Cited by 859Vehicle emissions and performanceEnergy, Environment, and Transportation PoliciesTransportation and Mobility Innovations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Help or hindrance? The travel, energy and carbon impacts of highly automated vehicles

Open access

Wadud, Zia, MacKenzie, Don, Leiby, Paul·2016·Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

DOI 10.1016/j.tra.2015.12.001

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Experts predict that new automobiles will be capable of driving themselves under limited conditions within 5–10 years, and under most conditions within 10–20 years. Automation may affect road vehicle energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a host of ways, positive and negative, by causing changes in travel demand, vehicle design, vehicle operating profiles, and choices of fuels. In this paper, we identify specific mechanisms through which automation may affect travel and energy demand and resulting GHG emissions and bring them together using a coherent energy decomposition framework. We review the literature for estimates of the energy impacts of each mechanism and, where the literature is lacking, develop our own estimates using engineering and economic analysis. We consider how widely applicable each mechanism is, and quantify the potential impact of each mechanism on a common basis: the percentage change it is expected to cause in total GHG emissions from light-duty or heavy-duty vehicles in the U.S. Our primary focus is travel related energy consumption and emissions, since potential lifecycle impacts are generally smaller in magnitude. We explore the net effects of automation on emissions through several illustrative scenarios, finding that automation might plausibly reduce road transport GHG emissions and energy use by nearly half – or nearly double them – depending on which effects come to dominate. We also find that many potential energy-reduction benefits may be realized through partial automation, while the major energy/emission downside risks appear more likely at full automation. We close by presenting some implications for policymakers and identifying priority areas for further research.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.tra.2015.12.001

Cites

51 of 51 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations
Fagnant, D. J., & Kockelman, K. (2015) · Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2015.04.003 · Cited by 3,214
The travel and environmental implications of shared autonomous vehicles, using agent-based model scenarios
Fagnant, D. J., & Kockelman, K. M. (2014) · Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2013.12.001 · Cited by 1,177
Impacts of cooperative adaptive cruise control on freeway traffic flow
Shladover, S. E., Su, D., & Lu, X.-Y. (2012) · Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2324-08 · Cited by 887
The future mobility of the world population
Schafer, A., & Victor, D. G. (2000) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/s0965-8564(98)00071-8 · Cited by 674
Energy and emissions impacts of a freeway-based dynamic eco-driving system
Barth, M., & Boriboonsomsin, K. (2009) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2009.01.004 · Cited by 630
Environmental assessment of passenger transportation should include infrastructure and supply chains
Chester, M. V., & Horvath, A. (2009) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/2/024008 · Cited by 592
Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers
Anderson, J. M., Kalra, N., Stanley, K. D., Sorensen, P. A., Samaras, C., & Oluwatola, O. A. (2014) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr443 · Cited by 590
Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts of Carsharing in North America
Martin, E. W., & Shaheen, S. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2011.2158539 · Cited by 528
Toward a Systematic Approach to the Design and Evaluation of Automated Mobility-on-Demand Systems: A Case Study in Singapore
Spieser, K., Treleaven, K., Zhang, R., Frazzoli, E., Morton, D., & Pavone, M. (2014) · Lecture notes in mobility · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05990-7_20 · Cited by 442
Anthropological invariants in travel behavior
Marchetti, C. (1994) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/0040-1625(94)90041-8 · Cited by 384

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 52 references

1 of the 52 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 7

AAA, 2012. Your Driving Costs, 2012 edition, Heathrow, FL.
Cambridge Systematics, 2009. Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Medium and Heavy Duty Vehicles: Commissioned Paper on Indirect Costs and Alternative Approaches, Draft final paper, Cambridge Systematics Inc. (revised 21.09.09).
Gladwell, M., 2004. Big and Bad: How the SUV ran over Automotive Safety. The New Yorker, Jan 12, pp. 28–33.
IEEE, 2012. News release on Intelligent Transportation System. Available: <http://www.ieee.org/about/news/2012/5september_2_2012.html> (accessed Jan 2014).
Tsugawa, S., 2013. Energy and Environmental Implications of Automated Truck Platooning within Energy ITS Project. TRB Road Vehicle Automation Workshop, Stanford, CA (16.07.13).
Underwood, S., 2014. Automated Vehicles Forecast: Vehicle Symposium Opinion Survey. Automated Vehicles Symposium 2014, Burlingame, CA (15.07.14).
White, 2010, Why 70 miles per hour is the new 55, The Wall Street J.

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 857

Consumer response to transformative transportation innovations: Advancing the reflexive participant approach to survey research
Axsen, J., Kurani, K. S., & Sovacool, B. K. (2023) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2023.100759 · Cited by 10
Autonomous Vehicles, Children’s Mobility, And Family Perspective
Ayala, A., & Lee, Y. (2021) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181321651323 · Cited by 10
Preferred level of vehicle automation: How technology adoption, knowledge, and personality affect automation preference in Türkiye and Sweden
Öztürk, İ., Warner, H. W., & Özkan, T. (2024) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2024.2314840 · Cited by 9
Interactive Output Modalities Design for Enhancement of User Trust Experience in Highly Autonomous Driving
Ma, J., Zuo, Y., Du, H., Wang, Y., Tan, M., & Li, J. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2375697 · Cited by 9
Shared benefits and sustainable mobility – A case of autonomous bus
Koskinen, K., Mallat, N., & Upreti, B. R. (2024) · Case Studies on Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101286 · Cited by 12
The effects of infrastructure quality on the usefulness of automated vehicles: A case study for Leeds, UK
Tengilimoglu, O., Carsten, O., & Wadud, Z. (2024) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2024.104042 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Collaborative control framework at isolated signalized intersections under the mixed connected automated vehicles environment
Liu, C., Jia, H., Wang, G., Wu, R., Tian, J., & Gao, H. (2024) · Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering · doi:10.1111/mice.13371 · Cited by 9
Projecting AV sales in the EU-27 and UK: Insights from Euro emission standards and historical trends
Alatawneh, A., & Török, Á. (2025) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2025.01.009 · Cited by 9
Cooperative Camera-LiDAR Extrinsic Calibration for Vehicle-Infrastructure Systems in Urban Intersections
Xiong, Y., Zhang, X., Gao, X., Qu, Q., Chun, D., Wang, R., Liu, J., & Li, J. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3567973 · Cited by 10
Identification of required stations for autonomous vehicles using AHP and TOPSIS method with GIS approach
Hoveidafard, A., Moradinia, S. F., Golchin, B., & Ghaffari, A. (2025) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100755 · Cited by 9
Assessing the influence of connected and automated mobility on the liveability of cities
Harrison, G., Stanford, J. M., Rakoff, H., Smith, S., Shepherd, S., Barnard, Y. F., & Innamaa, S. (2022) · Journal of Urban Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.urbmob.2022.100034 · Cited by 8
Unfreezing autonomous vehicles with game theory, proxemics, and trust
Camara, F., & Fox, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2022.969194 · Cited by 9
The expected speed and impacts of vehicle automation in passenger and freight transport: A Dissensus Delphi study among UK professionals
Hopkins, D., & Schwanen, T. (2023) · Research in Transportation Business & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2023.100973 · Cited by 9
Life Cycle Analysis of an On-the-Road Modular Vehicle Concept
Ulrich, C., Feinauer, M., Bieber, K., Schmid, S., & Friedrich, H. E. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151310303 · Cited by 9
The Environmental Impacts of Automated Vehicles on Parking: A Systematic Review
Kong, Y., Ou, J., Chen, L., Yang, F., & Yu, B. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152015033 · Cited by 14
Maximin headway control of automated vehicles for system optimal dynamic traffic assignment in general networks
Du, J., & Ma, W. (2024) · Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review · doi:10.1016/j.tre.2024.103628 · Cited by 9
Mobilizing a Culture of Health in the Era of Smart Transportation and Automation
Schintler, L. A., & McNeely, C. L. (2020) · World Medical & Health Policy · doi:10.1002/wmh3.339 · Cited by 9
Air emission impacts of low-level automated vehicle technologies in U.S. metropolitan areas
Vasebi, S., & Hayeri, Y. M. (2020) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100194 · Cited by 10
Modeling and Assessing the Influence of Connected and Automated Vehicle Penetration Rates on Urban Arterial Road Operational Performance
Mathew, S., Duvvuri, S. V., & Pulugurtha, S. S. (2020) · ASCE International Conference on Transportation and Development (ICTD) · doi:10.1061/9780784483138.009 · Cited by 9
Transition to Autonomous Vehicles: A Socio-Technical Transition Perspective
Canıtez, F. (2021) · Alphanumeric Journal · doi:10.17093/alphanumeric.847241 · Cited by 9
Optimal Control of Automated Vehicles for Autonomous Intersection Management With Design Specifications
Wang, S., Mahlberg, A., & Levin, M. W. (2022) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.1177/03611981221109166 · Cited by 9
Rethinking mobility for a human city
Macharis, C., & Keserü, I. (2018) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441647.2018.1423612 · Cited by 9
Zur gesellschaftlichen Wahrnehmung des voll autonomen Fahrens und seiner möglichen nachhaltigkeitsbezogenen Implikationen
Hampel, J., Kropp, C., & Zwick, M. M. (2018) · TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis · doi:10.14512/tatup.27.2.38 · Cited by 9
Pumping the Brakes on Robot Cars: Current Urban Traveler Willingness to Consider Driverless Vehicles
Kelley, S., Lane, B. W., & DeCicco, J. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11185042 · Cited by 9
Social Resource Allocation in a Mobility System with Connected and Automated Vehicles: A Mechanism Design Problem
Chremos, I. V., & Malikopoulos, A. A. (2020) · IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) · doi:10.1109/cdc42340.2020.9304067 · Cited by 9
Evaluating the Influencing Factors on Adoption of Self-driving Vehicles by Using Interval-Valued Pythagorean Fuzzy AHP
Bakioğlu, G., & Atahan, A. O. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51156-2_58 · Cited by 9
An optimization-based planning tool for on-demand mobility service operations
Aziz, H. M. A., Garikapati, V. M., Rodriguez, T. K., Zhu, L., Sun, B., Young, S. E., & Chen, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Sustainable Transportation · doi:10.1080/15568318.2020.1847368 · Cited by 9
Multimodality and Sustainable Transport: A Critical Perspective
Mattioli, G., & Heinen, E. (2020) · Studien zur Mobilitäts- und Verkehrsforschung/Studien zur Mobilitäts- und Verkehrsforschung · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-31413-2_5 · Cited by 8
A combination of measures limits demand for critical materials in Sweden’s electric car transition
Morfeldt, J., Johansson, D. J. A., & Davidsson, S. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02085-8 · Cited by 10
Autonomous Vehicles in the Traffic Ecosystem: A Comprehensive Review of Integration, Impacts, and Policy Implications
Butilă, E. V., Voinea, G.-D., Boboc, R. G., & Ambrosi, G. (2026) · Vehicles · doi:10.3390/vehicles8020041 · Cited by 8
Decarbonising Transport with Intelligent Mobility
Bishop, J. D. K. (2022) · Lecture notes in energy · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86215-2_18 · Cited by 8
Why Mobility Justice Means Prioritising Accessible Walking Environments
Mullen, C. (2021) · Active Travel Studies · doi:10.16997/ats.1066 · Cited by 8
A Digital Smart City for Emerging Mobility Systems
Zayas, R. M., Beaver, L. E., Chalaki, B., Bang, H., & Malikopoulos, A. A. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Digital Twins and Parallel Intelligence (DTPI) · doi:10.1109/dtpi55838.2022.9998963 · Cited by 8
Improving Sustainable Safe Transport via Automated Vehicle Control with Closed-Loop Matching
Hegedűs, T., Fényes, D., Németh, B., & Gáspár, P. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132011264 · Cited by 8
Selection of vehicle size and extent of multi-drop deliveries for autonomous goods vehicles: An assessment of potential for change
Bray, G., & Cebon, D. (2022) · Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review · doi:10.1016/j.tre.2022.102806 · Cited by 8
Implications of the Emergence of Autonomous Vehicles and Shared Autonomous Vehicles: A Budapest Perspective
Shatanawi, M., & Mészáros, F. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141710952 · Cited by 9
The Interrelationship between Road Pricing Acceptability and Self-Driving Vehicle Adoption: Insights from Four Countries
Shatanawi, M., Hajouj, M., Edries, B., & Mészáros, F. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141912798 · Cited by 9
Perceptions of Autonomous Vehicles: A Case Study of Jordan
Abudayyeh, D., Almomani, M. A., Almomani, O., Alsoud, H., & Alsalman, F. (2023) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj14050133 · Cited by 8
Transportation Mode Choice Behavior in the Era of Autonomous Vehicles: The Application of Discrete Choice Modeling and Machine Learning
Lee, S. (2022) · PDXScholar (Portland State University) · doi:10.15760/etd.7865 · Cited by 9
Does automation strengthen the ‘system of automobility’? Critical considerations and alternatives to connected and automated vehicles
Dangschat, J. S., & Stickler, A. (2023) · Applied Mobilities · doi:10.1080/23800127.2023.2243579 · Cited by 12
Economic and environmental analysis of EVs' in urban transportation using system dynamics
Azarnoosh, Z., Moradinia, S. F., Golchin, B., & Jani, R. (2024) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100314 · Cited by 8
Use-stage emissions of conventional, battery electric, and autonomous vehicles in Europe
Alatawneh, A., & Török, Á. (2025) · Case Studies on Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101398 · Cited by 10
Sustainability of autonomous cars: Environmental, social, and economic insights from a systematic review
de Leo, G., & Miragliotta, G. (2025) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2025.09.013 · Cited by 7
Assessment of Driving Proficiency When Drivers Utilize Assistance Systems—The Case of Adaptive Cruise Control
van den Beukel, A. P., van Driel, C., Boelhouwer, A., Veders, N., & Heffelaar, T. (2021) · Safety · doi:10.3390/safety7020033 · Cited by 7
PACKAGE PLANNING OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE CONCEPTS
König, A., Telschow, D., Nicoletti, L., & Lienkamp, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the Design Society · doi:10.1017/pds.2021.498 · Cited by 7
Coupling agent-based modelling and life cycle assessment for a behaviour-driven evaluation of SAEVs
Vilaça, M., Correia, G. H. D. A., & Coelho, M. C. (2024) · Transportmetrica B Transport Dynamics · doi:10.1080/21680566.2024.2315507 · Cited by 7
Disentangling the carbon emissions impact of digital consumer innovations
Pettifor, H., Agnew, M. D., Wilson, C., & Niamir, L. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144412 · Cited by 10
Study on the Impact of Autonomous Driving Technology on the Economy and Society
Wang, Q. (2024) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202420801022 · Cited by 7
Deadlock-Free Planner for Occluded Intersections Using Estimated Visibility of Hidden Vehicles
Narksri, P., Takeuchi, E., Ninomiya, Y., & Takeda, K. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10040411 · Cited by 7
Mobility Trends in Transport Sector Modeling
Kraus, S., Grube, T., & Stolten, D. (2022) · Future Transportation · doi:10.3390/futuretransp2010010 · Cited by 7
Towards a More Sustainable Mobility
Pallonetto, F. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16624-2_24 · Cited by 7
To Share or Not to Share—Expected Transportation Mode Changes Given Different Types of Fully Automated Vehicles
Heubeck, L., Hartwich, F., & Bocklisch, F. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15065056 · Cited by 7
Energy-Smart Transportation Systems
Sabet, S., & Farooq, B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97940-9_126 · Cited by 7
The Highway Beautification Act: Towards improving efficiency of the Federal Outdoor Advertising Control Program
Dulebenets, M. A., Özgüven, E. E., & Moses, R. (2018) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2018.01.031 · Cited by 7
Shared Autonomous Electrical Vehicles and Urban Mobility: A Vision for Rome in 2035
Nuzzolo, A., Persia, L., Comi, A., & Polimeni, A. (2018) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02305-8_93 · Cited by 7
Eco-Driving Strategies for Different Powertrain Types and Scenarios
Iliev, S., Rask, E., Stutenberg, K. M., & Duoba, M. J. (2019) · SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility · doi:10.4271/2019-01-2608 · Cited by 7
Energy Efficiency and Emission Testing for Connected and Automated Vehicles Using Real-World Driving Data
Chang, Y., Yang, W., & Zhao, D. X. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) · doi:10.1109/itsc.2018.8569806 · Cited by 7
Best practices for air quality and active transportation
Glazener, A., & Khreis, H. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818122-5.00016-8 · Cited by 7
Energy Consumption of Connected and Automated Vehicles
Brost, M., Deniz, Ö., Österle, I., Ulrich, C., Senzeybek, M., Hahn, R., & Schmid, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1492-1_1098 · Cited by 8
Trust More, Fear Less: The Role of Social Support in Fully Automated Vehicle Choice
Yoo, S., Kumagai, J., & Managi, S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2022.3208567 · Cited by 6
Game-theory based truck platoon avoidance modes selection near the highway off-ramp in mixed traffic environment
Li, Y., Wang, L., Xuan, Z., & Shen, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2024.1371233 · Cited by 6
A framework for preparing cities for the successful implementation of shared autonomous vehicles: An integrative literature review
Greifenstein, M., Delfa, A. L., & Han, Z. S. (2025) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2025.106515 · Cited by 6
Do Sustainability Concerns Play a Key Role in Influencing Individuals’ Acceptance after Experiencing Shared Autonomous Vehicles? A Field Experiment in China
Yan, F., Shi, Z., & Liu, J. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2305984 · Cited by 6
Acquire Driving Scenarios Efficiently: A Framework for Prospective Assessment of Cost-Optimal Scenario Acquisition
Glasmacher, C., Schuldes, M., Weber, H., Wagener, N., & Eckstein, L. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) · doi:10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422027 · Cited by 6
Energy Sharing Boundaries Integrating Buildings and Vehicles Tangled in Spatial and Temporal Changes
Chang, S., Yoshida, T., Binder, R. B., Yamagata, Y., & Castro‐Lacouture, D. (2020) · ASCE Construction Research Congress (CRC) · doi:10.1061/9780784482858.048 · Cited by 6
An Analytical Study of a Two-Sided Mobility Game
Chremos, I. V., & Malikopoulos, A. A. (2022) · Proceedings of the ... American Control Conference/Proceedings of the American Control Conference · doi:10.23919/acc53348.2022.9867492 · Cited by 6
Shared Automated Electric Vehicle Prospects for Low Carbon Road Transportation in British Columbia, Canada
Atabay, O., Djilali, N., & Crawford, C. A. (2022) · Vehicles · doi:10.3390/vehicles4010007 · Cited by 6
Experimental Comparison of 4G and 5G Technologies for Connected and Automated Vehicles
Cucor, B., Kamencay, P., Dado, M., & Petrov, T. (2023) · International Conference Radioelektronika · doi:10.1109/radioelektronika57919.2023.10109056 · Cited by 6
Fuel-saving opportunities for automated vehicles: A driving cycle analysis
Jungblut, E., Grube, T., Linßen, J., & Stolten, D. (2023) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2023.100964 · Cited by 8
Future Technologies in the EU Transport Sector and Beyond: An Outlook of 2020–2035
Tromaras, A., Aggelakakis, A., Hoppe, M., Trachsel, T., & Anoyrkati, E. (2018) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02305-8_87 · Cited by 6
Energy and Mobility Impacts of System Optimal Dynamic Traffic Assignment for a Mixed Traffic of Legacy and Automated Vehicles
Aziz, H. M. A. (2019) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.1177/0361198119845658 · Cited by 6
Sociotechnical convex hulls and the evolution of transportation activity: A method and application to US travel survey data
Mulrow, J., Derrible, S., & Samaras, C. (2019) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119789 · Cited by 6
Multi-objective framework for optimum configuration of human-driven and shared or privately owned autonomous vehicles
Singh, H., Ghamami, M., Nouri, H., & Gates, T. J. (2021) · International Journal of Sustainable Transportation · doi:10.1080/15568318.2021.1887415 · Cited by 6
Towards Autonomous Vehicles in Smart Cities: Risks and Risk Governance
Taeihagh, A., & Lim, H. S. M. (2021) · EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66042-0_7 · Cited by 7
Simulation of Optimal Driving for Minimization of Fuel Consumption or NOx Emissions in a Diesel Vehicle
Fernández-Yáñez, P., Soriano, J. A., Mata, C., Armas, O., Plá, B., & Bermúdez, V. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14175513 · Cited by 6
A Model for the Deployment of Shared Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Areas Based on the Research Literature
Carneiro, P. S., Pereira, A. R., & da Silva, M. M. (2023) · International Journal of Transport Development and Integration · doi:10.18280/ijtdi.070304 · Cited by 6
Potential Energy Implications of Connected and Automated Vehicles: Exploring Key Leverage Points through Scenario Screening and Analysis
Bush, B., Vimmerstedt, L. J., & Gonder, J. D. (2019) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.1177/0361198119838840 · Cited by 6
Mobile ground-based robot systems for professional use
Лопота, А. В., & Андреевич, С. Б. (2020) · Robotics and Technical Cybernetics · doi:10.31776/rtcj.8101 · Cited by 6
Road Selection for Autonomous Trucks in Turkey with Fuzzy AHP
Hasgül, Z., & Aytore, C. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51156-2_67 · Cited by 6
Evidence Synthesis of Indirect Impacts of Digitalisation on Energy and Emissions
Wilson, C., Agnew, M. D., Amanta, F., Fan, Y. V., Kumar, P., & Seger, M. (2024) · International Conference on ICT for Sustainability (ICT4S) · doi:10.1109/ict4s64576.2024.00021 · Cited by 6
Research on the Impact of Autonomous Vehicles on the Environment and Sustainability of Transport Companies
Naujokienė, L., Peleckienė, V., Vaičiūtė, K., & Kulikauskienė, K. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17125510 · Cited by 5
How will travel time use and perception be modified by autonomous vehicles? Insights from personal driving commuters and public transport commuters
Dai, J., Zheng, C., Ma, W., & Li, R. (2025) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2025.104602 · Cited by 5
Investigating the preferences for autonomous vehicle use in European road transport: a binary logit model
Nisyrios, E., Matthaiou, A., Chau, M. L.-Y., & Gkiotsalitis, K. (2025) · npj Sustainable Mobility and Transport · doi:10.1038/s44333-025-00055-3 · Cited by 6
Agent-based modelling of older adult needs for autonomous mobility-on-demand: a case study in Winnipeg, Canada
Prédhumeau, M., & Manley, E. (2025) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-025-10590-0 · Cited by 5
Policy implications of digitalization pathways for lower energy demand
Bergman, N. M., & Foxon, T. J. (2025) · Sustainability Science Practice and Policy · doi:10.1080/15487733.2025.2531628 · Cited by 5
Modeling the Effect of Power Consumption in Automated Driving Systems on Vehicle Energy Efficiency for Real-World Driving in California
Hamza, K., Willard, J., Chu, K.-C., & Laberteaux, K. P. (2019) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.1177/0361198119835508 · Cited by 5
Connectivity and Automation as Enablers for Energy-Efficient Driving and Road Traffic Management
Othman, B., Nunzio, G. D., Sciarretta, A., Domenico, D. D., & de Wit, C. C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6431-0_128-1 · Cited by 5
Demonstration of Energy Consumption Reduction in Class 8 Trucks Using Eco-Driving Algorithm Based on On-Road Testing
Bhagdikar, P., Gankov, S., Frazier, C., Rengarajan, S. B., Warden, R., Brown, M., & Sarlashkar, J. (2022) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2022-01-0139 · Cited by 5
Evaluation of the Environmental Effect of Automated Vehicles Based on IVIULWG Operator Development
Kan, S., Lyu, W., & Zhao, S. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14159669 · Cited by 5
Driving as a Service: Promoting a Sustainable Transition to Automated Driving
Duarte, S. P., Lobo, A., Ferreira, S., & Couto, A. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16072809 · Cited by 5
F1TENTH: Enhancing Autonomous Systems Education Through Hands-On Learning and Competition
Betz, J., Zheng, H., Jahncke, F., Zang, Z., Sauerbeck, F., Zheng, Y. R., Biswas, J., Krovi, V., & Mangharam, R. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles · doi:10.1109/tiv.2024.3495227 · Cited by 5
Game Projection and Robustness for Game-Theoretic Autonomous Driving
Liu, M., Tseng, H. E., Filev, D., Girard, A., & Kolmanovsky, I. V. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2024.3514826 · Cited by 5
Comparative analysis of transport modes for regional mobility: a case study
Taylor, N. B. (2019) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport · doi:10.1680/jtran.18.00150 · Cited by 5
Optimal storage and loading zones within surface parking facilities for privately owned automated vehicles
Kong, Y., Vine, S. L., & Liu, X. (2019) · IET Intelligent Transport Systems · doi:10.1049/iet-its.2019.0099 · Cited by 5
Analyzing Energy and Mobility Impacts of Privately-owned Autonomous Vehicles
Cokyasar, T., Auld, J., Javanmardi, M., Verbas, Ö., & de Souza, F. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) · doi:10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294218 · Cited by 5
Business models and cost analysis of automated valet parking and shared autonomous vehicles assisted by internet of things
Chen, J., Chen, H., Gao, J., Dave, K., & Quaranta, R. (2021) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering · doi:10.1177/0954407021994445 · Cited by 6
Autonomous cars and responsible innovation
Lukovics, M., Zuti, B., Fisher, E., & Kézy, B. (2020) · doi:10.14232/casep21c.2 · Cited by 5
Mode boundaries of automated metro and semi-rapid rail in urban transit
Moccia, L., Allen, D. W., Gilbert Laporte, A., & Spinosa, A. (2021) · Public Transport · doi:10.1007/s12469-021-00287-9 · Cited by 5
Introduction
Marsden, G. R., & Reardon, L. (2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-78754-317-120181001 · Cited by 5
Exploring Whether Managed Lanes Contribute to the Wide Adoption of the Connected and Autonomous Vehicles
Ma, J., Chen, X., Tian, Z., & Yu, L. (2023) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.1177/03611981231168125 · Cited by 5

Authors: Wadud, Z., MacKenzie, D., & Leiby, P.
Affiliations: University of Leeds (GB)
University of Washington (US)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US)
Corresponding author: Wadud, Zia
ORCID: Wadud, Zia
MacKenzie, Don
Leiby, Paul
Venue: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-04
Volume: 86
Pages: 1-18
ISSN: 0965-8564 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2015.12.001
OpenAlex: W2259684855
Cited by: 859
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 10
FWCI: 63.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Transportation
Imperial College London
Federal Highway Administration
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Vehicle emissions and performance
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies
Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation and Mobility Innovations
Keywords: highly automated vehicles, autonomous vehicles, travel demand, vehicle energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, energy decomposition analysis, partial automation, full automation, vehicle design, fuel selection, heavy vehicles, light-duty vehicles, road transport emissions, energy policy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Help or hindrance? The travel, energy and carbon impacts of highly automated vehicles

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks