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Cited by 702Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchCholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Alzheimer’s disease drug development pipeline: 2024

Open access
Cummings, Jeffrey, Zhou, Yadi, Lee, Garam, Zhong, Kate, Fonseca, Jorge, Cheng, Feixiong·2024·Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions
DOI 10.1002/trc2.12465PMC PMC11040692
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Abstract

INTRODUCTION: New therapies to prevent or delay the onset of symptoms, slow progression, or improve cognitive and behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are needed. METHODS: We interrogated clinicaltrials.gov including all clinical trials assessing pharmaceutical therapies for AD active in on January 1, 2024. We used the Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO) to classify the targets of therapies in the pipeline. RESULTS: There are 164 trials assessing 127 drugs across the 2024 AD pipeline. There were 48 trials in Phase 3 testing 32 drugs, 90 trials in Phase 2 assessing 81 drugs, and 26 trials in Phase 1 testing 25 agents. Of the 164 trials, 34% ( N = 56) assess disease‐modifying biological agents, 41% ( N = 68) test disease‐modifying small molecule drugs, 10% ( N = 17) evaluate cognitive enhancing agents, and 14% ( N = 23) test drugs for the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms. DISCUSSION: Compared to the 2023 pipeline, there are fewer trials (164 vs. 187), fewer drugs (127 vs. 141), fewer new chemical entities (88 vs. 101), and a similar number of repurposed agents (39 vs. 40). Highlights: In the 2024 Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline, there are 164 clinical trials assessing 127 drugs. The 2024 Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline has contracted compared to the 2023 Alzheimer pipeline with fewer trials, fewer drugs, and fewer new chemical entities. Drugs in the Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline target a wide array of targets; the most common processes targeted include neurotransmitter receptors, inflammation, amyloid, and synaptic plasticity. The total development time for a potential Alzheimer's disease therapy to progress from nonclinical studies to FDA review is approximately 13 years.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The 2024 Alzheimer’s disease drug development pipeline contained 164 clinical trials assessing 127 drugs, with 96 disease-modifying therapies (76% of agents) and the remainder symptomatic cognitive-enhancement or neuropsychiatric agents. Compared with 2023, the pipeline had fewer trials and drugs, and new chemical entities declined from 101 to 88 (13% drop).

Key findings

  • On January 1, 2024, there were 164 trials assessing 127 drugs: 48 Phase 3 trials testing 32 drugs, 90 Phase 2 trials assessing 81 drugs, and 26 Phase 1 trials testing 25 drugs.
  • Disease-modifying therapies made up 96 agents (76% of drugs); 15 agents (12%) targeted cognitive enhancement and 16 agents (13%) targeted neuropsychiatric symptoms.
  • The most common CADRO targets were neurotransmitter receptors (28 drugs, 22%), neuroinflammation (25 agents, 20%), amyloid beta (23 therapies, 18%), synaptic plasticity/neuroprotection (15 drugs, 12%), and tau (11 agents, 9%).
  • Current active trials required 51,398 participants, including 36,998 in Phase 3, 13,138 in Phase 2, and 1,262 in Phase 1; industry funded 60% of trials (98 of 164). Repurposed agents comprised 39 agents in 52 trials, representing 31% of current drugs and 32% of current trials.

Methods

  • Data were derived from clinicaltrials.gov via its Application Programming Interface and transferred to the Clinical Trial Observatory database; the Index Date was January 1, 2024.
  • Trials were included if labeled as AD or related terms and MCI, in Phase 1, Phase 1/2, Phase 2, Phase 2/3, or Phase 3; trials labeled recruiting, active but not recruiting, enrolling by invitation, and not yet recruiting were included, while completed, terminated, withdrawn, suspended, or unknown-status trials were not included in active-trial calculations.
  • Agents were classified by therapeutic purpose as disease-modifying therapies or symptomatic agents, by CADRO target categories, and as repurposed by comparison with DrugBank; funders were divided into industry or not industry using the clinicaltrials.gov lead sponsor designation.

Limitations

  • The paper states that clinicaltrials.gov information can be regarded as comprehensive but not exhaustive, that DMT versus symptomatic classification can be ambiguous because agents may have multiple mechanisms, and that detailed public-private partnership information is not available in the registry.
  • The paper also states that it excludes non-pharmacologic therapeutic approaches, biomarker trials with no intervention, and Phase 0 or Phase 4 trials.
  • Evident from the text: this is a cross-sectional registry snapshot dependent on trial registration and status updates, with no patient-level data and no efficacy or safety outcomes reported.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/trc2.12465

Cites

18 of 18 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 9 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The pipeline included 26 Phase 1 trials testing 25 drugs.

    “26 trials testing 25 drugs in Phase 1”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Forty-four percent of all trials are conducted in the United States without non-US sites.

    “Forty‐four percent of all trials are conducted in the United States without non‐US sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Fifteen agents (12% of the pipeline) target cognitive enhancement as their therapeutic purpose.

    “Twelve percent of the pipeline (15 agents) target cognitive enhancement as their therapeutic purpose”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The pipeline included 90 Phase 2 trials assessing 81 drugs.

    “90 trials assessing 81 drugs in Phase 2”
    • Also stated in: § Phase 2 trials · plain
      “There are 90 Phase 2 trials assessing 81 drugs (Table 2; Figure 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    On the Index Date of January 1, 2024, there were 164 clinical trials for AD (prevention, MCI, AD dementia) assessing 127 drugs.

    “On the Index Date of January 1, 2024, there were 164 clinical trials for AD (prevention, MCI, AD dementia) assessing 127 drugs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 81
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 17

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Currently active trials require 51,398 participants, including 36,998 in Phase 3, 13,138 in Phase 2, and 1,262 in Phase 1.

    “Currently active trials require 51,398 participants including 36,998 in Phase 3; 13,138 in Phase 2; and 1,262 in Phase 1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the 96 disease-modifying agents, 53 (55%) are small molecules and 43 (45%) are biologics.

    “Of the 96 disease‐modifying agents, 53 (55%) are small molecules and 43 (45%) are biologics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Repurposed agents account for 14% of DMT biologics, 40% of DMT small molecules, 40% of cognitive enhancing agents, and 38% of neuropsychiatric agents in the pipeline.

    “Repurposed agents account for 14% of DMT biologics, 40% of DMT small molecules, 40% of cognitive enhancing agents, and 38% of neuropsychiatric agents in the pipeline.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There are 39 repurposed agents in 52 trials in the pipeline, comprising 31% of current drugs and 32% of current trials.

    “There are 39 repurposed agents in 52 trials in the pipeline comprising 31% of current drugs and 32% of current trials.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There are nine new Phase 3 trials assessing eight drugs since January 1, 2023.

    “There are nine new trials assessing eight drugs since the Index Date of January 1, 2023.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the 164 current AD trials, 35 (21%) are new since January 1, 2023, including 9 Phase 3, 17 Phase 2, and 9 Phase 1 trials.

    “Of the 164 current AD trials, 35 (21%) are new since the last Index Date (January 1, 2023) including 9 trials in Phase 3, 17 trials in Phase 2, and 9 trials in Phase 1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among repurposed agents, 6 (15%) are DMT biologics, 21 (54%) are DMT small molecules, 6 (15%) target cognitive enhancement, and 6 (15%) are being assessed for neuropsychiatric symptoms.

    “Among repurposed agents, 15% (6 agents) are DMT biologics, 54% (21 agents) are DMT small molecules, 15% (6 agents) target cognitive enhancement, and 15% (6 drugs) are being assessed for the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The distribution of CADRO targets among pipeline agents was: 28 drugs (22%) neurotransmitter receptors; 25 (20%) neuroinflammation; 23 (18%) amyloid beta; 15 (12%) synaptic plasticity/neuroprotection; 11 (9%) tau; 8 (6%) metabolism and bioenergetics; 5 (4%) ApoE, lipids, and lipoprotein receptors; 4 (3%) each proteostasis/proteinopathy and growth factors and hormones; 3 (2%) each oxidative stress,

    “Twenty‐eight drugs (22% of all drugs in the pipeline) target neurotransmitter receptors; 25 agents (20%) target neuroinflammation; 23 therapies (18%) target amyloid beta protein (Aß) processes; 15 drugs (12%) address synaptic plasticity/neuroprotection; 11 agents (9%) target tau‐related processes; 8 agents (6%) address metabolism and bioenergetics; 5 (4%) drugs target ApoE, lipids, and lipoprotein”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the pipeline, 42 trials (26%) assess participants with MCI, 49 trials (30%) involve early AD, and 75 trials (46%) include participants with mild, moderate, or severe AD dementia.

    “26% of trials (42) are assessing participants with MCI (with or without confirmation of AD pathology); 30% (49 trials) involve participants with early AD (MCI or mild AD dementia); and 75 trials (46%) include participants with mild, moderate, or severe AD dementia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 3, there are nine (28% of Phase 3 agents) repurposed agents; four (44%) are DMTs (one biologic, three small molecules), three (33%) are cognitive enhancing agents, and two (22%) address neuropsychiatric symptoms.

    “There are nine (28% of Phase 3 agents) repurposed agents in Phase 3; four (44%) of repurposed agents are DMTs (one biologic [25% of repurposed DMTs]; three small molecules [75% of repurposed DMTs]), three (33% of Phase 3 repurposed agents) cognitive enhancing agents, and two (22% of Phase 3 repurposed agents) drugs addressing neuropsychiatric symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the past year, 37 clinical trials were completed, 10 were terminated, 4 were withdrawn, 1 was suspended, and 7 became of unknown status.

    “In the past year, 37 clinical trials were completed, 10 were terminated, 4 were withdrawn, 1 was suspended, and 7 became of “unknown” status.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 3, 66% (21 agents) are DMTs, including nine biologics (43% of DMTs) and 12 small molecules (57%).

    “Sixty‐six percent (21 agents) in Phase 3 are DMTS”
    • Also stated in: § Phase 3 trials · plain
      “Sixty‐six percent of agents (N = 21) in Phase 3 are DMTs including nine biologics (43% of DMTs) and 12 small molecules (57%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There are 96 disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) representing 76% of drugs in clinical trials.

    “In total there are 96 DMTs representing 76% of drugs in clinical trials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 2, 78% (63 agents) are DMTs, including 26 biologics (41% of DMTs) and 37 small molecules (59%).

    “78% (63 agents) in Phase 2 are DMTs”
    • Also stated in: § Phase 2 trials · plain
      “Seventy‐eight percent of agents (N = 63) in Phase 2 are DMTs including 26 biologics (41% of DMTs) and 37 small molecules (59% of DMTs).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Five Phase 3 trials are long-term extensions of drugs that have completed a prior trial.

    “Five trials are long‐term extensions of drugs that have completed a prior trial.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 3, there are four (12% of Phase 3 agents) cognitive enhancing agents and seven (22% of Phase 3 agents) neuropsychiatric agents.

    “There are four (12% of Phase 3 agents) cognitive enhancing agents and seven (22% of Phase 3 agents) neuropsychiatric agents in Phase 3.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    On average, cognitive enhancer treatment exposure periods and treatment periods of drugs for neuropsychiatric agents in Phase 3 are 4.5 and 4.8 months, respectively.

    “On average, cognitive enhancer treatment exposure periods and treatment periods of drugs for neuropsychiatric agents in Phase 3 are 4.5 and 4.8 months, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Current Phase 2 cognitive enhancer trials require 1185 participants and Phase 2 trials of drugs for neuropsychiatric symptoms require 916 participants.

    “Current cognitive enhancer trials require 1185 participants and trials of drugs for neuropsychiatric symptoms require 916 participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The mean number of participants per Phase 3 trial is 1215.5 for DMT biologic trials, 695.9 for DMT small molecules, 276.6 for cognitive enhancers, and 534.2 for trials of neuropsychiatric agents.

    “The mean number of participants per trial in Phase 3 trials is 1215.5 for DMT biologic trials, 695.9 for DMT small molecules, 276.6 for cognitive enhancers, and 534.2 for trials of neuropsychiatric agents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The mean anticipated recruitment time for Phase 3 prevention trials is 2.9 years.

    “The mean anticipated recruitment time for prevention trials is 2.9 years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Non-prevention Phase 3 trials of biologics have a mean treatment period of 1.5 years; non-prevention Phase 3 trials of small molecules have a mean period of 1 year.

    “Non‐prevention, Phase 3 trials of biologics have a mean treatment period of 1.5 years; non‐prevention Phase 3 trials of small molecules have a mean period of 1 year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    On average, DMT Phase 3 trials (not including prevention trials) of biologics require 3.5 years and small molecules require 2.2 years to recruit the needed number of patients.

    “On average, DMT Phase 3 trials (not including prevention trials) of biologics will require 3.5 years and small molecules will require 2.2 years to recruit the needed number of patients.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Forty-six Phase 2 trials (51%) are funded by biopharmaceutical industry sponsors, and 49% are funded by non-industry organizations.

    “Forty‐six trials in Phase 2 (51%) are funded by biopharmaceutical industry sponsors with the other 49% funded by a variety of NIH, US federal, non‐US governmental, advocacy, and philanthropic non‐industry organizations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There are similar numbers of repurposed agents and fewer new chemical entities in the 2024 pipeline compared to 2023.

    “There are similar numbers of repurposed agents and fewer new chemical entities in the 2024 pipeline.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 2, there are 10 (12%) cognitive enhancing agents and 8 (10%) neuropsychiatric agents.

    “There are 10 (12%) cognitive enhancing agents and 8 (10%) neuropsychiatric agents in Phase 2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 2, 1 agent (1%) each addresses neurogenesis and epigenetic regulators.

    “2 (2%) target proteostasis/proteinopathies, vasculature, and circadian rhythm each; 1 (1%) each address neurogenesis and epigenetic regulators.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among Phase 2 repurposed agents, 22 (79%) are DMTs (5 biologics, 17 small molecules); 2 (7%) are cognitive enhancing agents; and 4 (14%) address neuropsychiatric symptoms.

    “Twenty‐two (79%) of repurposed agents are DMTs (5 biologics (23% of DMTs); 17 small molecules (77% of DMTs)); 2 (7% of Phase 2 repurposed agents) cognitive enhancing agents, and 4 (14% of Phase 2 repurposed agents) drugs addressing neuropsychiatric symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The number of trials for AD therapeutics and the number of drugs being assessed is somewhat reduced in the 2024 pipeline compared to the 2023 pipeline.

    “The number of trials for AD therapeutics and the number of drugs being assessed is somewhat reduced in the 2024 pipeline compared to the 2023 pipeline.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There is one prevention trial in Phase 2.

    “There is one prevention trial in Phase 2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Phase 2 DMT trials require 5286 participants for biologic studies and 5751 for small molecule studies.

    “Phase 2 DMT trials require 5286 and 5751 for biologic and small molecule studies, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There are 33 Phase 2 trials assessing 28 repurposed agents, representing 35% of the Phase 2 pipeline.

    “There are 33 Phase 2 trials assessing repurposed 28 agents and representing 35% of the Phase 2 pipeline.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Non-prevention Phase 2 trials of biologics have a mean treatment period of 1.2 years; non-prevention Phase 2 trials of small molecules have a mean period of 0.8 year (10 months).

    “Non‐prevention, Phase 2 trials of biologics have a mean treatment period of 1.2 years; non‐prevention, Phase 2 trials of small molecules have a mean period of 0.8 year (10 months).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Recruitment for Phase 3 cognitive enhancers takes on average 3.4 years and for trials of neuropsychiatric symptoms 3.7 years.

    “Recruitment for cognitive enhancers takes on average 3.4 years and for trials of neuropsychiatric symptoms, 3.7 years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Recruitment for Phase 2 cognitive enhancers takes on average 2.6 years and for neuropsychiatric agents 2.8 years.

    “Recruitment for cognitive enhancers and neuropsychiatric agents will take on average 2.6 years and 2.8 years, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Phase 3 DMT biologics have a total of 18,232 participants; DMT small molecules have 10,439; cognitive enhancers require 1,383; and neuropsychiatric agents require 6,944.

    “DMT biologics have a total of 18,232 participants; DMT small molecules have, in total, 10,439 participants; trials of cognitive enhancers require 1,383 participants, and trials of agents for neuropsychiatric symptoms require 6,944 participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The mean number of participants for Phase 2 DMT biological agents is 188.8 and for DMT small molecule trials is 130.7.

    “The mean number of participants for Phase 2 DMT biological agents is 188.8 and for DMT small molecule trials, 130.7.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The CADRO categories of agents in Phase 3 include 11 (34%) targeting transmitter systems; 7 (22%) targeting amyloid-related processes; 4 (12%) addressing synaptic plasticity/neuroprotection; 2 (6%) each addressing metabolic and bioenergetic targets, inflammation, and proteostasis/proteinopathy; and 1 (3%) each directed at tau, neurogenesis, growth factors and hormones, and circadian rhythm-related

    “The CADRO categories of agents in Phase 3 include 11 (34%) targeting transmitter systems; 7 (22%) targeting amyloid‐related processes; 4 (12%) addressing synaptic plasticity/neuroprotection; 2 (6%) each addressing metabolic and bioenergetic targets, inflammation, and proteostatsis/proteinopathy; and 1 (3%) each directed at tau, neurogenesis, growth factors and hormones, and circadian rhythm‐”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There are an average of 118.5 participants in Phase 2 cognitive enhancer trials and 114.5 participants in Phase 2 trials of neuropsychiatric agents.

    “There are an average of 118.5 participants in Phase 2 cognitive enhancer trials and 114.5 participants in Phase 2 trials of neuropsychiatric agents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Five Phase 2 trials are long-term extensions of trials of drugs that have completed the double-blind phase of a prior trial.

    “Five trials are long‐term extensions of trials of drugs that have completed the double bind phase of a prior trial.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Phase 1 trials of biologics have a mean treatment period of 12.7 months; Phase 1 trials of small molecules have a mean treatment period of 3.0 months.

    “Phase 1 trials of biologics have a mean treatment period of 12.7 months; Phase 1 trials of small molecules have a mean treatment period of 3.0 months.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Phase 1 DMT biologic trials have a mean of 54 participants; DMT small molecules have on average 39 participants; cognitive enhancer trials have a mean trial size of 88 participants; and trials of agents for neuropsychiatric symptoms include 16 participants.

    “DMT biologic trials have a mean of 54 participants; DMT small molecules have, on average, 39 participants; trials of cognitive enhancers have a mean trial size of 88 participants; and trials of agents for neuropsychiatric symptoms include 16 participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 1, CADRO categories include six agents (24% of the Phase 1 pipeline) for amyloid; four (16%) each for transmitter receptors, tau, and inflammation; two (8%) each for ApoE/lipids and metabolism and bioenergetics; and one (4%) each for neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity/neuroprotection, and gut-brain axis.

    “The CADRO categories of agents in Phase 1 include six (24% of the Phase 1 pipeline) for amyloid; four (16%) each for transmitter receptors, tau, and inflammation; two (8%) each for ApoE/lipids and metabolism and bioenergetics; and one (4%) each for neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity/neuroprotection, and gut‐brain axis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For NCEs, 77% are industry funded, including 92% of Phase 3 NCE trials, 70% of Phase 2 NCE trials, and 68% of Phase 1 NCE trials.

    “For NCEs, 77% are industry funded including 92% of Phase 3 NCE trials, 70% of Phase 2 NCE trials, and 68% of Phase 1 NCE trials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 1, amyloid PET is used in three trials and tau PET in one trial.

    “Amyloid and tau PET are used in three and one trials, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Eighty-four percent of agents (N=21) in Phase 1 are DMTs, including 13 biologics (62% of DMTs) and eight small molecules (38%).

    “Eighty‐four percent of agents (N = 21) in Phase 1 are DMTs including 13 biologics (62% of DMTs) and eight small molecules (38%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 3 trials, amyloid PET (11 trials), CSF amyloid (9 trials), and CSF amyloid/tau ratios (2 trials) are collected at entry.

    “In Phase 3 trials, amyloid PET (11 trials) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid (9 trials), CSF amyloid/tau ratios (2 trials) are collected at entry.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 1, CSF amyloid is collected in four trials, tau in two trials, p-tau in two trials, and amyloid/tau ratios in two trials.

    “CSF plays a key role in Phase 1 with CSF amyloid collected in four trials, tau in two trials, p‐tau in two trials, and amyloid/tau ratios in two trials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    On average, Phase 1 cognitive enhancer treatment exposure periods are 1.8 months and Phase 1 trials for neuropsychiatric agents have a 1-month treatment period.

    “On average, cognitive enhancer treatment exposure periods in Phase 1 trials are 1.8 months and trials for neuropsychiatric agents have a 1‐month treatment period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There are two (8% of Phase 1 drugs) cognitive enhancing agents and two (8% of Phase 1 drugs) neuropsychiatric agents in Phase 1.

    “There are two (8% of Phase 1 drugs) cognitive enhancing agents and two (8% of Phase 1 drugs) neuropsychiatric agents in Phase 1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    On average, Phase 2 cognitive enhancer treatment exposure periods are 5.9 months and Phase 2 trials of neuropsychiatric agents are 2.5 months.

    “On average, cognitive enhancer treatment exposure periods in Phase 2 trials are 5.9 months and for trials of neuropsychiatric agents, 2.5 months.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were 101 NCEs in the 2023 pipeline and 88 NCEs in the 2024 pipeline, representing a 13% drop.

    “There were 101 NCEs in the 2023 pipeline and there are 88 NCEs in the 2024 pipeline, representing a 13% drop.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Phase 1 cognitive enhancer trials require 176 participants, and Phase 1 trials of drugs for neuropsychiatric symptoms require 32 participants.

    “Phase 1 cognitive enhancer trials require 176 participants, and trials of drugs for neuropsychiatric symptoms require 32 participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In total, of trials with location recorded, 31% are conducted globally with both North American and non-North American sites; 46% are conducted in North America only; and 23% are conducted outside North America with no North American sites.

    “In total, of the trials with location recorded, 31% are conducted globally with both North American and non‐North American sites; 46% are conducted in North America only; and 23% are conducted outside of North America with no North American sites participating.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 3 trials, tau PET (1 trial), CSF p-tau (4 trials), and CSF tau (2 trials) are collected at baseline.

    “Tau PET (1 trial), CSF p‐tau (4 trials), and CSF tau (2 trials) are collected at baseline.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the 45 Phase 3 trials whose location is recorded, 29% (13 trials) are performed in North America only and 16% (7 trials) only in non-North American sites.

    “Twenty‐nine percent (13 trials) are performed in North America only and 16% (7 trials) are being performed only in non‐North American sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 2 trials, amyloid PET (30 trials), CSF amyloid (25 trials), and CSF amyloid/tau ratios (3 trials) are collected at entry.

    “In Phase 2 trials amyloid PET (30 trials) CSF amyloid (25 trials), CSF amyloid/tau ratios (3 trials) are collected at entry.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of repurposed agents, six (15%) are DMT biologics, 21 (54%) are DMT small molecules, 6 (15%) are cognitive enhancers, and 6 (15%) are drugs for NPS.

    “Six agents (15%) of repurposed agents are DMT biologics, 21 (54%) are DMT small molecules, 6 (15%) are cognitive enhancers, and 6 (15%) are drugs for NPS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The 39 repurposed agents comprise nine agents in Phase 3, 28 agents in Phase 2, and seven agents in Phase 1.

    “They comprise nine agents in Phase 3; 28 agents of Phase 2, and seven agents of Phase 1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the 25 Phase 1 trials with location recorded, 64% (16) are conducted in North America only; 7 (28%) include only non-North American sites; and 2 (8%) include both North American and non-North American sites.

    “Of the 25 trials in which the Phase 1 trial location is included in the registration, 64% (N = 16) are conducted in North America only; 7 (28%) include only non‐North American sites; and 2 (8%) include both North American and non‐North American sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    On average, Phase 1 DMT trials of biologics require 1.5 years and small molecules require 1.7 years to recruit the needed number of patients.

    “On average, DMT Phase 1 trials of biologics will require 1.5 years and small molecules will require 1.7 years to recruit the needed number of patients.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Seventeen Phase 3, 20 Phase 2, and 11 Phase 1 trials do not collect biomarkers at trial entry.

    “Seventeen of Phase 3, 20 of Phase 2, and 11 of Phase 1 trials do not collect biomarkers at trial entry.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the 85 Phase 2 trials whose location is recorded, 51% (43 trials) are performed in North America only and 25% (21 trials) only in non-North American sites.

    “Fifty‐one percent (43 trials) are performed in North America only, and 25% percent (21 trials) are being performed only in non‐North American sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 3 trials, plasma amyloid (3 trials), plasma p-tau (1 trial), and amyloid/tau ratio (1 trial) were collected in other trials.

    “Plasma amyloid (3 trials), plasma p‐tau (1 trial), and amyloid/tau ratio (1 trial) were collected in other trials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Recruitment for Phase 1 cognitive enhancers takes on average 2.2 years and for neuropsychiatric agents 3.6 years.

    “Recruitment for cognitive enhancers and neuropsychiatric agents takes on average 2.2 and 3.6 years, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the Phase 3 participants, 28,671 are needed for DMT trials (18,232 for biological agents; 10,439 for small molecule trials), 1383 for cognitive enhancing agents, and 6944 for drugs to treat neuropsychiatric symptoms.

    “Of these, 28,671 are needed for DMT trials (18,232 for trials of biological agents; 10,439 for small molecule trials), 1383 are needed for trials of cognitive enhancing agents, and 6944 for trials of drugs to treat neuropsychiatric symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Phase 2 trials, tau PET (5 trials), CSF tau (6 trials), and CSF p-tau (6 trials) are collected at baseline.

    “Tau PET (5 trials), CSF tau (6 trials), and CSF p‐tau (6 trials) are collected at baseline.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Six DMT biologic trials (11% of DMT biologic trials), 16 DMT small molecule trials (24%), 6 cognitive enhancing agent trials (35%), and 20 trials of drugs addressing neuropsychiatric symptoms (87%) do not collect biomarkers at trial initiation.

    “Six trials of DMT biologics (11% of DMT biologic trials), 16 (24% of trial of DMT small molecules) trials of DMT small molecules, 6 (35%) trials of cognitive enhancing agents, and 20 (87%) of trials of drugs addressing neuropsychiatric symptoms do not collect biomarkers at the time of trial initiation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Fifty-eight percent of Phase 3 trials, 82% of Phase 2 trials, and 86% of Phase 1 trials are funded through non-industry sources.

    “Fifty‐eight percent of Phase 3 trials, 82% of Phase 2 trials, and 86% of Phase 1 trials are funded through non‐industry sources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Sixty percent of clinical trials are industry funded, including 79% of Phase 3 trials, 51% of Phase 2 trials, and 54% of Phase 1 trials.

    “Sixty percent of clinical trials are industry funded including 79% of Phase 3 trials, 51% of Phase 2 trials, and 54% of Phase 1 trials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The canonical targets of amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration (ATN) have 20 (16% of pipeline agents), 10 (8%), and 0 active agents, respectively, in the pipeline, representing 24% of agents.

    “The canonical targets of amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration (ATN), 17 have 20 (16% of the pipeline agents), 10 (8%), and 0 active agents, respectively, in the pipeline representing 24% of agents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Jack CR, Jr., Bennett DA, Blennow K, et al. NIA‐AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018; 14: 535‐ 562. 29653606 PMC5958625 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    DMT small molecules are the most common agent in the AD pipeline.

    “DMT small molecules are the most common agent in the AD pipeline.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    On average, it takes 2.1 years to recruit the populations for a Phase 1 trial, 2.5 years for a Phase 2 trial, and 3.2 years for a Phase 3 trial.

    “On average, it takes 2.1 years to recruit the populations for a Phase 1 trial, 2.5 years to recruit enough subjects for a Phase 2 trial, and 3.2 years for recruitment of subjects for a Phase 3 trial.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Within each CADRO category, nearly every agent being studied has a different MoA and a different approach to modulating the target process.

    “Within each of the CADRO categories, nearly every agent being studied has a different MoA and a different approach to modulating the target process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Currently, there are 24 agents targeting neuroinflammation in the pipeline, comprising 19% of all therapeutic agents in the pipeline.

    “Currently, there are 24 agents targeting neuroinflammation in the pipeline, comprising 19% of all therapeutic agents in the pipeline.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The 2024 AD drug development pipeline includes 164 trials and 127 drugs, compared to 187 trials assessing 141 drugs in 2023.

    “The 164 trials and 127 drugs in the current AD drug development pipeline compares to 187 trials assessing 141 drugs for AD in 2023.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The mechanisms of action presented in the tables are derived from clinicaltrials.gov, available literature, or informational websites such as alzforum.org.

    “The MoAs presented in the tables are derived from clinicaltrials.gov, available literature, or informational websites such as alzforum.org.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Detailed information for public-private partnerships is not available in the clinicaltrials.gov registry.

    “Detailed information for public‐private partnerships is not available in the registry.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Most but not all clinical trials are registered on clinicaltrials.gov; the information on which this report is based can be regarded as comprehensive but not exhaustive regarding therapeutic agents in clinical trials.

    “As a result, most but not all clinical trials are registered on clinicaltrials.gov; the information on which this report is based can be regarded as comprehensive but not exhaustive regarding therapeutic agents in clinical trials.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: More trials are conducted in the United States than in any other global region.
    • Rests on an assumption: Many trials conducted outside the United States are registered on clinicaltrials.gov though not legally obliged to do so.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Based on mechanism of action information, agents are classified as DMTs or symptomatic therapies depending on whether the declared therapeutic purpose is to slow cognitive decline or to improve symptoms present at baseline.

    “Based on MoA information, we classify agents as DMTs or as symptomatic therapies depending on whether the declared therapeutic purpose is to slow cognitive decline or to improve symptoms present at baseline in the trial (cognitive impairment or neuropsychiatric symptoms).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The successes of recent AD therapies have been influential for AD therapeutics by demonstrating the ability to slow disease progression, establishing biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic response, providing experience with clinical outcome measures, and constructing regulatory standards.

    “These successes have been influential for AD therapeutics including demonstrating the ability to slow disease progression through intervention in key pathological processes of AD, establishing biomarkers as a means of diagnosing AD and following therapeutic responses, providing experience with clinical outcome measures in trials of both DMTs and symptomatic agents, and constructing regulatory”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The legal requirement for registration applies to trials that have at least one site in the United States, are conducted under an FDA Investigational New Drug (IND) or investigational device exemption, or involve a drug, biological or device that is manufactured in the United States or its territories.

    “The legal requirement for registration applies to trials that have at least one site in the United States, are conducted under an FDA Investigational New Drug (IND) or investigational device exemption, or involve a drug, biological or device that is manufactured in the United States or its territories.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Burris JF, Puglisi JT. Impact of federal regulatory changes on clinical pharmacology and drug development: the Common Rule and the 21st Century Cures Act. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 58: 281‐ 285. 28981164

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The data resource constructed from the clinicaltrials.gov API is comprehensive and includes the test agent, trial title, NCT number, start date, projected primary end date, duration of treatment exposure, number of arms, biomarker collection, repurposing status, long-term extension status, and trial location.

    “The data resource constructed from the clinicaltrials.gov API is comprehensive and includes the test agent, trial title, NCT number, start date, projected primary end date, duration of treatment exposure, number of arms of the study, whether a biomarker was collected at entry or as an outcome, whether the agent was repurposed (e.g., approved for another indication), whether the trial was a long‐”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) requires registration and inclusion of the registration number (NCT) with reports of clinical trials submitted for publication.

    “The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) requires registration and inclusion of the registration number (National Clinical Trial [NCT]) with reports of clinical trials submitted for publication.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Al‐Durra M, Nolan RP, Seto E, et al. Prospective registration and reporting of trial number in randomised clinical trials: global cross sectional study of the adoption of ICMJE and Declaration of Helsinki recommendations. BMJ. 2020; 369: m982. 32291261 PMC7190012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Search algorithms allow trials with spelling or grammatical errors to be detected.

    “Search algorithms allow trials with spelling or grammatical errors to be detected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    AD-type pathology is highly prevalent among older individuals, AD increases with age, and the number of individuals progressing to MCI due to AD and dementia due to AD is high.

    “The inescapable conclusions to be drawn from these observations are that AD‐type pathology is highly prevalent among older individuals, AD increases with age, and the number of individuals progressing to MCI due to AD and dementia due to AD is high.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Two anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies (aducanumab and lecanemab) that slow the cognitive decline of AD are approved, and donanemab is under review.

    “Two anti‐amyloid monoclonal antibodies (AA‐MABS)—aducanumab and lecanemab—that slow the cognitive decline of AD are approved and another—donanemab—is currently under review.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [5] Budd Haeberlein S, Aisen PS, Barkhof F, et al. Two randomized phase 3 studies of aducanumab in early Alzheimer's disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2022; 9: 197‐ 210. 35542991

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Sims JR, Zimmer JA, Evans CD, et al. Donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease: the TRAILBLAZER‐ALZ 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2023; 330: 512‐ 527. 37459141 PMC10352931 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] van Dyck CH, Swanson CJ, Aisen P, et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2023; 388: 9‐ 21. 36449413 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The classification of agents as DMTs or symptomatic therapies can be ambiguous; agents may have multiple therapeutic mechanisms; and drugs may have both DMT and symptomatic properties.

    “We acknowledge that this classification can be ambiguous; agents may have multiple therapeutic mechanisms; and drugs may have both DMT and symptomatic properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CADRO categories include amyloid beta; tau; apolipoprotein E (ApoE), lipids, and lipoprotein receptors; transmitter receptors; neurogenesis; inflammation; oxidative stress; cell death; proteostasis/proteinopathies; metabolism and bioenergetics; vasculature; growth factors and hormones; synaptic plasticity/neuroprotection; gut-brain axis; circadian rhythm; environmental factors; epigenetic

    “CADRO categories include amyloid beta; tau; apolipoprotein E (ApoE), lipids, and lipoprotein receptors; transmitter receptors; neurogenesis; inflammation; oxidative stress; cell death; proteostasis/proteinopathies; metabolism and bioenergetics; vasculature; growth factors and hormones; synaptic plasticity/neuroprotection; gut‐brain axis; circadian rhythm; environmental factors; epigenetic”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Refolo LM, Snyder H, Liggins C, et al. Common Alzheimer's disease research ontology: national institute on aging and Alzheimer's association collaborative project. Alzheimers Dement. 2012; 8: 372‐ 375. 22748941

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    NCEs are more likely to be sponsored by industry and more likely to be advanced to Phase 3 if early phase trials are promising.

    “NCEs are more likely to be sponsored by industry and more likely to be advanced to Phase 3 if early phase trials are promising.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    These recruitment time frames are largely applicable across therapeutic areas.

    “These recruitment time frames are largely applicable across therapeutic areas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Repurposed agents are disproportionately funded through non-industry sources and are less likely to advance to Phase 3.

    “Repurposed agents are disproportionately funded through non‐industry sources and are less likely to advance to Phase 3.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    This observation is similar to the conclusion reached by Scott and colleagues in a 2014 study of the AD drug development pipeline.

    “This observation is similar to the conclusion reached by Scott and colleagues in a 2014 study of the AD drug development pipeline.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Scott TJ, O'Connor AC, Link AN, et al. Economic analysis of opportunities to accelerate Alzheimer's disease research and development. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014; 1313: 17‐ 34. 24673372 PMC4285871

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Although many fewer patients are required for clinical trials assessing agents for the treatment of neuropsychiatric syndromes, enrolling participants with AD and exhibiting specific behavioral features is more challenging than recruiting participants with AD and no required neuropsychiatric symptoms.

    “Although many fewer patients are required for clinical trials assessing agents for the treatment of neuropsychiatric syndromes, enrolling participants with AD and exhibiting specific behavioral features is more challenging than recruiting participants with AD and no required neuropsychiatric symptoms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
93 of 93

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    More trials are conducted in the United States than in any other global region.

    “More trials are conducted in the US than in any other global region, and many trials conducted outside of the United States are registered on clinicaltrials.gov though not legally obliged to do so.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many trials conducted outside the United States are registered on clinicaltrials.gov though not legally obliged to do so.

    “More trials are conducted in the US than in any other global region, and many trials conducted outside of the United States are registered on clinicaltrials.gov though not legally obliged to do so.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    ClinicalTrials.gov entries accurately and completely represent the characteristics of the trials in the AD drug development pipeline.

    “as registered on clinicaltrials.gov”
    “as shown on clinicaltrials.gov”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The study time on clinicaltrials.gov is the sum of recruitment time and treatment exposure time.

    “The study time on clinicaltrials.gov is comprised of the total of the recruitment time plus the treatment exposure time.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is typically 1 year between phases for data review, next phase planning, and regulatory interactions.

    “There is typically 1 year between phases for data review, next phase planning, and regulatory interactions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most trials require at least 1 year of nonclinical studies prior to first-in-human exposures.

    “In addition, most trials require at least 1 year of nonclinical studies prior to first‐in‐human exposures.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    An agent that goes for regulatory review following a Phase 3 trial will add 12–18 months to the total program time.

    “An agent that goes for regulatory review following a Phase 3 trial will add 12–18 months to the total program time.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In Phase I, there are 26 trials assessing 25 agents.

    “In Phase I, there are 26 trials assessing 25 agents.”

    From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [183]

  • Phase III trials include 48 trials that tested 32 medications.

    “Phase III trials, including 48 trials that tested 32 medications [37,183,184].”

    From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [183]

  • Phase II trials include 90 studies and 81 medicines.

    “Phase II trials (90 studies, 81 medicines): these trials continue to investigate the drugs’ safety and efficacy.”

    From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [183]

  • Of these trials, 41% look into disease-modifying small molecule medications, 34% look into biological agents that change disease, and the remaining trials focus on treatments that improve cognitive function or address neuropsychiatric symptoms linked to AD.

    “Of these trials, 41% look into disease-modifying small molecule medications, 34% look into biological agents that change disease, and the remaining trials focus on treatments that improve cognitive function or address neuropsychiatric symptoms linked to ADs [68,70,71,182,183,184].”

    From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [183]

  • The 2024 AD drug development pipeline includes 164 trials, of which 127 are exploring possible treatments or medicines.

    “The most recent list of studies was provided by the 2024 AD drug development pipeline, which includes 164 trials (of which 127 are exploring possible treatments or medicines).”

    From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [183]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Pipeline target counts differ between Results and Discussion

    Major

    The Results report 25 inflammation, 23 amyloid, and 11 tau agents, while the Discussion reports 24, 20, and 10, respectively. Both passages describe agents in the current pipeline without distinguishing the counting methods.

  • Conflicting durations for regulatory review

    Minor

    The same discussion first says regulatory review adds 12-18 months, then says it adds 6-12 months when calculating total development time.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 19 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Cummings, J., Zhou, Y., Lee, G., Zhong, K., Fonseca, J., & Cheng, F.
Affiliations
  • University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
  • Cleveland Clinic (US)
  • Howard R Hughes College of Engineering Department of Computer Science University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Las Vegas Nevada USA
Corresponding author
Cummings, Jeffrey
ORCID
Venue
Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2024-04
Volume
10
Issue
2
Pages
e12465-e12465
ISSN
2352-8737 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1002/trc2.12465
PMC
PMC11040692
OpenAlex
W4395085030
Semantic Scholar
7b8b096a1b2feabe8df33aec3098f9d1db65d00a
Cited by
702
References
19
Citations by year
2026: 101 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2
FWCI
140.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RF1NS133812)
  • National Institute on Aging (R25AG083721, R35AG71476)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, drug development pipeline, clinical trials, disease-modifying therapy, small molecule drugs, nootropic drugs, neuropsychiatric symptoms, drug repurposing, new chemical entities, neurotransmitter receptors, amyloid, inflammation, synaptic plasticity, drug development timelines

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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