng, T.-C. V., Huang, W., Lin, H.-H., & for the Taiwan COVID-19 Outbreak Investigation Team (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2020 · Cited by 848 · see citing works
van Kampen, J. J. A., van de Vijver, D. A. M. C., Fraaij, P. L. A., Haagmans, B. L., Lamers, M. M., Okba, N., van den Akker, J. P. C., Endeman, H., Gommers, D. A. M. P. J., Cornelissen, J. J., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20568-4 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
Effect of Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 – Preliminary Report
Horby, P., Lim, W. S., Emberson, J., Mafham, M., Bell, J., Linsell, L., Staplin, N., Brightling, C., Ustianowski, A., Elmahi, E., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.20137273 · Cited by 11,475 · see citing works
“29,32,33 35-38 The greater mortality benefit of dexamethasone in patients with COVID-19 who required respiratory support, and among those recruited after the first week of their illness, suggests that at this stage the disease is dominated by immunopathology, with active virus replication playing a…”
BackgroundImmune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia
McGonagle, D., O’Donnell, J. S., Sharif, Κ., Emery, P., & Bridgewood, C. (2020) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30121-1 · Cited by 826 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques
Chandrashekar, A., Liu, J., Martinot, A. J., McMahan, K., Mercado, N. B., Peter, L., Tostanoski, L. H., Yu, J., Maliga, Z., Nekorchuk, M., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc4776 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
Comprehensive mapping of immune perturbations associated with severe COVID-19
Kuri-Cervantes, L., Pampena, M. B., Meng, W., Rosenfeld, A. M., Ittner, C. A. G., Weisman, A. R., Agyekum, R. S., Mathew, D., Baxter, A. E., Vella, L. A., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abd7114 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Self-citationScola, B. L., Bideau, M. L., Andréani, J., Hoang, V. T., Grimaldier, C., Colson, P., Gautret, P., & Raoult, D. (2020) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-020-03913-9 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Single-Shot Ad26 Vaccine Protects Against SARS-CoV-2 in Rhesus Macaques
Mercado, N. B., Zahn, R., Wegmann, F., Loos, C., Chandrashekar, A., Yu, J., Liu, J., Peter, L., McMahan, K., Tostanoski, L. H., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2607-z · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Considerations for diagnostic COVID-19 tests
Vandenberg, O., Martiny, D., Rochas, O., van Belkum, A., & Kozlakidis, Z. (2020) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00461-z · Cited by 800 · see citing works
The Science Underlying COVID-19
Liu, P. P., Blet, A., Smyth, D. R., & Li, H. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.047549 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
COVID-19 tissue atlases reveal SARS-CoV-2 pathology and cellular targets
Delorey, T. M., Ziegler, C. G. K., Heimberg, G., Normand, R., Yang, Y., Segerstolpe, Å., Abbondanza, D., Fleming, S. J., Subramanian, A., Montoro, D. T., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03570-8 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Buonanno, G., Stabile, L., & Morawska, L. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105794 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity
Yang, H. J., Wang, W., Chen, Z., Lu, S., Yang, F., Bi, Z., Bao, L., Mo, F., Li, X., Huang, Y., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2599-8 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Respiratory disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2
Munster, V. J., Feldmann, F., Williamson, B. N., van Doremalen, N., Pérez-Pérez, L., Schulz, J., Meade-White, K., Okumura, A., Callison, J., Brumbaugh, B., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2324-7 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: State of the knowledge and research needs
Kitajima, M., Ahmed, W., Bibby, K. J., Carducci, A., Gerba, C. P., Hamilton, K. A., Haramoto, E., & Rose, J. B. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139076 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Review of Viral, Host, and Environmental Factors
Meyerowitz, E. A., Richterman, A. G., Gandhi, R. T., & Sax, P. E. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-5008 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2
Sit, T. H. C., Brackman, C. J., Ip, S. M., Tam, K. W. S., Law, P. Y.-T., To, E. M. W., Yu, V. Y. T., Sims, L. D., Tsang, D. N. C., Chu, D. K. W., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2334-5 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Estimating infectiousness throughout SARS-CoV-2 infection course
Jones, T. C., Biele, G., Mühlemann, B., Veith, T., Schneider, J. A., Beheim-Schwarzbach, J., Bleicker, T., Tesch, J., Schmidt, M. L., Sander, L. E., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abi5273 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
“0, in accordance with our SARS-CoV-2 assay limit of detection and sample dilution (19).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMiller, S. L., Nazaroff, W. W., Jimenez, J. L., Boerstra, A., Buonanno, G., Dancer, S. J., Kurnitski, J., Marr, L. C., Morawska, L., & Noakes, C. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12751 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2
Çevik, M., Kuppalli, K., Kindrachuk, J., & Peiris, M. J. S. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3862 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19
Rodda, L. B., Netland, J., Shehata, L., Pruner, K. B., Morawski, P. A., Thouvenel, C. D., Takehara, K. K., Eggenberger, J., Hemann, E. A., Waterman, H. R., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.029 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Avanzato, V. A., Matson, M. J., Seifert, S. N., Pryce, R., Williamson, B. N., Anzick, S. L., Barbian, K., Judson, S. D., Fischer, E. R., Martens, C., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.049 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Interpreting a covid-19 test result
Watson, J., Whiting, P. F., & Brush, J. E. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m1808 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS‐CoV‐2
Geppert, J., Scandrett, K., Bigio, J., Sulis, G., Hettiarachchi, D., Mathangasinghe, Y., Weeratunga, P., Wickramasinghe, D., Bergman, H., Buckley, S. B., et al. (2022) · LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine) · Cited by 725 · see citing works
A Mouse-Adapted SARS-CoV-2 Induces Acute Lung Injury and Mortality in Standard Laboratory Mice
Leist, S. R., Dinnon, K. H., Schäfer, A., Tse, L. V., Okuda, K., Hou, Y. J., West, A., Edwards, C. E., Sanders, W., Fritch, E. J., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.050 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., Hoelscher, M., Bleicker, T., Brünink, S., Schneider, J., Ehmann, R., Zwirglmaier, K., Drosten, C., & Wendtner, C.
- Affiliations
- Institut für Mikrobiologie der Bundeswehr (DE)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- München Klinik Schwabing (DE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- LMU Klinikum (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Drosten, Christian
- Wendtner, Clemens
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-04-01
- Volume
- 581
- Issue
- 7809
- Pages
- 465-469
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3013893137
- Cited by
- 6,661
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 92 · 2025: 165 · 2024: 328 · 2023: 526 · 2022: 1091 · 2021: 2228 · 2020: 2219 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 199.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2020-12-11)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (602525)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, upper respiratory tract, viral replication, seroconversion, viral load, hospitalized patients
- MeSH terms
- Seroconversion, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Testing, Coronavirus Envelope Proteins, Antibodies, Viral, Base Sequence, Blood, Feces, Hospitalization, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Lung, Pharynx, Pneumonia, Viral, RNA, Viral, Sputum, Urine, Viral Envelope Proteins, Virus Replication, Virus Shedding, Coronavirus Infections, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Viral Load, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
