Cited by 284Plant nutrient uptake and metabolismNitrogen and Sulfur Effects on BrassicaPhotosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms

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Serine in plants: biosynthesis, metabolism, and functions

Ros, Roc, Muñoz-Bertomeu, Jesús, Krueger, Stephan·2014·Trends in Plant Science

DOI 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.003

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Abstract

Serine (Ser) has a fundamental role in metabolism and signaling in living organisms. In plants, the existence of different pathways of Ser biosynthesis has complicated our understanding of this amino acid homeostasis. The photorespiratory glycolate pathway has been considered to be of major importance, whereas the nonphotorespiratory phosphorylated pathway has been relatively neglected. Recent advances indicate that the phosphorylated pathway has an important function in plant metabolism and development. Plants deficient in this pathway display developmental defects in embryos, male gametophytes, and roots. We propose that the phosphorylated pathway is more important than was initially thought because it is the only Ser source for specific cell types involved in developmental events. Here, we discuss its importance as a link between metabolism and development in plants.

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Background
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“in signalling mechanisms, as one of the three amino acids that are phosphorylated by kinases [29].”
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“, serine, proline, and leucine) have been shown to act as signaling molecules in plants (Szabados and Savouré, 2010; Häusler et al., 2014; Ros et al., 2014).”
Background
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“Nevertheless, it is important to note that serine can be synthesized by photorespiratory and non-photorespiratory pathways (Ros et al. , 2014).”
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“The increase in serine (Figure 5F), on the other hand, appears to be related to increased photorespiration [68,69].”
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“It helps in signaling against environmental and abiotic stressors and threats (Ros et al., 2014).”
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“In plants, animals and heterotrophic bacteria, serine is synthesized via the so-called phosphorylated or phosphoserine pathway, with phosphoserine as a key intermediate (Umbarger et al., 1963; Ros et al., 2014) (KEGG database: http://www.”
Background
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“Serine has a crucial role in plant development and metabolism (Ros et al. 2014) and in responding to biotic and abiotic stress effects (Ho and Saito 2001, Benstein et al.”
Background
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“It is known that serine is a major source of methyl group for intracellular methylation reactions (Ros et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“In addition to Pro, the concentrations of many amino acids increased under stress conditions, including Ser and Thr, which have been reported to increase in response to stress and which have demonstrated roles in chemical defense against abiotic stresses and in plant growth and development, cell division, and phytohor…”
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“Serine Ser 255 ± 38 296 ± 44 2601 ± 390 Regulation of the water balance (Ros et al. 2014)”
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“Phosphoserine aminotransferase catalyzes the reaction of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate to 3- phosphoserin, which is the pivotal step of L-serine biosynthesis pathway in plants (Ros et al. 2014).”
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“3-PGA, 3-phosphoglycerate; 3PHP, 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate; 3-PS, 3-Phospho-L-Serine; PGDH, Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; PSAT, Phosphoserine aminotransferase; PSP, Phosphoserine phoshatase; SHMT, Serine hydroxymethyltransferase; Pi, PO3− 4 ; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle or Krebs cycle [46].”
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“Athird so far overlooked option is the PPSB (Ros et al., 2014).”
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“Exogenous applications of amino acids regulate physio-chemical developments in crops under varied climatic conditions (Moreira and Moraes, 2017; Ros et al., 2014).”
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“Also, previous reports suggested that amino acid 18 homeostasis could have regulatory functions in maintaining plant growth and 19 development (Walch-Liu et al. 2006; Yu et al. 2013; Ros et al. 2014).”
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“This pathway is more important because it is the only serine source for specific cell types involved in developmental events in plants (Ros et al., 2014).”
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“Serine is responsible for forming part of proteins and performing catalytic functions in many enzymes (Ros et al. 2014), and it is involved in the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in land plants (Ros et al.”
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“The glycolate pathway, where SHMT acts to biosynthesize Ser in plants, is one of the three routes of Ser biosynthesis; others are glycerate and phosphorylated pathways (Ros et al., 2014).”
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“…nonphotorespiratory pathways (PPSB and glycerate pathways) raised the question of whether the glycolate pathway is sufficient to supply Ser to all plant cell types (heterotrophic/ autotrophic), and under different environmental (i.e. day/night) and developmental conditions (Ros et al., 2013, 2014).”
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“Further existence of multiple pathways for serine biosynthesis in plants, viz. phosphorylated, glycolate and glycerate pathways complicated our realization of atisine production in A. heterophyllum (Ros et al. 2014).”
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“Serine is synthesized from 3-phophoglycerate produced in glycolysis and it is the precursor of methionine, cysteine and glycine (Ros et al., 2014).”
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“Its accumulation in plants grown under low temperature and elevated salinity conditions has been reported.(41) Glycerate concentrations decrease in roots of irradiated plants (Figure 2) can reflect the photosynthetic inhibition: less photorespiration and less glycerate.”
Background
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“The simultaneous Zn-induced up-regulation of TPIs and up-regulation of two isoforms of cysteine synthase (spots 3302 and 3310) (Table 1), however, suggests TPI provided glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) for cysteine synthesis via serine (Ros et al. 2014).”
Background
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“In plants, serine is predominantly generated during the overall process of photorespiration [35].”
Background
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“…and 0.5 mM in xylem sap, suggesting that auxins, end products of serine 206 metabolism, are transported in both phloem and xylem vascular systems (Ros et al., 2014). γ-207 aminobutyric acid (GABA), a nonprotein amino acid also synthesized from glutamate, was found 208 M AN US CR IP T AC CE PT…”
BackgroundInfluential
Evolutionary implications of C2 photosynthesis: how complex biochemical trade-offs may limit C4 evolution
Walsh, C. A., Bräutigam, A., ROBERTS, M. R., & Lundgren, M. R. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erac465 · Cited by 19
“The reduced photorespiratory flux in C4 leaves will require serine biosynthesis to be re-routed, either through its import via a different organ, the glycerate pathway, or via the phosphorylated pathway of serine synthesis (Ros et al., 2014; Zimmermann et al., 2021).”
Background
Metabolic Patterns in Spirodela polyrhiza Revealed by 15N Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino Acids in Photoautotrophic, Heterotrophic, and Mixotrophic Growth Conditions
Evans, E. M., Freund, D. M., Sondervan, V. M., Cohen, J. D., & Hegeman, A. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2018.00191 · Cited by 18
“The main source of serine biosynthesis in most conditions is the glycolate pathway (Douce et al., 2001; Ros et al., 2014).”
Background

Authors: Ros, R., Muñoz-Bertomeu, J., & Krueger, S.
Affiliations: Universitat de València (ES)
University of Cologne (DE)
Corresponding author: Ros, Roc
ORCID: Ros, Roc
Krueger, Stephan
Venue: Trends in Plant Science
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-09
Volume: 19
Issue: 9
Pages: 564-569
ISSN: 1360-1385 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.003
OpenAlex: W2073447660
Semantic Scholar: 154570f017e6fc826ddb368e9b522b6e8b67ae54
Cited by: 279
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 1.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Trends in Plant Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Nitrogen and Sulfur Effects on Brassica
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
Keywords: serine biosynthesis, serine metabolism, amino acid homeostasis, plant development, embryonic development, male gametophyte development, root development
MeSH terms: Glycolysis, Phosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Plant Proteins, Plants, Seeds, Serine, Stress, Physiological, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Plant Roots

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Serine in plants: biosynthesis, metabolism, and functions

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