The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2017
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: There is an urgent need to develop new treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to understand the drug development process for new AD therapies. Methods: We assessed the agents in the AD pipeline as documented in clinicaltrials.gov for phase I, phase II, and phase III, accessed 1/5/2017. Results: There are 105 agents in the AD treatment development pipeline, of which 25 agents are in 29 trials in phase I, 52 agents are in 68 trials in phase II, and 28 agents are in 42 trials in phase III. Seventy percent of drugs in the AD pipeline are disease‐modifying therapies (DMTs). Fourteen percent are symptomatic cognitive enhancers, and 13% are symptomatic agents addressing neuropsychiatric and behavioral changes (2% have undisclosed mechanisms). Most trials are sponsored by the biopharmaceutical industry. Trials include patients with preclinical AD (cognitively normal with biomarker evidence of AD), prodromal AD (mild cognitive symptoms and biomarker evidence of AD), and AD dementia. Biomarkers are included in many drug development programs particularly those for DMTs. Thirteen of 46 phase II DMT trials have amyloid imaging as an entry criterion, and 10 of 28 phase III trials incorporate amyloid imaging for diagnosis and entry. A large number of participants are needed for AD clinical trials; in total, 54,073 participants are required for trials spanning preclinical AD to AD dementia. When compared with the 2016 pipeline, there are eight new agents in phase I, 16 in phase II, and five in phase III. Discussion: The AD drug development pipeline has 105 agents divided among phase I, phase II, and phase III. The trials include a wide range of clinical trial populations, many mechanisms of action, and require a substantial number of clinical trial participants. Biomarkers are increasingly used in patient identification and as outcome measures, particularly in trials of DMTs.
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“A number of additional pathogenic mechanisms have been described, possibly overlapping with Aβ plaques and NFT formation or induced by them, including inflammation, oxidative damage, iron deregulation, and cholesterol metabolism blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction or α-synuclein toxicity.9-13”
From Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer Disease: An Update (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
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Cites
2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2016) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.001 · Cited by 5,069
The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer’s disease
Sevigny, J., Chiao, P., Bussière, T., Weinreb, P. H., Williams, L., Maier, M., Dunstan, R., Salloway, S., Chen, T., Ling, Y., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19323 · Cited by 3,059 · cited 1×
“Aducanumab targets multiple Ab species, has had an encouraging phase I/II trial, and is continuing in phase III [35].”
BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease drug-development pipeline: Few candidates, frequent failures
Cummings, J. L., Morstorf, T., & Zhong, K. (2014) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/alzrt269 · Cited by 1,744 · cited 1×
“Although there are promising agents in the pipeline that could achieve this goal, it is clear that given the high rate of failure of AD drug development [38], the aim of having a repertoire of agents that could respond comprehensively and individually to a patient’s clinical circumstances within the 2025 timeframe is…”
BackgroundSelf-citation2015 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Alzheimer's Association (2015) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.02.003 · Cited by 1,673
Lessons learned from the fate of AstraZeneca's drug pipeline: a five-dimensional framework
Cook, D., Brown, D., Alexander, R., March, R., Morgan, P., Satterthwaite, G., & Pangalos, M. N. (2014) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4309 · Cited by 1,344 · cited 1×
“Biomarkers can contribute substantially to drug development success [39].”
BackgroundClinical Trial Registration: A Statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors
De Angelis, C., Drazen, J. M., Frizelle, F. A., Haug, C., Hoey, J., Horton, R., Kotzin, S., Laine, C., Marusic, A., Overbeke, A. J. P. M., et al. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme048225 · Cited by 1,241
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Drug development in Alzheimer’s disease: the path to 2025
Cummings, J., Aisen, P. S., DuBois, B., Frölich, L., Jack, C. R., Jones, R. W., Morris, J. C., Raskin, J., Dowsett, S. A., & Scheltens, P. (2016) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0207-9 · Cited by 459 · cited 3×
“This means that under current circumstances, an agent must now be in phase II to possibly be approved by 2025 [5].”
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Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 47 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Alzheimer's Association, 2015, Changing the Trajectory of Alzheimer's Disease: How a Treatment by 2025 Saves Lives and Dollars
- Tan S.B., 2009, Clinical Trials Handbook, 255
- Babic T., 2016, Improving screen fail and recruitment rates in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials, J Clin Stud, 8, 38
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: Review
Arvanitakis, Z., Shah, R. C., & Bennett, D. A. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.4782 · Cited by 1,561
Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics
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“Table 1 summarizes the drugs specific to amyloid that are being studied andwhich target sufficiently fundamental and proximate degenerative mechanisms.(64,65)”
BackgroundReligious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project
Bennett, D. A., Buchman, A. S., Boyle, P. A., Barnes, L. L., Wilson, R. S., & Schneider, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-179939 · Cited by 1,260
“Therearecurrentlyabout100drugsintheAD pipelineintheUSAwithanadditional100indevel-opmentintheEuropeanUnionwithparticipants rangingfromthosewithmoderatetosevereAD dementiatoasymptomaticpersons[443,444].”
Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Xia, Y., Zhang, J., & Chen, L. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01911-3 · Cited by 1,138
Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer Disease: An Update
Yiannopoulou, K. G., & Papageorgiou, S. G. (2020) · Journal of Central Nervous System Disease · doi:10.1177/1179573520907397 · Cited by 966
Metadata
- Authors
- Cummings, J., Lee, G., Mortsdorf, T., Ritter, A., & Zhong, K.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health Las Vegas NV USA
- Touro University Nevada Henderson NV USA
- Corresponding author
- Cummings, Jeffrey
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-05-24
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 367-384
- ISSN
- 2352-8737 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5651419
- OpenAlex
- W2617072792
- Cited by
- 549
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 52.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG084250 R56AG074001 U01AG073323 R01AG066707 R01AG076448 R01AG082118 RF1AG082211 R21AG083003 R35AG71476)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIA R25AG083721, NIA R35AG71476, P20GM109025)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RF1NS133812)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, drug development pipeline, clinical trials, disease-modifying therapy, prodromal Alzheimer's disease, preclinical Alzheimer's disease, amyloid imaging, biomarkers, clinical trial participants
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