Vegetable oil blending: a review of physicochemical, nutritional and health effects
Abstract
Oils and fats have many functions in food product preparation. Quality, stability and nutritional features of oils are the most important factors in food technology. There is no pure oil with good functional and nutritional properties and appropriate oxidative stability. Therefore, vegetable oils are modified using different methods to enhance their commercial applications and to improve their nutritional quality. Modification methods are hydrogenation, interesterification, fractionation and blending.Trans isomers of fatty acids formed during hydrogenation are known to have negative effects on health. Interesterification needs special equipment and is more expensive. Fractionation is also applicable only for some fats/oils. Blending should not have any adverse effects on health attributes. Blending vegetable fats/oils with different compositions and properties is one of the simplest methods to create new specific products with desired textural, oxidative and nutritional properties which lead to improved industrial applications.This paper is a brief review of recent publications on the positive advantages of blending vegetable oils with different properties to obtain new oil mixtures. There are many researches on oil blending, and results show that oil blending is widely used in food industry to produce blended oils with improved stability and nutritional characteristics at an affordable price. In the future, there are also many economical and health reasons for the production of new oil blends using new and conventional oil sources to be introduced to the market.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Vegetable oils from canola, palm, and soybean seeds lack PUFAs or contain them in very low levels.
“In general, vegetable oils from canola, palm, and soybean seeds lack PUFAs or may contain these in very low levels (Hashempour-Baltork et al., 2016).”
From Potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture (2021) · cites this paper as Hashempour-Baltork et al., 2016
Cites
Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products
(2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/047167849x · Cited by 3,074 · see citing works
An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity
Simopoulos, A. P. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8030128 · Cited by 1,673 · see citing works
Chocolate Science and Technology
Afoakwa, E. O. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444319880 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Chemical alterations taken place during deep-fat frying based on certain reaction products: A review
Zhang, Q. R., Saleh, A. S. M., Chen, J., & Shen, Q. (2012) · Chemistry and Physics of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.07.002 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
The role of oxidative stress on breast cancer development and therapy
Hecht, F., Pessôa, C. F., Gentile, L. B., Rosenthal, D., de Carvalho, D. P., & Fortunato, R. S. (2016) · Tumor Biology · doi:10.1007/s13277-016-4873-9 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Tortosa-Caparrós, E., Navas-Carrillo, D., Marín, F. R., & Orenes‐Piñero, E. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1126549 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Rice bran nutraceutics: A comprehensive review
Sohail, M., Rakha, A., Butt, M. S., Iqbal, M. J., & Rashid, S. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1164120 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Fats and Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition
(2009) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/isbn.978-3-8055-9262-8 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Predicting temperature‐dependence viscosity of vegetable oils from fatty acid composition
Fasina, O., Hallman, H., Craig‐Schmidt, M. C., & Clements, C. (2006) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-006-5044-8 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
The Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stability of Cold‐Pressed Oils
Prescha, A., Grajzer, M., Dedyk, M., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-014-2479-1 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Ramadan, M. F. (2012) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.013 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Rangkadilok, N., Pholphana, N., Mahidol, C., Wongyai, W., Saengsooksree, K., Nookabkaew, S., & Satayavivad, J. (2010) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.044 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Kellens, M. J., Gibon, V., Hendrix, M., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.200600309 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress Markers Induced by Hyperosmolarity in Primary Human Corneal Epithelial Cells
Deng, R., Hua, X., Li, J., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126561 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Review on Recent Trends in Rice Bran Oil Processing
Ghosh, M. (2007) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-007-1047-3 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Enhancement of the oxidative stability of some vegetable oils by blending with Moringa oleifera oil
Anwar, F., Hussain, A. I., Iqbal, S., & Bhanger, M. I. (2006) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.023 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Azadmard‐Damirchi, S., Savage, G. P., & Dutta, P. C. (2005) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-005-1133-y · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationRamadan, M. F., & Wahdan, K. M. M. (2011) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.054 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Comparison of palmolein and olive oil: effects on plasma lipids and vitamin E in young adults.
Choudhury, N., Tan, L., & Truswell, A. S. (1995) · PubMed · doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.4.1043 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Jones, P. J., Senanayake, V. K., Pu, S., Jenkins, D. J., Connelly, P. W., Lamarche, B., Couture, P., Charest, A., Baril-Gravel, L., West, S. G., et al. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.081133 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Comparison of palmolein and olive oil: effects on plasma lipids and vitamin E in young adults
Choudhury, N., Tan, L. Y., & Truswell, A. S. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.5.1043 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Aladedunye, F. A., & Przybylski, R. (2013) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.061 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Effect of Vegetable-Based Oil Blends on Physicochemical Properties of Oils During Deep-Fat Frying
Serjouie, A., Tan, C. P., Mirhossein, H., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Food Technology · doi:10.3923/ajft.2010.310.323 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Ageing‐Associated Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Are Alleviated by Products from Grapes
Petersen-Ross, K. S., & Smith, C. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/6236309 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Bootello, M. A., Hartel, R. W., Garcés, R., et al. (2012) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.040 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Physico-chemical properties of blends of palm olein with other vegetable oils
Siddique, B. M., Ahmad, A., Ibrahim, M. H., et al. (2010) · Grasas y Aceites · doi:10.3989/gya.010710 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Reshma, M. V., Saritha, S. S., Balachandran, C., et al. (2007) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.009 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Kıralan, M., Ulaş, M., Özaydın, A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.12272 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Scaled-up production of zero-trans margarine fat using pine nut oil and palm stearin
Adhikari, P., Zhu, X., Gautam, A., et al. (2009) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.009 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Frying performance of a sunflower/palm oil blend in comparison with pure palm oil
Marco, E. D., Savarese, M. F., Parisini, C., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.200600192 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Heat-oxidation stability of palm oil blended with extra virgin olive oil
Leonardis, A. D., & Macciola, V. (2012) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.046 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Devarajan, S., Singh, R., Chatterjee, B., et al. (2015) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.12.011 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Azadmard‐Damirchi, S. (2009) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/02652030903225773 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationTabee, E., Azadmard‐Damirchi, S., Jägerstad, M., et al. (2008) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-008-1274-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationGulla, S., & Waghray, K. (2011) · Journal of Life Sciences · doi:10.1080/09751270.2011.11885167 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Iqbal, M. P. (2013) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.301.4525 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Naghshineh, M., Ariffin, A. A., Ghazali, H. M., et al. (2009) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-009-1495-z · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Structured and modified lipids.
Angers, P. (2001) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/s0958-6946(01)00146-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Liu, K.-J., Liu, K.-J., Chang, H.-M., et al. (2006) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.12.010 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Reena, M. B., & Lokesh, B. R. (2007) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf0718042 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Development of rice bran oil blends for quality improvement
Choudhary, M., Grover, K., & Kaur, G. (2014) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.051 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Interpretation of triacylglycerol profiles of palm oil, palm kernel oil and their binary blends
Chen, C. W., Chong, C. L., Ghazali, H. M., et al. (2005) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.044 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Umesha, S. S., & Naidu, K. A. (2012) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.118 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Sesame and flaxseed oil: nutritional quality and effects on serum lipids and glucose in rats
Guimarães, R. D. C. A., Macedo, M. L. R., Munhoz, C. L., Filiú, W. F. D. O., Viana, L. H., Nozaki, V. T., & Hiane, P. A. (2013) · Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1590/s0101-20612013005000029 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Li, Y., Ma, W., Qi, B., et al. (2014) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.6.2583 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Blends of rapeseed oil with black cumin and rice bran oils for increasing the oxidative stability
Rudzińska, M., Hassanein, M. M. M., Abdel-Razek, A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-015-2140-5 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Azadmard‐Damirchi, S., & Dutta, P. C. (2007) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-007-1170-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationWilliamson, K. S., Morris, J. B., Pye, Q. N., Kamat, C. D., & Hensley, K. (2007) · Phytochemical Analysis · doi:10.1002/pca.1050 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Zero‐trans shortening using palm stearin and rice bran oil
Mayamol, P. N., Samuel, T., Balachandran, C., et al. (2004) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-004-0914-7 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
von Euler, U. S., Stjärne, L., & Lishajko, F. (1964) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(64)90223-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Alam, M., Deng, X., Philipson, C. W., Bassaganya-Riera, J., Bisset, K. R., Carbo, A., Eubank, S., Hontecillas, R., Hoops, S., Mei, Y., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136139 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Enríquez-Fernández, B. E., y Yañez, L. Á. D. L. C., & Sosa‐Morales, M. E. (2011) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02627.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Rehab, F. M. A., & El-Anany, A. M. (2012) · Grasas y Aceites · doi:10.3989/gya.057612 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Physicochemical properties of canola oil, olive oil and palm olein blends.
Roiaini, M., Ardiannie, T., & Norhayati, H. (2015) · Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Improvement in thermal stability of soybean oil by blending with camellia oil during deep fat frying
Wang, S., Sui, X., Wang, Z., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.201500085 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Hypolipidemic effect of blends of coconut oil with soybean oil or sunflower oil in experimental rats
Chandrashekar, P., Lokesh, B. R., & Krishna, A. G. G. (2010) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.042 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Inter-esterified palm products as alternatives to hydrogenation.
Idris, N. A., & Dian, N. L. H. M. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Ghafoorunissa, Vani, A., Laxmi, R., & Sesikeran, B. (2002) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-002-1003-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Chotimarkorn, C., & Silalai, N. (2007) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2007.12.007 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Siddeeg, A., & Xia, W. (2015) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-015-1889-x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Anti‐Rancidity Effects of Sesame and Rice Bran Oils on Canola Oil During Deep Frying
Farhoosh, R., & Kenari, R. E. (2009) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-009-1382-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Al-Khusaibi, M. K., Gordon, M. H., Lovegrove, J. A., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03024.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effects of Palm and Sunflower Oils on Serum Cholesterol and Fatty Liver in Rats
Go, R., Hwang, K., Kim, Y.-S., Kim, S., Nam, K., & Choi, K. (2014) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2014.3163 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sensory odour profiling and physical characteristics of edible oil blends during frying
Ravi, R., Prakash, M., & Bhat, K. K. (2004) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2004.07.008 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effect of frying on the rheological and chemical properties of palm oil and its blends
Siddique, B. M., Muhamad, I. I., Ahmad, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-013-1124-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Thermal oxidative alteration of sunflower oil
SADOUDI, R., Ammouche, A., & Ali, A. D. (2014) · African Journal of Food Science · doi:10.5897/ajfs12.112 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Adeyemi, K. D., Sabow, A. B., Aghwan, Z. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Animal Science and Technology · doi:10.1186/s40781-016-0088-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Zribi, A., Jabeur, H., Matthäus, B., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.201500149 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Umesha, S. S., & Naidu, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-013-1196-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Abdulkarim, S. M., Myat, M. W., Ghazali, H. M., et al. (2010) · Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.5539/jas.v2n4p18 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Frying stability of canola oil in presence of pumpkin seed and olive oils
Ardabili, A. G., Farhoosh, R., & Khodaparast, M. H. H. (2010) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.200900257 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mohamed, K. M., Elsanhoty, R. M., & Hassanien, M. F. R. (2013) · International Journal of Food Properties · doi:10.1080/10942912.2012.654560 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Emmanuel-I, C. A., Eneji, C., & Essiet, U. (2007) · Pakistan Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3923/pjn.2007.570.575 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Trans‐Free Plastic Shortenings Prepared with Palm Stearin and Rice Bran Oil Structured Lipid
Jennings, B. H., & Akoh, C. C. (2009) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/s11746-009-1516-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ramírez, R., & Cava, R. (2004) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2004.09.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sharma, M., & Lokesh, B. R. (2012) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1745-4514.2011.00627.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
El-Anany, A. M., & Ali, R. F. M. (2012) · Grasas y Aceites · doi:10.3989/gya.011412 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sunil, L., Reddy, P. V., Krishna, A. G. G., et al. (2013) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-013-1069-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cocoa Butter and Cocoa Butter Equivalents
Gunstone, F. D. (2001) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781482270136-20 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rao, Y. P. C., Kumar, P. P., & Lokesh, B. R. (2016) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-016-4132-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Anti-inflammatory properties of blended edible oil with synergistic antioxidants
Joshi, S., Upadya, H., & Devaraju, C. (2015) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.159063 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Effect of Deep-Fat Frying on Physicochemical Properties of Rice Bran Oil Blends
Choudhary, M. (2013) · IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science · doi:10.9790/1959-0140110 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Interesterification, chemical or enzymatic catalysis
Dijkstra, A. J. (2015) · Lipid Technology · doi:10.1002/lite.201500029 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Reena, M. B., Krishnakantha, T. P., & Lokesh, B. R. (2010) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2010.06.004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sharayei, P., & Farhoosh, R. (2015) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.201400344 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Quality Evaluation of Noble Mixed Oil Blended with Palm and Canola Oil
Choi, H.-S., Lee, E., & Lee, K. (2014) · Journal of Oleo Science · doi:10.5650/jos.ess14023 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chocolate Production and Consumption Patterns
Afoakwa, E. O. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444319880.ch1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Physicochemical Properties of Blends of Palm Mid‐Fraction, Palm Stearin and Olive Oil
Ramli, N., Said, M., Mizan, A. B. A., et al. (2014) · Journal of Food Quality · doi:10.1111/jfq.12067 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Influence of palm oil, canola oil and blends on characteristics of fried plantain crisps
Ogan, I., Dumont, M., & Ngadi, M. O. (2015) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-04-2014-0155 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Farag, R. S., El‐Agaimy, M. A., & Hakeem, B. S. A. E. (2010) · Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.4236/fns.2010.11005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tarmizi, A. H. A., & Ismail, R. (2013) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.76 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yıldırım, E., Çínar, M., Yalçınkaya, İ., Ekici, H., Atmaca, N., & Güncüm, E. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/606575 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Murase, Y. (1982) · Journal of Japan Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.5650/jos1956.31.826 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and immune activation in hypertension
Allison, S. J. (2015) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/nrneph.2015.200 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bardhan, J., Sahoo, B., Chakraborty, R., et al. (2014) · International Food Research Journal · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Study of rheological behaviour and thermal degradation in vegetable oils on heating.
Valantina, S. R., & Neelamegam, P. (2012) · Asian Journal of Chemistry · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hypolipidemic Effect of Blended Oil in Hamster: Biochemical Analysis and Gene Expression Profiling
Jan, K., Huang, M., Chang, C.-J., & Liu, T. C. (2016) · doi:10.12691/jfnr-4-1-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture
Nagappan, S., Das, P., AbdulQuadir, M., Thaher, M., Khan, S., Mahata, C., Al-Jabri, H., Vatland, A. K., & Kumar, G. (2021) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.003 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hashempour-Baltork, F., Torbati, M., Azadmard-Damirchi, S., & Savage, G. P.
- Affiliations
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Lincoln University (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Torbati, Mohammadali
- Venue
- Trends in Food Science & Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 57
- Pages
- 52-58
- ISSN
- 0924-2244 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2523169181
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 6.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Food Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Chemistry and Fat Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Proteins in Food Systems
- Keywords
- oil blends, oxidative stability, nutritional properties, hydrogenation, interesterification, fractionation, trans fatty acids, health effects, physicochemical properties
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review