The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
KRAS Alleles: The Devil Is in the Detail
Open accessAbstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer and KRAS mutation is commonly associated with poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. Since the KRAS oncoprotein is, as yet, not directly druggable, efforts to target KRAS mutant cancers focus on identifying vulnerabilities in downstream signaling pathways or in stress response pathways that are permissive for strong oncogenic signaling. One aspect of KRAS biology that is not well appreciated is the potential biological differences between the many distinct KRAS activating mutations. This review draws upon insights from both clinical and experimental studies to explore similarities and differences among KRAS alleles. Historical and emerging evidence supports the notion that the specific biology related to each allele might be exploitable for allele-specific therapy.
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“G12D and G12V mutations are the most common in PDAC, followed by G12R.”
From KRAS: Biology, Inhibition, and Mechanisms of Inhibitor Resistance (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“KRAS G12R, G13D, Q61H, Q61L, and A146T mutations have increased intrinsic exchange relative to wildtype, but G12C and G12V do not display large changes [4,29,30,31,32].”
From KRAS: Biology, Inhibition, and Mechanisms of Inhibitor Resistance (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“G12C and G12V mutations are predominant in lung adenocarcinomas with smoking-associated mutational signatures [30,32].”
From KRAS: Biology, Inhibition, and Mechanisms of Inhibitor Resistance (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Specific KRAS mutations show characteristic patterns of tissue preference (Figure 1b,c).”
From KRAS: Biology, Inhibition, and Mechanisms of Inhibitor Resistance (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“KRAS A146 mutations are primarily found in colorectal cancer and are rarely reported in other types.”
From KRAS: Biology, Inhibition, and Mechanisms of Inhibitor Resistance (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Although epidemiological studies connect specific alleles to clinical outcomes, the mechanisms underlying the distinct clinical characteristics of mutant KRAS alleles are unclear.”
From The origins and genetic interactions of KRAS mutations are allele- and tissue-specific (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“associations have been uncovered between the specific KRAS mutation status and therapeutic responses and clinical outcomes of cancer patients3,6”
From The origins and genetic interactions of KRAS mutations are allele- and tissue-specific (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“indicating possible differences in signaling behavior of the mutant proteins that exploit the environment of the specific cellular context3,4”
From The origins and genetic interactions of KRAS mutations are allele- and tissue-specific (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“the activating alleles found in KRAS vary substantially across cancers”
From The origins and genetic interactions of KRAS mutations are allele- and tissue-specific (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“KRAS in particular, is among the most frequently mutated oncogenes in cancer and is commonly associated with therapeutic resistance and poor prognosis1,5,6.”
From The metabolic landscape of RAS-driven cancers from biology to therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Notably, mutations in codons 117 (K117N/R) and 146 (A146T/V) are seen exclusively in colon cancers [51].”
From Drugging KRAS: Current perspectives and state-of-art review (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“G12D and G12V are the most common in PDAC, which also shows enrichment for the G12R mutation that is rarely found in CRC lung and lung cancer (16).”
From KRAS mutation in pancreatic cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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Citations
Cites
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Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer
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K-ras Mutations and Benefit from Cetuximab in Advanced Colorectal Cancer
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“As the sequences of whole cancer genomes become available, we are getting an unparalleled look at frequency and variability of KRAS alleles across the spectrum of primary and metastatic cancers (Figure 1A,B) [3].”
BackgroundK-Ras(G12C) inhibitors allosterically control GTP affinity and effector interactions
Ostrem, J. M., Peters, U., Sos, M. L., Wells, J. A., & Shokat, K. M. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12796 · Cited by 2,557
Panitumumab–FOLFOX4 Treatment and RAS Mutations in Colorectal Cancer
Douillard, J.-Y., Oliner, K. S., Siena, S., Tabernero, J., Burkes, R., Barugel, M., Humblet, Y., Bodoky, G., Cunningham, D., Jassem, J., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1305275 · Cited by 2,263
RAS Proteins and Their Regulators in Human Disease
Simanshu, D. K., Nissley, D. V., & McCormick, F. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.009 · Cited by 1,943
Cetuximab for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Jonker, D. J., O'Callaghan, C. J., Karapetis, C. S., Zalcberg, J. R., Tu, D., Au, H.-J., Berry, S. R., Krahn, M., Price, T., Simes, R. J., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa071834 · Cited by 1,904
The Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Switch in Three Dimensions
Vetter, I. R., & Wittinghofer, A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1062023 · Cited by 1,875
Cetuximab in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Goldberg, R. M., Venook, A. P., & Schilsky, R. L. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 1,518
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 85 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Co-occurring genomic alterations in non-small-cell lung cancer biology and therapy
Skoulidis, F., & Heymach, J. V. (2019) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-019-0179-8 · Cited by 1,019
Role of oncogenic KRAS in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer
Buscail, L., Bournet, B., & Cordelier, P. (2020) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-019-0245-4 · Cited by 721
Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development
Salo‐Ahen, O. M. H., Alanko, I., Bhadane, R. N., Bonvin, A. M. J. J., Honorato, R. V., Hossain, S., Juffer, A. H., Kabedev, A., Lahtela-Kakkonen, M. K., Larsen, A. S., et al. (2020) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr9010071 · Cited by 732
Genetic and biological hallmarks of colorectal cancerPreprint
Li, J., Ma, X., Chakravarti, D., Shalapour, S., & DePinho, R. A. (2021) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.348226.120 · Cited by 617
Role of oncogenic KRAS in the prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer
Zhu, G., Pei, L., Xia, H., Tang, Q., & Bi, F. (2021) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01441-4 · Cited by 482
Metadata
- Authors
- Haigis, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haigis, Kevin M.
- ORCID
- Haigis, Kevin M.
- Venue
- Trends in Cancer
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 686-697
- ISSN
- 2405-8025 (ISSN-L)
- 2405-8033
- PMC
- PMC5824632
- OpenAlex
- W2754809261
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Trends in cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH/NCI (CA178017, CA199252, CA195744)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
- Keywords
- KRAS, KRAS mutation, oncogenic signaling, downstream signaling pathways, stress response pathways, cancer therapy resistance
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Animals, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Genotype, Humans, Mutation, Neoplasms, Prognosis, Structure-Activity Relationship, Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras), Genetic Predisposition to Disease, GTP Phosphohydrolases, Genetic Association Studies, Molecular Targeted Therapy
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