The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Organising evidence for environmental management decisions: a ‘4S’ hierarchy
Open accessAbstract
Making decisions informed by the best-available science is an objective for many organisations managing the environment or natural resources. Yet, available science is still not widely used in environmental policy and practice. We describe a '4S' hierarchy for organising relevant science to inform decisions. This hierarchy has already revolutionised clinical practice. It is beginning to emerge for environmental management, although all four levels need substantial development before environmental decision-makers can reliably and efficiently find the evidence they need. We expose common bypass routes that currently lead to poor or biased representation of scientific knowledge. We argue that the least developed level of the hierarchy is that closest to decision-makers, placing synthesised scientific knowledge into environmental decision support systems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Jakku, E., & Thorburn, P. J. (2010) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2010.08.007 · Cited by 204
Roberts, P. D., Stewart, G. B., & Pullin, A. S. (2006) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.034 · Cited by 137
Cited by
A methodology for systematic mapping in environmental sciences
James, K. L., Randall, N. P., & Haddaway, N. R. (2016) · Environmental Evidence · doi:10.1186/s13750-016-0059-6 · Cited by 769
Decision support tools for agriculture: Towards effective design and delivery
Rose, D. C., Sutherland, W. J., Parker, C., Lobley, M., Winter, M., Morris, C., Twining, S., Ffoulkes, C., Amano, T., & Dicks, L. V. (2016) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2016.09.009 · Cited by 528
Self-citationShades of grey: Two forms of grey literature important for reviews in conservation
Haddaway, N. R., & Bayliss, H. R. (2015) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.08.018 · Cited by 180
German, R. N., Thompson, C. E., & Benton, T. G. (2017) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/brv.12251 · Cited by 144
How to optimize the systematic review process using AI tools
Fabiano, N., Gupta, A., Bhambra, N., Luu, B., Wong, S., Maaz, M., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Smith, A. L., & Solmi, M. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12234 · Cited by 130
Metadata
- Authors
- Dicks, L. V., Walsh, J. C., & Sutherland, W. J.
- Venue
- Trends in Ecology & Evolution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 607-613
- ISSN
- 0169-5347 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049710689
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 13.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Organising evidence for environmental management decisions: a ‘4S’ hierarchy. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.tree.2014.09.004
- The paper
- Dicks, L. V., Walsh, J. C., & Sutherland, W. J. (2014). Organising evidence for environmental management decisions: a ‘4S’ hierarchy. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.09.004
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.