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Cited by 11Medicinal Plant ResearchBanana Cultivation and ResearchPhytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities

Functional, nutritional and medicinal potential of banana peel

Open access
Hashim, Mehnaz·2023·Pure and Applied Biology
DOI 10.19045/bspab.2023.120049
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Abstract

Banana, botanically called Musa spp. is among the most cultivated and consumed fruits, which generates a huge amount of waste (peel) annually.The current review was to combine the activities and beneficial aspects of banana peel.The organic composition of banana peel comprising lipids, fibers, carbohydrates and protein which results in presence of several bioactive molecules.The literature revealed that these bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids (tannic acid, catechol, β-sitosterol, ferulic acid) help to perform different biological activities and cures antitumor, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiaging, antioxidant and antiviral activities.The mechanism of its bioactive compounds helps to cure infections and diseases.The study states that banana peel is a valuable byproduct which has several benefits and it can be used in different industries like pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food, lather, biodiesel and bioethanol.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review argues that banana peel is an underused source of nutrients, bioactive phytochemicals, and functional/medicinal agents, with possible applications in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and bioenergy. It compiles compositional and bioactivity data from prior literature but does not present new experiments or a systematic synthesis.

Key findings

  • Banana peel is reported to contain carbohydrates, protein, fat, ash, fiber, minerals, amino acids, and bioactive classes such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, carotenoids, sterols, active amines, and polyamines. Proximate values include peel moisture 75.3±3.26, protein 5.3±0.02, crude fat 5.93±0.13, ash 15.29±0.05, and carbohydrates 8.8±0.54; pulp values differ. Amino acid values include leucine 10.97 g/100 g, phenylalanine 9.56 g/100 g, isoleucine 9.50 g/100 g, and lysine 7.16 g/100 g, with most listed amino acids exceeding the cited FAO/WHO standard except lysine.
  • Antioxidant-related findings include carotenoid content of 64 µg/g, gallocatechin at 158 mg/100 g DW in peel versus 29.6 mg/100 g DW in pulp, total phenolic content ranging from 4.95–47 mg GAE/g DM, and green peel phenolic content reported as 15–45% higher than ripe peel and 52% higher than over-ripened peel. Antioxidant assay results vary widely by solvent and method.
  • Antimicrobial activity is reported against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, with inhibition zones varying by solvent and organism; examples include Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9–19.57 mm, Escherichia coli 9–18.15 mm, Staphylococcus aureus 10–19.57 mm, and Candida albicans 9–17.61 mm.
  • Medicinal and cosmetic claims include anti-hyperglycemic, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, and skin-related effects. Reported values include nitric oxide inhibitory activity with IC50 = 6.68±0.34 µg, an SPF value of 10.67 for ethanol extract with bisulphite immersion, and ulcer inhibition of 83.33% against ethanol-induced ulcers versus 100% against aspirin-induced and cold-restraint stress-induced ulcers.

Methods

  • Narrative review design: the paper synthesizes published literature on Musa spp. peel composition, bioactive compounds, and biological activities rather than reporting primary experiments.
  • Data are presented through tables on proximate composition, amino acids, minerals, bioactive compounds, antioxidant assays, and antibacterial activity.
  • No systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, quality appraisal, or meta-analysis is described.

Limitations

  • The paper states no limitations.
  • Evident limitations: it is a narrative review without systematic search or critical quality assessment, many claims rely on secondary citations, and the tables contain inconsistent units, missing values, and heterogeneous conditions such as different solvents, varieties, and ripening stages.
  • Evident limitation: no new experimental validation is provided, so the medicinal and industrial potentials are largely inferential and require further testing.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.19045/bspab.2023.120049

Cites

131 of 131 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

20 of 90 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Banana peel contains 10.38±0.04 mg/100g manganese.

    “| Manganese | 10.38±0.04 | 1.25±0.39 |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] 51. Khawas P, Das AJ & Deka SC (2017). Banana peels and their prospects for industrial utilization. Food Processing By- Products and their Utilization 195-206. source

      Table 9.1 in §9.2.1 (page unavailable) lists manganese in dessert banana peel as 76.20 mg/100 g on a fresh-weight basis, not 10.38±0.04 mg/100 g. Section 9.2.4 confirms that peel contains manganese but gives no value matching the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Banana peel contains 5.06±0.07 mg/100g iron.

    “| Iron | 5.06±0.07 | 7.89±0.79 |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] 51. Khawas P, Das AJ & Deka SC (2017). Banana peels and their prospects for industrial utilization. Food Processing By- Products and their Utilization 195-206. source

      Table 9.1 in §9.2.1 (Nutrients) lists iron in dessert banana peel as 0.61 mg/100 g on a fresh-weight basis, not 5.06±0.07 mg/100 g. Section 9.2.4 confirms that peel contains iron but gives no support for the claimed amount. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Banana peel extract is more potent than banana pulp extract against lipid autoxidation.

    “It was also more potent than the banana pulp extract against lipid autoxidation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [83] 83. Agbo MO, Uzor PF, Nneji UNA, Odurukwe CUE, Ogbatue UB & Mbaoji EC (2015). Antioxidant, total phenolic and flavonoid content of selected Nigerian medicinal plants. Dhaka Univ J of Pharm Sci 14(1): 35-41. 100. Boots AW, Haenen GR & Bast A (2008). Health effects of quercetin: from antioxidant to nutraceutical. Eur J of Pharm 585(2-3): 325-3. 101. Abreu-Naranjo R, Paredes-Moreta JG, Granda-Albuja G, Iturralde G, González- Paramás AM & Alvarez-Suarez JM (2020). Bioactive compounds, phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity and effectiveness against lipid peroxidation of cell membranes of Mauritia source

      The Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) section discusses antioxidant activity in selected Nigerian medicinal plants, and the Conclusion lists the extracts studied; neither addresses banana peel or pulp. Searches for banana peel, banana pulp, and lipid autoxidation found no comparison in our copy. No page numbers are available for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Phenolic compounds exhibit antioxidant activity by neutralizing lipid free radicals or preventing hydrogen peroxides from disintegrating into free radicals.

    “Phenolic compounds are the most essential plant elements that exhibit antioxidant activity by neutralizing lipid free radicals or by preventing hydrogen peroxides from disintegration into free radicals [93,94].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [93] 93. Alisi C, Nwanyanwu C, Akujobi C & Ibegbulem C (2008). Inhibition of dehydrogenase activity in pathogenic bacteria isolates by aqueous extracts of Musa paradisiaca (Var Sapientum). African J of Biotechnol 7(12). 117. source

      The Results and Discussion section reports phytochemicals in Musa paradisiaca extracts and suggests possible antimicrobial activity, but does not discuss antioxidant activity. Searches for phenolic antioxidants, lipid free radicals, and hydrogen peroxide found no passage addressing the claimed mechanisms; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [94] 94. Vijayakumar S, Presannakumar G & Vijayalakshmi NR (2008). Antioxidant activity of banana flavonoids. Fitoterapia 79(4): 279-282. 118. Maregesi SM, Kagashe GA & Felix F (2014). Documentation and phytochemical screening of traditional beauty products used in Missenyi District of Tanzania. J of Cosmet, Dermatol Sci and Appl 4(05): 355. 119. source
  • Premisecitation

    Banana residue has higher phenolic content than avocado, pineapple, papaya, passion fruit, watermelon and melon.

    “Banana residue has high phenolic content than avocado, pineapple, papaya, passion fruit, watermelon and melon [23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] 23. Fischetti VA (2008). Bacteriophage lysins as effective antibacterials. Curr opin in microbiol. 11(5): 393-400. source

      The Structure and Antibiotic and Lysin Synergy sections discuss bacteriophage lysins, not fruit residues or phenolic content; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. Searches for banana residue, the named comparison fruits, and fruit-waste phenolics found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims. 29
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Banana peel is a cheap source of starch, crude lipids, proteins, dietary fibers and polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid, pectin, minerals and essential amino acids.

    “Banana peel is a cheap source of starch, crude lipids, proteins, dietary fibers and polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid, pectin, minerals and essential amino acids (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [28] 28. Davis T, Suryawan A, Orellana RA & Fiorotto ML (2010). Leucine acts as a nutrient signal to stimulate protein synthesis. J of Anim Sci 88(2).

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] 29. Atkins CA, Pate JS & Sharkey PJ (1975). Asparagine metabolism-key to the nitrogen nutrition of developing legume seeds. Plant Physiol 56(6): 807-812. source
    • cites [30] 30. Nascimento M (2018). Potential uses of arginine in dentistry. Adv in dent res. 29(1): 98-103. source

      The Introduction discusses arginine metabolism in oral biofilms, and the section on caries-prevention applications discusses arginine-containing products; neither addresses banana peel composition. Searches for banana peel, linoleic acid, and pectin found no relevant passage in our copy. No page numbers were provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [31] 31. Ros R, Muñoz-Bertomeu J & Krueger S (2014). Serine in plants: biosynthesis, metabolism, and functions. Tr in Plant Sci 19(9): 564-569. source
    • cites [32] 32. Hall JC (1998). Glycine. J of Parenter and Enter Nutr 22(6): 393-398. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Banana peel contains bioactive compounds including flavan-3-ols, flavonols, triterpenic compounds, carotenoids, sterols, triterpenes, cycloartane-type triterpenes, fatty acids, active amines and polyamines.

    “Table 4: Bioactive compounds extracted from banana peel Bioactive compounds Sub-types References Flavan-3-ols Gallocatechin Glutathione Norepinephrine Naringin Salsolinol L-Dopa [67-69]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [67] 67. Someya S, Yoshiki Y & Okubo K (2002). Antioxidant compounds from bananas (Musa Cavendish). Food Chem 79(3): 351-354. source
    • cites [68] 68. Kondo Y, Ohnishi M & Kawaguchi M (1999). Detection of lipid peroxidation catalyzed by chelated iron and measurement of antioxidant activity in wine by a chemiluminescence analyzer. J of Agric and Food Chem 47(5): 1781- 1785. source
    • cites [69] 69. Hertog MG, Kromhout D, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, Fidanza F & Nedeljkovic S (1995). Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study. Arch of Intern Med 155(4): 381- 386. source

      The available passages from the indexed copy are bibliographic information (labelled Abstract, no page given), not findings about banana peel. Searches for banana-peel compounds and the listed substances returned no passage addressing their presence in banana peel. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Banana peel has been used as a therapeutic agent for antilithic, antiulcerogenic, anti-diarrheal, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antivenom properties.

    “It has been used as a therapeutic agent for antilithic, antiulcerogenic and anti-diarrheal, hypoglycemics, hypolipidemic and antivenom properties [16-19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [16] 16. Karthikeyan A & Sivakumar N (2010). Citric acid production by Koji fermentation using banana peel as a novel substrate. Bioresou Technol 101(14): 5552-5556. source
    • cites [17] 17. Emaga TH, Robert C, Ronkart SN, Wathelet B & Paquot M (2008). Dietary fibre components and pectin chemical features of peels during ripening in banana and plantain varieties. Bioresou Technol 99(10): 4346-4354.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [18] 18. Davey MW, Van den Bergh I, Markham R, Swennen R & Keulemans J (2009). Genetic variability in Musa fruit provitamin A carotenoids, lutein and mineral micronutrient contents. Food Chem 115(3): 806-813. source
    • cites [19] 19. Tang Q, Tan P, Ma N & Ma X (2021). Physiological functions of threonine in animals: beyond nutrition metabolism. Nutr 13(8): 2592. source

      Section 5.2 discusses threonine’s effects on animal intestinal health, not banana peel. Searches for banana peel, the listed therapeutic properties, and antivenom use found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. No page numbers were available for the retrieved passages. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Catechins show strong antioxidant effects against lipid peroxidation and protective effects against cancer and cardiovascular disease.

    “Catechins show strong antioxidant effects against lipid peroxidation [84] and protective effects against diseases such as cancer and CVD [85].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [84] 84. Chaudhry F, Ahmad ML, Hayat Z, Ranjha MMAN, Chaudhry K, Elboughdiri N & Uddin J (2022). Extraction and Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols from Banana Peels Employing Different Extraction Techniques. Separations 9(7): 165. 103. Sultana T, Stecher G, Mayer R, Trojer L, Qureshi MN, Abel G & Bonn GK (2008). Quality assessment and quantitative analysis of flavonoids from tea samples of different origins by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. J of Agric and Food Chem 56(10): 3444- 3453. 104. source

      Citation [85] is attached to the claim that catechins protect against cancer and cardiovascular disease. The Introduction mentions gallocatechin as an antioxidant in banana peel, and Section 3.6 reports antioxidant potential of banana-peel extracts, but neither addresses protection against those diseases. Searches for catechins, cancer, and cardiovascular disease found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [85] 85. Munir H & Sarfraz RA (2014). Medicinal attributes of Aerva javanica native to Pothohar Plateau. Pak J of Life and Soc Sci 12(2): 80-86. 105.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Banana peel is a good source of cellulose (7.6-9.6%), lignin (6-12%), pectin (10-21%), glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose and hemicelluloses (6.4-9.4%).

    “Additionally, banana peel is a good source of cellulose (7.6-9.6 %), lignin (6-12 %), pectin (10-21 %), glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose and hemicelluloses (6.4-9.4 %) [33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] 33. Scott E, Peter F & Sanders J (2007). Biomass in the manufacture of industrial products-the use of proteins and amino acids. Appl Microbiol and Biotechnol 75(4): 751-762. source

      The paper’s section on using amino acids as feedstocks discusses waste protein sources and potato-starch waste, not banana peel. Searches of our full-text copy for banana peel, the listed sugars, and the stated cellulose, lignin, pectin, and hemicellulose percentages found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Banana peel extract contains gallocatechin, which demonstrates significant antioxidant activity.

    “The banana peel extract was found to contain gallocatechin which demonstrated significant antioxidant activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [83] 83. Agbo MO, Uzor PF, Nneji UNA, Odurukwe CUE, Ogbatue UB & Mbaoji EC (2015). Antioxidant, total phenolic and flavonoid content of selected Nigerian medicinal plants. Dhaka Univ J of Pharm Sci 14(1): 35-41. 100. Boots AW, Haenen GR & Bast A (2008). Health effects of quercetin: from antioxidant to nutraceutical. Eur J of Pharm 585(2-3): 325-3. 101. Abreu-Naranjo R, Paredes-Moreta JG, Granda-Albuja G, Iturralde G, González- Paramás AM & Alvarez-Suarez JM (2020). Bioactive compounds, phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity and effectiveness against lipid peroxidation of cell membranes of Mauritia source

      The Conclusion lists the Nigerian medicinal plants studied, and the Total antioxidant capacity section discusses antioxidant activity in those extracts, but neither addresses banana peel or gallocatechin. Searches for “banana peel gallocatechin” and “Musa banana peel catechin gallocatechin” found no relevant passage. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Antioxidant capacity of banana peel depends on different solvents and is measured by several antioxidant assays.

    “Antioxidant capacity depends on different solvents such as acetone, acetyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol, methanol and n-hexane by several antioxidant potential determining assays including diphenyle-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating activity, 2,2'-azinobis”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 9 sources checked
    • cites [21] 21. Brosnan ME & Brosnan JT (2020). Histidine metabolism and function. The J of Nutr 150(Supplement_1): 2570S- 2575S. source
    • cites [82] 82. Fatemeh S, Saifullah R, Abbas F & Azhar M (2012). Total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of banana pulp and peel flours: influence of variety and stage of ripeness. Inter Food Res J 19(3).

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [86] 86. Hazafa A, Rehman K-U, Jahan N & Jabeen Z (2020). The role of polyphenol (flavonoids) compounds in the treatment of cancer cells. Nutr and Cancer 72(3): 386-397. 106. source
    • cites [87] 87. Akbar A, Gul Z, Aziz S, Sadiq MB, Achakzai JK, Saeed S, Chein SH & Sher H (2022). Bio-Functional Potential and Biochemical Properties of Propelis Collected from Different Regions of Balochistan Province of Pakistan. Oxid Med and Cell Longev 2022. 107. source

      Materials and Methods §2.6 reports measuring the antioxidant activity of propolis extract with a DPPH assay. But §2.3 describes extraction with ethanol, not a comparison of solvents, and the cited passages do not address banana peel or the other named antioxidant assays. The source supports only the DPPH-assay portion of the attributed claim; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [88] 88. Achmad H & Putri AP (2021). Contents of Banana Peel Extract as Hemostasis in Wound Healing. Ann of the Romanian Soc for Cell Biol 4800-4810. 108. Guerrero-Alva DM (2019). Flavonoids of Organic Banana Peels (Musa cavendishii). Biotechnol 4(2): 40-45. 109. Novak FR, Almeida JAG & Silva RS (2003). Banana peel: a possible source of infection in the treatment of nipple fissures. J Pediat 79(221): 6. 110.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [89] 89. Gul Z Akbar A & Leghari SK (2022). Elucidating Therapeutic and Biological Potential of Berberis baluchistanica Ahrendt Bark, Leaf, and Root Extracts. Front in Microbiol, 13, 823673-823673. 111. Sutanti V & Destyawati AA (2019). The use of yellow kepok banana peel extract (musa paradisiaca L. var bluggoe) as an antibacterial for chronic periodontitis caused by porphyromonas gingivalis. J of Smart Biopros and Technol P-ISSN 2686: 0805. 112.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] 90. Brooks G, Carroll K, Butel J, Morse S & Mietzner T (2013). Medical Microbiology. 26th edit: New York: McGraw-Hill. 113. Singh CR, Kathiresan K, Boopathy NS, Anandhan S & Govindan T (2013). Evaluation of microbial potential of different coloured banana peels. Int J Preclin Pharm Res 4: 62-64. 114.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [91] 91. Olakunle OO, Joy BD & Irene OJ (2019). Antifungal activity and phytochemical analysis of selected fruit peels. J of Biol and Med 3(1): 040-043. 115. source

      The Preparation of peel extracts and Test for antifungal activity sections describe water and ethanol extraction followed by an antifungal agar-well assay. A search for solvent-dependent antioxidant capacity and the named assays (DPPH, FRAP and metal chelation) found no passage addressing them in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [92] 92. Saleem M & Saeed MT (2020). Potential application of waste fruit peels (orange, yellow lemon and banana) as wide range natural antimicrobial agent. J of King Saud Univ-Sci 32(1): 805-810. 116. source

      The Methods (section 2.2) describe extracting banana peel with four solvents, and Results and discussion (Table 5) report solvent-dependent phenolic content. Our copy does not report banana-peel antioxidant capacity or measurements using DPPH, FRAP, or other antioxidant assays; it evaluates antimicrobial activity instead. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Axanthin is a food colorant.

    “axanthin is a food colorant while neoxanthin is an intermediary in the generation of the plant hormone abscisic acid[62]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62] 62. Nilprapruck P, Meetum P & Chanthasa C (2016). Influence of exogenous spermidine on to peel color change and browning symptom of Musa (AAA group) cv. Kluai Hom Thong at low temperature storage. Sci, Eng and Health Stud 38-42. source

      The Results and discussion section discusses chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments in banana peel, but does not identify axanthin or describe it as a food colorant. Searches for “axanthin,” “food colorant,” and related pigment terms found no passage addressing that claim; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Neoxanthin is an intermediary in the generation of the plant hormone abscisic acid.

    “axanthin is a food colorant while neoxanthin is an intermediary in the generation of the plant hormone abscisic acid[62]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62] 62. Nilprapruck P, Meetum P & Chanthasa C (2016). Influence of exogenous spermidine on to peel color change and browning symptom of Musa (AAA group) cv. Kluai Hom Thong at low temperature storage. Sci, Eng and Health Stud 38-42. source

      The Results and discussion section discusses total carotenoid content in banana peels, but not neoxanthin or abscisic acid. Searches for “neoxanthin abscisic acid” and “ABA carotenoid precursor biosynthesis plant hormone” found no passage addressing whether neoxanthin is an intermediate in abscisic acid production. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Carotenoids act as a preventive strategy against several tumors, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and age-related macular degeneration.

    “which acts as a preventive strategy against several tumors, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and age-related macular degeneration [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] 22. Tall AR & Yvan-Charvet L (2015). Cholesterol, inflammation and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 15(2): 104- 116. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data

    Banana peel contains amino acids including lysine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine and threonine; all are higher than FAO standard except lysine.

    “It contains amino acids including lysine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine and threonine they are all approved to be higher than Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) standard except lysine (Table 2)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dietary antioxidants play a vital pharmacological role in improving male reproductive health, reducing insulin resistance and lowering risk of type II diabetes.

    “Dietary antioxidants play a vital pharmacologically role in improving male reproductive health, reducing insulin resistance and lowering the risk of type II diabetes [79,80].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [79] 79. Tsamo CVP, Herent MF, Tomekpe K, Emaga TH, Quetin-Leclercq J, Rogez H & Andre CM (2015). Effect of boiling on phenolic profiles determined using HPLC/ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, physico- chemical parameters of six plantain banana cultivars (Musa sp). J of Food Compos and Anal 44: 158-169.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [80] 80. Sengul M, Yildiz H, Gungor N, Cetin B, Eser Z & Ercisli S (2009). Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some medicinal plants. Pak J of Pharm Sci. 22(1).

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Banana should be regarded as a useful dietary source against diseases and an excellent source of natural antioxidants for foods.

    “The banana should be regarded as a useful dietary source against diseases and an excellent source of natural antioxidants for foods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Banana peel bioactive compounds perform antitumor, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiaging, antioxidant and antiviral activities.

    “The literature revealed that these bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids (tannic acid, catechol, β-sitosterol, ferulic acid) help to perform different biological activities and cures antitumor, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiaging, antioxidant and antiviral activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Banana peel is a valuable byproduct with several benefits and can be used in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food, leather, biodiesel and bioethanol industries.

    “The study states that banana peel is a valuable byproduct which has several benefits and it can be used in different industries like pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food, lather, biodiesel and bioethanol.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Banana peel contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phlobatannins.

    “Additionally, the banana peel also contains various bioactive elements namely terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phlobatannins [15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] 15. Durgadevi PKS, Saravanan A & Uma S (2019). Antioxidant potential and antitumour activities of Nendran banana peels in breast cancer cell line. Indian J of Pharm Sci 81(3): 464-473.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Phenolic compounds are effectively used as functional ingredients in prevention of lipid oxidation and inhibit microbial growth.

    “These compounds are effectively used as functional ingredients in the prevention of lipid oxidation [101] and inhibit microbial growth [102].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [101] 101. Ulser T (2016). Antiulcer activity of Musa paradisiaca [banana] tepal and skin extracts in ulcer induced albino mice. Malaysian j of Anal Sci 20(5): 1203-1216. 134. Suleyman H, Demircan B & Karagoz Y (2007). Anti-inflammatory and side effects of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. Pharmacol Rep 59(3): 247. 135. Chattopadhyay I, Bandyopadhyay U, Biswas K, Maity P & Banerjee RK (2006). Indomethacin inactivates gastric peroxidase to induce reactive-oxygen- mediated gastric mucosal injury and curcumin protects it by preventing peroxidase inactivation and scavenging reactive oxygen. Free Radic Biol an

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [102] 102. Lewis DA, Fields WN & Shaw GP (1999). A natural flavonoid present in unripe plantain banana pulp (Musa sapientum L. var. paradisiaca) protects the gastric mucosa from aspirin-induced erosions. J of Ethnopharmacol 65(3): 283-288. 138. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Antioxidants promote normal biological functions including healthy cell proliferation, immunological support and prevention of molecular degeneration and premature ageing.

    “Antioxidants promote normal biological functions including healthy cell proliferation, immunological support and molecular degeneration prevention, including the prevention of premature ageing [81].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [81] 81. Scalbert A, Johnson IT & Saltmarsh M (2005). Polyphenols: antioxidants and beyond. The Am j of Clin Nutr 81(1): 215S-217S. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Banana peel has high carbon content and can be used as an absorbent to remove various pollutants from savage water.

    “Banana peel has high carbon content and can be used as an absorbent to remove various pollutants from savage water [24, 25].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24] 24. Martínez Y, Li X, Liu G, Bin P, Yan W, Más D, . . . Yin Y (2017). The role of methionine on metabolism, oxidative stress, and diseases. Amino Acids 49(12): 2091-2098. source
    • cites [25] 25. Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Gątarek P, Chirumbolo S, Chartrand MS & Bjørklund G (2019). How important is tryptophan in human health. Crit Rev in Food Sci and Nutr 59(1): 72-88. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Banana peel constitutes hemicelluloses, cellulose and pectin having carboxyl, hydroxyl and amine as functional groups.

    “It constitutes hemicelluloses, cellulose and pectin having carboxyl, hydroxyl and amine as a functional group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Banana peel may be used to produce cost-free energy in the form of bioethanol, biodiesel, organic acids, single-cell protein and various important industrial enzymes.

    “Apart from excellent antioxidant sources and high nutritional values for preventing and treating chronic diseases, literature has shown that banana peel may also be used to produce cost-free energy in the form of bioethanol, biodiesel, organic acids, single-cell protein and various important industrial enzymes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Serotonin may play a role in sensations of happiness and well-being.

    “Serotonin may play a role in sensations of happiness and well-being [63],”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] 63. Akbar A, Ali I, Samiullah NU, Khan SA, Rehman Z & Rehman SU (2019). Functional, antioxidant, antimicrobial potential and food safety applications of curcuma longa and cuminum cyminum. Pak J of Bot 51(3): 1129-1135. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Cryptoxanthin is used as a food colorant.

    “cryptoxanthin is used as a food colorant and might reduce the risk of lung cancer[54]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] 54. Rebello LPG, Ramos AM, Pertuzatti PB, Barcia MT, Castillo-Muñoz N & Hermosin-Gutierrez I (2014). Flour of banana (Musa AAA) peel as a source of antioxidant phenolic compounds. Food Res Int 55: 397-403.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Banana peel has high potassium content, making it an ideal treatment against acne-prone skin.

    “as well as high potassium (K) content which is making it the ideal treatment against acne prone-skin.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [116]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Banana peel contains antioxidants such as dopamine, ascorbic acid and flavonoids and has anti-ageing benefits.

    “It contains antioxidants such as dopamine, ascorbic acid and flavonoids and has anti-ageing benefits [20, 117].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [20] 20. Gorissen SH & Phillips SM (2019). Branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and skeletal muscle. Nutr and Skelet Muscle. pp. 283- 298. source
    • cites [117]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Banana peel can be considered a cheap viable source of dietary fiber because it contains a high amount, which promotes healthy digestion.

    “Concerning nutritional content, the peel can be considered a cheap viable source of dietary fiber because it contains a high amount, which promotes healthy digestion of food.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Banana peel contains high antioxidant and bioactive content that could help the pharmaceutical sector prevent chronic diseases and increase interest in enhancing food quality.

    “Many studies have proved that banana peel contains high antioxidant and bioactive content that could help the pharmaceutical sector to prevent chronic diseases and increase interest in enhancing food quality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Banana peel has an anti-hyperglycemic effect, mostly attributable to phyto-constituents such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids.

    “It has an anti-hyperglycemic effect, which is mostly attributable to the presence of phyto-constituents such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids [120, 126, 127].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [120]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [126]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [127]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Banana peel acts as a healing agent by reducing the spread of bacterial skin cells and promoting healing of pimples and other skin imperfections.

    “This peel acts as a healing agent by reducing the spread of bacterial skin cells and promoting the healing of pimples and other skin imperfections.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Banana peel is rich in antioxidants and can boost immunity and lower diabetes risk factors.

    “It is rich in antioxidants and can boost immunity and lower diabetes risk factors [125].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [125]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anthocyanins, delphinidin, cyanidin and catecholamine are present in banana peel and may have a role in producing insulin more efficiently from pancreatic beta cells, which in turn has an anti-diabetic impact.

    “Researchers found that anthocyanins, delphinidin, cyanidin and catecholamine are present in banana peel and may also have a role to produce insulin more efficiently from pancreatic beta cells, which in turn has an anti-diabetic impact [8, 128].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [8] 8. aqueous solution using banana peel powder. Desalin and Water Treat 57(1): 303-314.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [128]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Extract of banana peel (Musa paradisiacal) has remarkable antiulcer activity and cytoprotective properties on experimental organisms, attributed to phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins and saponins.

    “The remarkable antiulcer activity and cytoprotective properties of the extract of banana peel (Musa paradisiacal) on the experimental organisms may be attributed to the phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins and saponins [136].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [136]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Banana peel can be used for skin treatment because of its high antimicrobial potential, which may open a new site for the cosmetic industry.

    “some studies have advocated that peel can be used for skin treatment because of its high antimicrobial potential, which may open a new site for the cosmetic industry.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Banana peel has great biological potential.

    “Based on previous information, the banana peel has great biological potential.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Banana peel extract's greatest percentage of ulcer inhibition against ethanol-induced ulcers was 83.33%, compared to 100% against aspirin-induced and cold-restraint stress-induced ulcers.

    “The peel extract's greatest percentage of ulcer inhibition against ethanol-induced ulcers was 83.33 %, compared to 100 % against (ASP) and (CRS).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
35 of 35

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Rhodamine-B is a toxic dye that causes carcinogenic and neurotoxic effects in humans.

    “Rhodamine-B (Rh -B) is said to be among the toxic dyes which cause carcinogenic and neurotoxic effects in humans.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Agro-waste is known for Rhodamine-B removal with great efficiency.

    “Agro-waste has been known for Rh-B removal with great efficiency.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The outer coat of banana fruit accounts for up to 35% of the total mass.

    “The outer coat of banana fruit accounts for up to 35 % of the total mass.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Banana peel has very high contents of micronutrients.

    “As we all know that it has very high contents of micronutrients”
4 of 4

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Amino-acid comparison reverses several table values

    Minor

    The text says the listed amino acids exceed the standard except for lysine. Table 2 shows threonine and valine below their comparison values, while lysine is above its comparison value.

  • Gallocatechin study is attributed to the wrong numbered reference

    Minor

    The text attributes the gallocatechin comparison to Shinichi et al. [83], but reference 83 lists Agbo and colleagues, not Shinichi and colleagues.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 134 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. [8]8. aqueous solution using banana peel powder. Desalin and Water Treat 57(1): 303-314.
  2. [32]32. Hall JC (1998). Glycine. J of Parenter and Enter Nutr 22(6): 393-398.
  3. [71]71. Bratovcic A, Djapo-Lavic M, Kazazic M & Mehic E (2021). Evaluation of antioxidant capacities of orange, lemon, apple and banana peel extracts by frap and abts methods. Rev Roum Chim 66(8-9): 713-717.
  4. [75]75. El-Hadary A, El-Shourbagy G, Sulieman A & El-Nemer S (2015). Impact of some technological treatments on antioxidant capacity of banana and potato peel extracts. Zagazig J of Agric Res 42(4): 813-824.
  5. [85]85. Munir H & Sarfraz RA (2014). Medicinal attributes of Aerva javanica native to Pothohar Plateau. Pak J of Life and Soc Sci 12(2): 80-86. 105.
  6. [90]90. Brooks G, Carroll K, Butel J, Morse S & Mietzner T (2013). Medical Microbiology. 26th edit: New York: McGraw-Hill. 113. Singh CR, Kathiresan K, Boopathy NS, Anandhan S & Govindan T (2013). Evaluation of microbial potential of different coloured banana peels. Int J Preclin Pharm Res 4: 62-64. 114.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Hashim, M.
Affiliations
University of Balochistan (PK)
Corresponding author
Hashim, Mehnaz
Venue
Pure and Applied Biology
Publisher
Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology (BSPAB)
Published
2023-03-10
Volume
12
Issue
1
ISSN
2304-2478 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.19045/bspab.2023.120049
OpenAlex
W4310346829
Cited by
11
References
134
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1
FWCI
1.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Pure and Applied Biology (publishedVersion)
  • Greater South Information System
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Banana Cultivation and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Keywords
banana peel, Musa, fruit waste valorization, bioactive compounds, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, antioxidant activity, antifungal activity, antibacterial activity, antiparasitic activity, anticancer activity, anti-aging effects, anti-inflammatory activity, nutritional composition, pharmaceutical applications, cosmetic applications, biodiesel, bioethanol

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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