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The clinical toxicology of caffeine: A review and case study
Open accessAbstract
Caffeine is a widely recognized psychostimulant compound with a long history of consumption by humans. While it has received a significant amount of attention there is still much to be learned with respect to its toxicology in humans, especially in cases of overdose. A review of the history of consumption and the clinical toxicology of caffeine including clinical features, pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, a thorough examination of mechanism of action and management/treatment strategies are undertaken. While higher (i.e., several grams) quantities of caffeine are known to cause toxicity and potentially lethality, cases of mainly younger individuals who have experienced severe side effects and death despite consuming doses not otherwise known to cause such harm is troubling and deserves further study. An attempted case reconstruction is performed in an effort to shed light on this issue with a focus on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of caffeine.
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“However, excessive caffeine consumption (1~1.5 g/day) can cause caffeine poisoning (caffeinism), which includes symptoms such as anxiety, agitation, insomnia, and gastrointestinal disorders.”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
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“The subsequent section delineates the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of caffeine, providing a foundational understanding of its physiological actions and dose-dependent toxicity [61,62].”
Socías, A., & Blancas, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2026.1933375
“The implications of this increase in cAMP include peripheral vasodilation, which paradoxically can lead to hypotension in situations of severe overdose (Willson, 2018).”
InfluentialGaya Hidup Sehat atau Sekadar Tren? Studi Persepsi dan Minat Konsumsi Matcha pada Mahasiswa
Aini, K. N., Husna, A. H., Azzahra, S. H., Alzena, R. G., Butar, W. H. B., & Fitria, R. (2026) · Jurnal Pendidikan Non formal · doi:10.47134/jpn.v3i3.2739
Martins, R. S., Borges-Martins, V. P. P., Teixeira, C. H. D. C., Gonçalves‐Ribeiro, J., Vaz, S. H., Reis, R. A. D. M., Sebastião, A. M., & Kubrusly, R. C. C. (2026) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70520
ВЖИВАННЯ КОФЕЇНУ СТУДЕНТАМИ: ПОШИРЕНІСТЬ, МОТИВАЦІЯ, ПОТЕНЦІЙНІ РИЗИКИ ДЛЯ ЗДОРОВ’Я
Кіт, Л. Я., Федина, Л. О., Tymoshuk, S., & Pysarevska, S. (2026) · Food Resources · doi:10.31073/foodresources2026-26-03
Nakajima, Y., Sugita, H., Yamaga, H., Kurihara, M., Sato, M., 光本, 明., 純, 佐., Numazawa, S., & Dohi, K. (2026) · Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.1080/15563650.2026.2709002
Caffeine and paracetamol co-purify with C-reactive protein from surgical patients
Buschhaus, C., Klatt, S., Cabrera, A., Richter, K., Hecker, A., Grau, V., & Amati, A. (2026) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-026-05025-0
“A typical peak concentration of caffeine after consumption of caffeine-containing beverages is in the range of 10–50 µM and the half-life of caffeine varies between 2 and 20 h [34].”
KAFEİNİN PSİKOFARMAKOLOJİK ETKİLERİ: NÖROPROTEKTİF KULLANIMA İLİŞKİN ÇIKARIMLAR
Nezlioğlu, M. N., & Arslan, A. K. K. (2026) · Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi · doi:10.33483/jfpau.1679029
Oda, K., Hori, M., Nishimura, F., & Jono, H. (2026) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000001526
Karmaus, A. L., Masjosthusmann, S., Bertomeu, L., Ehnes, C., Koenig, C., McCarren, H. S., Mineo, D., Santos, P., Schutte, M. E., Sharma, B., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2026.1919390
“Clinical studies analyzing plasma concentration after single external exposure to caffeine (100– 400 mg) suggest that peak plasma concentration after moderate coffee consumption can range between 7 and 80 µM (Perera et al., 2011; White et al., 2016; Willson, 2018; Cheng et al., 1990).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Willson, C.
- Corresponding author
- Willson, Cyril
- Venue
- Toxicology Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 1140-1152
- ISSN
- 2214-7500 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6247400
- OpenAlex
- W2899447541
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 197
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Toxicology Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Poisoning and overdose treatments
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- caffeine, caffeine toxicity, psychostimulants, pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, mechanism of action, case reconstruction, young adults
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