Cited by 2,355Heavy Metal Exposure and ToxicityHeavy metals in environmentEnvironmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology

Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem

Järup, Lars, Åkesson, Agneta·2009·Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

Abstract

Cadmium is a toxic metal occurring in the environment naturally and as a pollutant emanating from industrial and agricultural sources. Food is the main source of cadmium intake in the non-smoking population. The bioavailability, retention and toxicity are affected by several factors including nutritional status such as low iron status. Cadmium is efficiently retained in the kidney (half-time 10-30 years) and the concentration is proportional to that in urine (U-Cd). Cadmium is nephrotoxic, initially causing kidney tubular damage. Cadmium can also cause bone damage, either via a direct effect on bone tissue or indirectly as a result of renal dysfunction. After prolonged and/or high exposure the tubular injury may progress to glomerular damage with decreased glomerular filtration rate, and eventually to renal failure. Furthermore, recent data also suggest increased cancer risks and increased mortality in environmentally exposed populations. Dose-response assessment using a variety of early markers of kidney damage has identified U-Cd points of departure for early kidney effects between 0.5 and 3 microg Cd/g creatinine, similar to the points of departure for effects on bone. It can be anticipated that a considerable proportion of the non-smoking adult population has urinary cadmium concentrations of 0.5 microg/g creatinine or higher in non-exposed areas. For smokers this proportion is considerably higher. This implies no margin of safety between the point of departure and the exposure levels in the general population. Therefore, measures should be put in place to reduce exposure to a minimum, and the tolerably daily intake should be set in accordance with recent findings.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.020

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  • Cadmium is soluble and exchangeable in water, and can be absorbed by plants and enriched in animals and human body through food chain.

    “Cadmium is soluble and exchangeable in water, and can be absorbed by plants and enriched in animals and human body through food chain (Jarup and Akesson 2009).”

    From Modified biochar: synthesis and mechanism for removal of environmental heavy metals (2022) · cites this paper as Jarup and Akesson 2009

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Authors
Järup, L., & Åkesson, A.
Affiliations
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author
Järup, Lars
Venue
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-08-01
Volume
238
Issue
3
Pages
201-208
ISSN
0041-008X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2016906423
Cited by
2,355
References
85
Citations by year
2026: 109 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 130 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 188 · 2020: 188 · 2019: 207 · 2018: 181 · 2017: 132 · 2016: 142 · 2015: 159 · 2014: 142 · 2013: 103 · 2012: 106
FWCI
61.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
Keywords
cadmium, environmental health, dietary cadmium intake, urinary cadmium, kidney retention, nephrotoxicity, bone injuries, renal dysfunction, glomerular filtration rate, cancer risk, mortality, dose-response assessment, point of departure, iron status, bioavailability, tolerable daily intake, exposure reduction, smokers
MeSH terms
Bone Diseases, Cadmium, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Environmental Health, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Humans, Kidney Diseases, Neoplasms, Smoking, Biomarkers, Risk Assessment, No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level

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